v0.8.9

If no free registry id found, we call protect_lua! macro while keeping mutex guard to the unref list.
Protected calls can trigger garbage collection and if RegistryKey is placed in userdata being collected, this can lead to deadlock.
The solution is drop mutex guard as soon as possible.
Also this commit includes optimization in creating reference in Lua registry.

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+github: khvzak

.github/workflows/coverage.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+name: coverage
+on: [push]
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    name: coverage
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    container:
+      image: xd009642/tarpaulin
+      options: --security-opt seccomp=unconfined
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Generate coverage report
+        run: |
+          cargo tarpaulin --out xml --tests --exclude-files benches/* --exclude-files src/ffi/*/*
+
+      - name: Upload report to codecov.io
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
+        with:
+          token: ${{secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN}}
+          fail_ci_if_error: false

.github/workflows/main.yml

@@ -7,150 +7,227 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        thing:
-        - stable
-        - macos-x86_64
-        - x86_64-msvc
+        os: [ubuntu-22.04, macos-latest, windows-latest]
+        rust: [stable]
+        lua: [lua54, lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit, luau]
         include:
-        - thing: stable
-          target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
-          rust: stable
-          os: ubuntu-latest
-        - thing: macos-x86_64
-          target: x86_64-apple-darwin
-          rust: stable
-          os: macos-latest
-        - thing: x86_64-msvc
-          target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
-          rust: stable-x86_64-msvc
-          os: windows-latest
+          - os: ubuntu-22.04
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+          - os: macos-latest
+            target: x86_64-apple-darwin
+          - os: windows-latest
+            target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-    - name: Install Rust (rustup)
-      if: matrix.os != 'macos-latest'
-      run: rustup update ${{ matrix.rust }} --no-self-update && rustup default ${{ matrix.rust }}
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Install Lua (ubuntu)
-      if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
-      run: |
-        sudo apt-get update -y
-        sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends liblua5.3-dev liblua5.2-dev liblua5.1-0-dev libluajit-5.1-dev
-    - name: Install Rust (macos)
-      if: matrix.os == 'macos-latest'
-      run: |
-        curl https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y
-        echo ::add-path::$HOME/.cargo/bin
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Install GCC (aarch64-linux)
-      run: |
-        sudo apt-get update -y
-        sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu libc6-dev-arm64-cross
-      if: matrix.thing == 'aarch64-linux'
-      shell: bash
-    - run: rustup target add ${{ matrix.target }}
-    - name: Build (Lua 5.3/5.2/5.1 and LuaJIT vendored+async)
-      run: |
-        for FEATURE in lua53 lua52 lua51 luajit; do
-          echo "Building $FEATURE"
-          cargo build --target ${{ matrix.target }} --release --no-default-features --features "$FEATURE vendored async"
-        done
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Build (Lua 5.3/5.2/5.1 and LuaJIT via pkg-config)
-      if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
-      run: |
-        for FEATURE in lua53 lua52 lua51 luajit; do
-          echo "Building $FEATURE"
-          cargo build --target ${{ matrix.target }} --release --no-default-features --features $FEATURE
-        done
-      shell: bash
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
+          target: ${{ matrix.target }}
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - name: Build ${{ matrix.lua }} vendored
+        run: |
+          cargo build --features "${{ matrix.lua }},vendored"
+          cargo build --features "${{ matrix.lua }},vendored,async,send,serialize,macros,parking_lot"
+        shell: bash
+      - name: Build ${{ matrix.lua }} pkg-config
+        if: ${{ matrix.os == 'ubuntu-22.04' }}
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends liblua5.4-dev liblua5.3-dev liblua5.2-dev liblua5.1-0-dev libluajit-5.1-dev
+          cargo build --features "${{ matrix.lua }}"
 
-  test_linux:
-    name: Test on Linux
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs: build
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-    - name: Install Rust
-      run: rustup update stable --no-self-update && rustup default stable
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (Lua 5.3 vendored)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "lua53 vendored"
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (Lua 5.3 vendored+async)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "lua53 vendored async"
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (Lua 5.2 vendored)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "lua52 vendored"
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (Lua 5.1 vendored)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "lua51 vendored"
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (Lua 5.1 vendored+async)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "lua51 vendored async"
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (LuaJIT vendored)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "luajit vendored"
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (LuaJIT vendored+async)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "luajit vendored async"
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run compile test (Lua 5.3)
-      run: |
-        sudo apt-get update -y
-        sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends liblua5.3-dev
-        cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "lua53 vendored" -- --ignored
-
-  test_macos:
-    name: Test on MacOS
+  build_aarch64_cross_macos:
+    name: Cross-compile to aarch64-apple-darwin
     runs-on: macos-latest
     needs: build
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        lua: [lua54, lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit]
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-    - name: Install Rust
-      run: |
-        curl https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y
-        echo ::add-path::$HOME/.cargo/bin
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (Lua 5.3 vendored)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "lua53 vendored"
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (Lua 5.2 vendored)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "lua52 vendored"
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (Lua 5.1 vendored)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "lua51 vendored"
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (LuaJIT vendored)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "luajit vendored"
-      shell: bash
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
+          target: aarch64-apple-darwin
+      - name: Cross-compile
+        run: cargo build --target aarch64-apple-darwin --features "${{ matrix.lua }},vendored,async,send,serialize,macros,parking_lot"
 
