toneillcodes-windows-process-injection/module-stomping/README.md

Module Stomping (Module Overwriting)

Summary

Module Stomping is a process injection technique where a legitimate, image-backed DLL is loaded into a process, and its memory (typically the .text section) is overwritten with a payload. This ensures the payload resides within a memory region associated with a file on disk, rather than "Private" memory.

Component	Description
Technique	Overwriting legitimate module code with a payload.
Tactical Goal	Evade Memory Scanners: Bypasses detections that flag RX memory regions not backed by a file on disk (MEM_PRIVATE).
Stealth	Moderate. While it solves the "unbacked memory" problem, it introduces another IoC "Module Mismatch" (the memory content no longer matches the file on disk).

Execution Steps

The local-stomp.cpp example follows this execution logic:

1. Load Target DLL: Use LoadLibraryExA with the DONT_RESOLVE_DLL_REFERENCES flag to map a "sacrificial" DLL into the process without executing its entry point.
2. Identify Section: Lazy locate the .text section of the loaded module to ensure the payload is placed in an executable region.
3. Reprotect (Write): Call VirtualProtect to change the memory permissions from Read-Execute (RX) to Read-Write (RW).
4. Write Payload: Use WriteProcessMemory or RtlCopyMemory to stomp the payload over the legitimate instructions.
5. Reprotect (Execute): Revert the memory permissions back to Read-Execute (RX).
6. Execution: Trigger the shellcode using a thread execution API (e.g., CreateThread or CreateRemoteThread).

OPSEC Considerations

1. Image Divergence

Modern EDRs perform "Module Integrity Checks" by comparing the code in memory against the original file on disk.

• The Risk: If Memory_Hash(DLL) != Disk_Hash(DLL), an alert is triggered.
• Mitigation: Choose large DLLs and only stomp the specific bytes needed. Consider using "Nops" to mask the payload entry.

2. API Monitoring

The use of VirtualProtect on an image-backed region is a high-confidence heuristic for many security products.

• Red Team Tip: Instead of VirtualProtect, advanced implementations use NtMapViewOfSection to map a modified view of the DLL directly into memory, avoiding the "Modify" event entirely.

3. Target Selection

• Size Matters: The sacrificial DLL must have a .text section larger than your payload.
• Frequency: Use common system DLLs that are normally present but rarely undergo deep integrity checks during routine operation.

Indicators of Compromise (IoC)

• Memory/Disk Mismatch: Significant byte differences between the loaded module and its corresponding C:\Windows\System32\ file.
• Suspicious Call Trace: Thread execution starting from the middle of a DLL's code section rather than a legitimate exported function.
• API Pattern: The sequence of LoadLibrary -> VirtualProtect(RW) -> VirtualProtect(RX) is a classic signature of memory manipulation.