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https://github.com/yasuhirokimura/db18
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Yasuhiro KIMURA
223 lines
8.4 KiB
HTML
223 lines
8.4 KiB
HTML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
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<title>Isolation</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="gettingStarted.css" type="text/css" />
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<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.73.2" />
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<link rel="start" href="index.html" title="Berkeley DB Programmer's Reference Guide" />
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<link rel="up" href="transapp.html" title="Chapter 11. Berkeley DB Transactional Data Store Applications" />
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<link rel="prev" href="transapp_atomicity.html" title="Atomicity" />
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<link rel="next" href="transapp_read.html" title="Degrees of isolation" />
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</head>
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<body>
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<div xmlns="" class="navheader">
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<div class="libver">
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<p>Library Version 18.1.40</p>
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</div>
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<table width="100%" summary="Navigation header">
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<tr>
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<th colspan="3" align="center">Isolation</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="transapp_atomicity.html">Prev</a> </td>
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<th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 11. Berkeley DB Transactional Data Store Applications </th>
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<td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="transapp_read.html">Next</a></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<hr />
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</div>
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<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<div class="titlepage">
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<div>
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<div>
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<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="transapp_inc"></a>Isolation</h2>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p>
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The third reason listed for using transactions was
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<span class="emphasis"><em>isolation</em></span>. Consider an application
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suite in which multiple threads of control (multiple processes
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or threads in one or more processes) are changing the values
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associated with a key in one or more databases. Specifically,
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they are taking the current value, incrementing it, and then
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storing it back into the database.
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</p>
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<p>
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Such an application requires isolation. Because we want to
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change a value in the database, we must make sure that after
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we read it, no other thread of control modifies it. For
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example, assume that both thread #1 and thread #2 are doing
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similar operations in the database, where thread #1 is
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incrementing records by 3, and thread #2 is incrementing
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records by 5. We want to increment the record by a total of 8.
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If the operations interleave in the right (well, wrong) order,
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that is not what will happen:
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</p>
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<pre class="programlisting">thread #1 <span class="bold"><strong>read</strong></span> record: the value is 2
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thread #2 <span class="bold"><strong>read</strong></span> record: the value is 2
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thread #2 <span class="bold"><strong>write</strong></span> record + 5 back into the database (new value 7)
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thread #1 <span class="bold"><strong>write</strong></span> record + 3 back into the database (new value 5)</pre>
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<p>
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As you can see, instead of incrementing the record by a
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total of 8, we've incremented it only by 3 because thread #1
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overwrote thread #2's change. By wrapping the operations in
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transactions, we ensure that this cannot happen. In a
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transaction, when the first thread reads the record, locks are
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acquired that will not be released until the transaction
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finishes, guaranteeing that all writers will block, waiting
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for the first thread's transaction to complete (or to be
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aborted).
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</p>
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<p>
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Here is an example function that does transaction-protected
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increments on database records to ensure isolation:
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</p>
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<pre class="programlisting">int
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main(int argc, char *argv)
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{
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extern int optind;
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DB *db_cats, *db_color, *db_fruit;
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DB_ENV *dbenv;
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int ch;
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while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "")) != EOF)
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switch (ch) {
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case '?':
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default:
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usage();
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}
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argc -= optind;
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argv += optind;
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env_dir_create();
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env_open(&dbenv);
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/* Open database: Key is fruit class; Data is specific type. */
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db_open(dbenv, &db_fruit, "fruit", 0);
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/* Open database: Key is a color; Data is an integer. */
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db_open(dbenv, &db_color, "color", 0);
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/*
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* Open database:
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* Key is a name; Data is: company name, cat breeds.
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*/
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db_open(dbenv, &db_cats, "cats", 1);
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add_fruit(dbenv, db_fruit, "apple", "yellow delicious");
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<span class="bold"><strong> add_color(dbenv, db_color, "blue", 0);
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add_color(dbenv, db_color, "blue", 3);</strong></span>
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return (0);
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}
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<span class="bold"><strong>int
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add_color(DB_ENV *dbenv, DB *dbp, char *color, int increment)
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{
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DBT key, data;
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DB_TXN *tid;
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int fail, original, ret, t_ret;
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char buf[64];
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/* Initialization. */
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memset(&key, 0, sizeof(key));
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key.data = color;
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key.size = strlen(color);
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memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
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data.flags = DB_DBT_MALLOC;
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for (fail = 0;;) {
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/* Begin the transaction. */
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if ((ret = dbenv->txn_begin(dbenv, NULL, &tid, 0)) != 0) {
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dbenv->err(dbenv, ret, "DB_ENV->txn_begin");
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exit (1);
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}
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/*
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* Get the key. If it exists, we increment the value. If it
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* doesn't exist, we create it.
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*/
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switch (ret = dbp->get(dbp, tid, &key, &data, DB_RMW)) {
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case 0:
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original = atoi(data.data);
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break;
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case DB_LOCK_DEADLOCK:
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default:
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/* Retry the operation. */
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if ((t_ret = tid->abort(tid)) != 0) {
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dbenv->err(dbenv, t_ret, "DB_TXN->abort");
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exit (1);
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}
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if (fail++ == MAXIMUM_RETRY)
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return (ret);
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continue;
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case DB_NOTFOUND:
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original = 0;
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break;
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}
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if (data.data != NULL)
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free(data.data);
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/* Create the new data item. */
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(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", original + increment);
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data.data = buf;
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data.size = strlen(buf) + 1;
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/* Store the new value. */
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switch (ret = dbp->put(dbp, tid, &key, &data, 0)) {
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case 0:
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/* Success: commit the change. */
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if ((ret = tid->commit(tid, 0)) != 0) {
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dbenv->err(dbenv, ret, "DB_TXN->commit");
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exit (1);
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}
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return (0);
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case DB_LOCK_DEADLOCK:
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default:
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/* Retry the operation. */
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if ((t_ret = tid->abort(tid)) != 0) {
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dbenv->err(dbenv, t_ret, "DB_TXN->abort");
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exit (1);
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}
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if (fail++ == MAXIMUM_RETRY)
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return (ret);
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break;
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}
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}
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}</strong></span></pre>
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<p>
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The <a href="../api_reference/C/dbcget.html#dbcget_DB_RMW" class="olink">DB_RMW</a> flag in the <a href="../api_reference/C/dbget.html" class="olink">DB->get()</a> call specifies a write lock
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should be acquired on the key/data pair, instead of the more
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obvious read lock. We do this because the application expects
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to write the key/data pair in a subsequent operation, and the
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transaction is much more likely to deadlock if we first obtain
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a read lock and subsequently a write lock, than if we obtain
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the write lock initially.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div class="navfooter">
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<hr />
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<table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer">
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<tr>
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<td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="transapp_atomicity.html">Prev</a> </td>
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<td width="20%" align="center">
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<a accesskey="u" href="transapp.html">Up</a>
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</td>
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<td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="transapp_read.html">Next</a></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Atomicity </td>
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<td width="20%" align="center">
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<a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a>
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</td>
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<td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Degrees of isolation</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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