-  test_windows:
-    name: Test on Windows
+  build_aarch64_cross_ubuntu:
+    name: Cross-compile to aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    needs: build
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        lua: [lua54, lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
+          target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
+      - name: Install ARM compiler toolchain
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu libc6-dev-arm64-cross
+        shell: bash
+      - name: Cross-compile
+        run: cargo build --target aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu --features "${{ matrix.lua }},vendored,async,send,serialize,macros,parking_lot"
+        shell: bash
+
+  build_armv7_cross_ubuntu:
+    name: Cross-compile to armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    needs: build
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        lua: [lua54, lua53, lua52, lua51]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
+          target: armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf
+      - name: Install ARM compiler toolchain
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libc-dev-armhf-cross
+        shell: bash
+      - name: Cross-compile
+        run: cargo build --target armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf --features "${{ matrix.lua }},vendored,async,send,serialize,macros,parking_lot"
+        shell: bash
+
+  test:
+    name: Test
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    needs: build
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-22.04, macos-latest, windows-latest]
+        rust: [stable, nightly]
+        lua: [lua54, lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit, luajit52, luau]
+        include:
+          - os: ubuntu-22.04
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+          - os: macos-latest
+            target: x86_64-apple-darwin
+          - os: windows-latest
+            target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
+          target: ${{ matrix.target }}
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+      - name: Run ${{ matrix.lua }} tests
+        run: |
+          cargo test --features "${{ matrix.lua }},vendored"
+          cargo test --features "${{ matrix.lua }},vendored,async,send,serialize,macros,parking_lot"
+        shell: bash
+      - name: Run compile tests (macos lua54)
+        if: ${{ matrix.os == 'macos-latest' && matrix.lua == 'lua54' }}
+        run: |
+          TRYBUILD=overwrite cargo test --features "${{ matrix.lua }},vendored" -- --ignored
+          TRYBUILD=overwrite cargo test --features "${{ matrix.lua }},vendored,async,send,serialize,macros,parking_lot" -- --ignored
+        shell: bash
+
+  test_with_sanitizer:
+    name: Test with address sanitizer
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    needs: build
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-22.04]
+        rust: [nightly]
+        lua: [lua54, lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit, luau]
+        include:
+          - os: ubuntu-22.04
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
+          target: ${{ matrix.target }}
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+      - name: Run ${{ matrix.lua }} tests with address sanitizer
+        run: |
+          RUSTFLAGS="-Z sanitizer=address" \
+            cargo test --tests --features "${{ matrix.lua }},vendored,async,send,serialize,macros,parking_lot" --target x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu -- --skip test_too_many_recursions
+        shell: bash
+
+  test_modules:
+    name: Test modules
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    needs: build
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-22.04, macos-latest]
+        rust: [stable]
+        lua: [lua54, lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit]
+        include:
+          - os: ubuntu-22.04
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+          - os: macos-latest
+            target: x86_64-apple-darwin
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
+          target: ${{ matrix.target }}
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v1
+      - name: Run ${{ matrix.lua }} module tests
+        run: |
+          (cd tests/module && cargo build --release --features "${{ matrix.lua }}")
+          (cd tests/module/loader && cargo test --release --features "${{ matrix.lua }},vendored")
+        shell: bash
+
+  test_modules_windows:
+    name: Test modules on Windows
     runs-on: windows-latest
     needs: build
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        lua: [lua54, luajit]
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        shell: msys2 {0}
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-    - name: Install Rust
-      run: rustup update stable --no-self-update && rustup default stable
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (Lua 5.3 vendored)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "lua53 vendored"
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (Lua 5.2 vendored)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "lua52 vendored"
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (Lua 5.1 vendored)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "lua51 vendored"
-      shell: bash
-    - name: Run tests (LuaJIT vendored)
-      run: cargo test --release --no-default-features --features "luajit vendored"
-      shell: bash
+      - uses: msys2/setup-msys2@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Install Rust & Lua
+        run: |
+          pacman -S --noconfirm mingw-w64-x86_64-rust mingw-w64-x86_64-lua mingw-w64-x86_64-luajit mingw-w64-x86_64-pkg-config
+      - name: Run ${{ matrix.lua }} module tests
+        run: |
+          (cd tests/module && cargo build --release --features "${{ matrix.lua }}")
+          (cd tests/module/loader && cargo test --release --features "${{ matrix.lua }}")
 
