diff --git a/src/node/NodeUtils.ts b/src/node/NodeUtils.ts
index 2834fb66..11cf6f30 100644
--- a/src/node/NodeUtils.ts
+++ b/src/node/NodeUtils.ts
@@ -122,6 +122,11 @@ export class NodeUtils {
             return node;
         }
 
+        // Handle primitives directly - don't try to clone them as objects
+        if (typeof node !== 'object') {
+            return node;
+        }
+
         const copy: Partial<T> = {};
         const nodeKeys: (keyof T)[] = <(keyof T)[]>Object.keys(node);
 
diff --git a/test/functional-tests/node-transformers/converting-transformers/object-pattern-properties-transformer/ObjectPatternPropertiesTransformer.spec.ts b/test/functional-tests/node-transformers/converting-transformers/object-pattern-properties-transformer/ObjectPatternPropertiesTransformer.spec.ts
index 69a87036..0a6f85a0 100644
--- a/test/functional-tests/node-transformers/converting-transformers/object-pattern-properties-transformer/ObjectPatternPropertiesTransformer.spec.ts
+++ b/test/functional-tests/node-transformers/converting-transformers/object-pattern-properties-transformer/ObjectPatternPropertiesTransformer.spec.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { assert } from 'chai';
 import { NO_ADDITIONAL_NODES_PRESET } from '../../../../../src/options/presets/NoCustomNodes';
 
 import { readFileAsString } from '../../../../helpers/readFileAsString';
+import { evalLocal } from '../../../../helpers/evalLocal';
 
 import { JavaScriptObfuscator } from '../../../../../src/JavaScriptObfuscatorFacade';
 
@@ -142,4 +143,86 @@ describe('ObjectPatternPropertiesTransformer', () => {
             });
         });
     });
+
+    describe('Variant #3: destructuring default parameter with var shadowing', () => {
+        describe('Variant #1: destructuring default should reference outer var, not inner var', () => {
+            const code = `
+                (function() {
+                    var x = 'outer';
+                    function f({ a = x } = {}) {
+                        var x = 'inner';
+                        return a;
+                    }
+                    return f();
+                })();
+            `;
+
+            let obfuscatedCode: string;
+
+            before(() => {
+                obfuscatedCode = JavaScriptObfuscator.obfuscate(code, {
+                    ...NO_ADDITIONAL_NODES_PRESET
+                }).getObfuscatedCode();
+            });
+
+            it('should correctly resolve destructuring default to outer variable', () => {
+                // Default parameter `a = x` should use outer 'x' value ('outer'),
+                // NOT the inner var x = 'inner' which is in the function body scope
+                assert.equal(evalLocal(code), 'outer');
+                assert.equal(evalLocal(obfuscatedCode), evalLocal(code));
+            });
+        });
+
+        describe('Variant #2: nested destructuring default should reference outer var', () => {
+            const code = `
+                (function() {
+                    var x = 'outer';
+                    function f({ a: { b = x } } = { a: {} }) {
+                        var x = 'inner';
+                        return b;
+                    }
+                    return f();
+                })();
+            `;
+
+            let obfuscatedCode: string;
+
+            before(() => {
+                obfuscatedCode = JavaScriptObfuscator.obfuscate(code, {
+                    ...NO_ADDITIONAL_NODES_PRESET
+                }).getObfuscatedCode();
+            });
+
+            it('should correctly resolve nested destructuring default to outer variable', () => {
+                assert.equal(evalLocal(code), 'outer');
+                assert.equal(evalLocal(obfuscatedCode), evalLocal(code));
+            });
+        });
+
+        describe('Variant #3: simple default param with var shadow', () => {
+            const code = `
+                (function() {
+                    var x = 'outer';
+                    function f(a = x) {
+                        var x = 'inner';
+                        return a;
+                    }
+                    return f();
+                })();
+            `;
+
+            let obfuscatedCode: string;
+
+            before(() => {
+                obfuscatedCode = JavaScriptObfuscator.obfuscate(code, {
+                    ...NO_ADDITIONAL_NODES_PRESET
+                }).getObfuscatedCode();
+            });
+
+            it('should correctly resolve default param to outer variable', () => {
+                assert.equal(evalLocal(code), 'outer');
+                assert.equal(evalLocal(obfuscatedCode), evalLocal(code));
+            });
+        });
+    });
 });