   rustfmt:
     name: Rustfmt
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
-    - name: Install Rust
-      run: rustup update stable && rustup default stable && rustup component add rustfmt
-    - run: cargo fmt -- --check
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          toolchain: stable
+          components: rustfmt
+      - run: cargo fmt -- --check
+
+  clippy:
+    name: Clippy check
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        lua: [lua54, lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit, luau]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          toolchain: nightly
+          components: clippy
+      - uses: actions-rs/clippy-check@v1
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          args: --features "${{ matrix.lua }},vendored,async,send,serialize,macros,parking_lot"

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+## v0.8.9
+
+- Update minimal (vendored) Lua 5.4 to 5.4.6
+- Use `lua_closethread` instead of `lua_resetthread` in vendored mode (Lua 5.4.6)
+- Allow deserializing Lua null into unit (`()`) or unit struct.
+
+## v0.8.8
+
+- Fix potential deadlock when trying to reuse dropped registry keys.
+- Optimize userdata methods call when __index and fields_getters are nil
+
+## v0.8.7
+
+- Minimum Luau updated to 0.555 (`LUAI_MAXCSTACK` limit increased to 100000)
+- `_VERSION` in Luau now includes version number
+- Fixed lifetime of `DebugNames` in `Debug::names()` and `DebugSource` in `Debug::source()`
+- Fixed subtraction overflow when calculating index for `MultiValue::get()`
+
+## v0.8.6
+
+- Fixed bug when recycled Registry slot can be set to Nil
+
+## v0.8.5
+
+- Fixed potential unsoundness when using `Layout::from_size_align_unchecked` and Rust 1.65+
+- Performance optimizations around string and table creation in standalone mode
+- Added fast track path to Table `get`/`set`/`len` methods without metatable
+- Added new methods `push`/`pop`/`raw_push`/`raw_pop` to Table
+- Fix getting caller information from `Lua::load`
+- Better checks and tests when trying to modify a Luau readonly table
+
+## v0.8.4
+
+- Minimal Luau updated to 0.548
+
+## v0.8.3
+
+- Close to-be-closed variables for Lua 5.4 when using call_async functions (#192)
+- Fixed Lua assertion when inspecting another thread stack. (#195)
+- Use more reliable way to create LuaJIT VM (which can fail if use Rust allocator on non-x86 platforms)
+
+## v0.8.2
+
+- Performance optimizations in handling UserData
+- Minimal Luau updated to 0.536
+- Fixed bug in `Function::bind` when passing empty binds and no arguments (#189)
+
+## v0.8.1
+
+- Added `Lua::create_proxy` for accessing to UserData static fields and functions without instance
+- Added `Table::to_pointer()` and `String::to_pointer()` functions
+- Bugfixes and improvements (#176 #179)
+
+## v0.8.0
+Changes since 0.7.4
+- Roblox Luau support
+- Removed C glue
+- Added async support to `__index` and `__newindex` metamethods
+- Added `Function::info()` to get information about functions (#149).
+- Added `parking_lot` dependency under feature flag (for `UserData`)
+- `Hash` implementation for Lua String
+- Added `Value::to_pointer()` function
+- Performance improvements
+
+Breaking changes:
+- Refactored `AsChunk` trait (added implementation for `Path` and `PathBuf`).
+
+## v0.8.0-beta.5
+
+- Lua sources no longer needed to build modules
+- Added `__iter` metamethod for Luau
+- Added `Value::to_pointer()` function
+- Added `Function::coverage` for Luau to obtain coverage report
+- Bugfixes and improvements (#153 #161 #168)
+
+## v0.8.0-beta.4
+
+- Removed `&Lua` from `Lua::set_interrupt` as it's not safe (introduced in v0.8.0-beta.3)
+- Enabled `Lua::gc_inc` for Luau
+- Luau `debug` module marked as safe (enabled by default)
+- Implemented `Hash` for Lua String
+- Support mode options in `collectgarbage` for Luau
+- Added ability to set global Luau compiler (used for loading all chunks).
+- Refactored `AsChunk` trait (breaking changes).
+  `AsChunk` now implemented for `Path` and `PathBuf` to load lua files from fs.
+- Added `parking_lot` dependency and feature flag (for `UserData`)
+- Added `Function::info()` to get information about functions (#149).
+- Bugfixes and improvements (#104 #142)
+
+## v0.8.0-beta.3
+
+- Luau vector constructor
+- Luau sandboxing support
+- Luau interrupts (yieldable)
+- More Luau compiler options (mutable globals)
+- Other performance improvements
+
+## v0.8.0-beta.2
+
+- Luau vector datatype support
+- Luau readonly table attribute
+- Other Luau improvements
+
+## v0.8.0-beta.1
+
+- Roblox Luau support
+- Refactored ffi module. C glue is no longer required
+- Added async support to `__index` and `__newindex` metamethods
+
+## v0.7.4
+
+- Improved `Lua::create_registry_value` to reuse previously expired registry keys.
+  No need to call `Lua::expire_registry_values` when creating/dropping registry values.
+- Added `Lua::replace_registry_value` to change value of an existing Registry Key
+- Async calls optimization
+
+## v0.7.3
+
+- Fixed cross-compilation issue (introduced in 84a174c)
+
+## v0.7.2
+
+- Allow `pkg-config` to omit include paths if they equals to standard (#114).
+- Various bugfixes (eg. #121)
+
+## v0.7.1
+
+- Fixed traceback generation for errors (#112)
+- `Lua::into_static/from_static` methods have been removed from the docs and are discouraged for use
+
+## v0.7.0
+
+- New "application data" api to store arbitrary objects inside Lua
+- New feature flag `luajit52` to build/support LuaJIT with partial compatibility with Lua 5.2
+- Added async meta methods for all Lua (except 5.1)
+- Added `AnyUserData::take()` to take UserData objects from Lua
+- Added `set_nth_user_value`/`get_nth_user_value` to `AnyUserData` for all Lua versions
+- Added `set_named_user_value`/`get_named_user_value` to `AnyUserData` for all Lua versions
+- Added `Lua::inspect_stack()` to get information about the interpreter runtime stack
+- Added `set_warning_function`/`remove_warning_function`/`warning` functions to `Lua` for 5.4
+- Added `TableExt::call()` to call tables with `__call` metamethod as functions
+- Added `Lua::unload()` to unload modules
+- `ToLua` implementation for arrays changed to const generics
+- Added thread (coroutine) cache for async execution (disabled by default and works for Lua 5.4/JIT)
+- LuaOptions and (De)SerializeOptions marked as const
+- Fixed recursive tables serialization when using `serde::Serialize` for Lua Tables
+- Improved errors reporting. Now source included to `fmt::Display` implementation for `Error::CallbackError`
+- Major performance improvements
+
+## v0.6.6
+
+- Fixed calculating `LUA_REGISTRYINDEX` when cross-compiling for lua51/jit (#82)
+- Updated documentation & examples
+
+## v0.6.5
+
+- Fixed bug when polling async futures (#77)
+- Refactor Waker handling in async code (+10% performance gain when calling async functions)
+- Added `Location::caller()` information to `Lua::load()` if chunk's name is None (Rust 1.46+)
+- Added serialization of i128/u128 types (serde)
+
+## v0.6.4
+
+- Performance optimizations
+- Fixed table traversal used in recursion detection in deserializer
+
+## v0.6.3
+
+- Disabled catching Rust panics in userdata finalizers on drop. It also has positive performance impact.
+- Added `Debug::event()` to the hook's Debug structure
+- Simplified interface of `hook::HookTriggers`
+- Added finalizer to `ExtraData` in module mode. This helps avoiding memory leak on closing state when Lua unloads modules and frees memory.
+- Added `DeserializeOptions` struct to control deserializer behavior (`from_value_with` function).
+
+## v0.6.2
+
+- New functionality: `Lua::load_from_function()` and `Lua::create_c_function()`
+- Many optimizations in callbacks/userdata creation and methods execution
+
+## v0.6.1
+
+- Update `chunk!` documentation (stable Rust limitations)
+- Fixed Lua sequence table conversion to HashSet/BTreeSet
+- `once_cell` dependency lowered to 1.0
+
+## v0.6.0
+Changes since 0.5.4
+- New `UserDataFields` API
+- Full access to `UserData` metatables with support of setting arbitrary fields.
+- Implement `UserData` for `Rc<RefCell<T>>`/`Arc<Mutex<T>>`/`Arc<RwLock<T>>` where `T: UserData`.
+- Added `SerializeOptions` to to change default Lua serializer behaviour (eg. `nil/null/array` serialization)
+- Added `LuaOptions` to customize Lua/Rust behaviour (currently panic handling)
+- Added `ToLua`/`FromLua` implementation for `Box<str>` and `Box<[T]>`.
+- Added `Thread::reset()` for luajit/lua54 to recycle threads (coroutines) with attaching a new function.
+- Added `chunk!` macro support to load chunks of Lua code using the Rust tokenizer and optionally capturing Rust variables.
+- Improved errors reporting (`Error`'s `__tostring` method formats full stacktraces). This is useful in a module mode.
+- Added `String::to_string_lossy`
+- Various bugfixes and improvements
+
+Breaking changes:
+- Errors are always `Send + Sync` to be compatible with the anyhow crate.
+- Removed `Result` from `LuaSerdeExt::null()` and `LuaSerdeExt::array_metatable()` (never fails)
+- Removed `Result` from `Function::dump()` (never fails)
+- Removed `AnyUserData::has_metamethod()` (in favour of full access to metatables)
+
+## v0.6.0-beta.3
+
+- Errors are always `Send + Sync` to be compatible with anyhow crate
+- Implement `UserData` for `Rc<RefCell>`/`Arc<Mutex>`/`Arc<RwLock>`
+- Added `__ipairs` metamethod for Lua 5.2
+- Added `String::to_string_lossy`
+- Various bugfixes and improvements
+
+## v0.6.0-beta.2
+
+- [**Breaking**] Removed `AnyUserData::has_metamethod()`
+- Added `Thread::reset()` for luajit/lua54 to recycle threads.
+  It's possible to attach a new function to a thread (coroutine).
+- Added `chunk!` macro support to load chunks of Lua code using the Rust tokenizer and optinally capturing Rust variables.
+- Improved error reporting (`Error`'s `__tostring` method formats full stacktraces). This is useful in the module mode.
+
+## v0.6.0-beta.1
+
+- New `UserDataFields` API
+- Allow to define arbitrary MetaMethods
+- `MetaMethods::name()` is public
+- Do not trigger longjmp in Rust to prevent unwinding across FFI boundaries. See https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/83541
+- Added `SerializeOptions` to to change default Lua serializer behaviour (eg. nil/null/array serialization)
+- [**Breaking**] Removed `Result` from `LuaSerdeExt::null()` and `LuaSerdeExt::array_metatable()` (never fails)
+- [**Breaking**] Removed `Result` from `Function::dump()` (never fails)
+- `ToLua`/`FromLua` implementation for `Box<str>` and `Box<[T]>`
+- [**Breaking**] Added `LuaOptions` to customize Lua/Rust behaviour (currently panic handling)
+- Various bugfixes and performance improvements
+
+## v0.5.4
+
+- Build script improvements
+- Improvements in panic handling (resume panic on value popping)
+- Fixed bug serializing 3rd party userdata (causes segfault)
+- Make error::Error non exhaustive
+
+## v0.5.3
+
+- Fixed bug when returning nil-prefixed multi values from async function (+ test)
+- Performance optimisation for async callbacks (polling)
+
+## v0.5.2
+
+- Some performance optimisations (callbacks)
+- `ToLua` implementation for `Cow<str>` and `Cow<CStr>`
+- Fixed bug with `Scope` destruction of partially polled futures
+
+## v0.5.1
+
+- Support cross compilation that should work well for vendored builds (including LuaJIT with some restrictions)
+- Fix numeric types conversion for 32bit Lua
+- Update tokio to 1.0 for async examples
+
+## v0.5.0
+
+- Serde support under `serialize` feature flag.
+- Re-export `mlua_derive`.
+- impl `ToLua` and `FromLua` for `HashSet` and `BTreeSet`
+
+## v0.4.2
+
+- Added `Function::dump()` to dump lua function to a binary chunk
+- Added `ChunkMode` enum to mark chunks as text or binary
+- Updated `set_memory_limit` doc
+
+## v0.4.0
+
+- Lua 5.4 support with `MetaMethod::Close`.
+- `lua53` feature is disabled by default. Now preferred Lua version have to be chosen explicitly.
+- Provide safety guaraness for Lua state, which means that potenially unsafe operations, like loading C modules (using `require` or `package.loadlib`) are disabled. Equalient for the previous `Lua::new()` function is `Lua::unsafe_new()`.
+- New `send` feature to require `Send`.
+- New `module` feature, that disables linking to Lua Core Libraries. Required for modules.
+- Don't allow `'callback` outlive `'lua` in `Lua::create_function()` to fix [the unsoundness](tests/compile/static_callback_args.rs).
+- Added `Lua::into_static()` to make `'static` Lua state. This is useful to spawn async Lua threads that requires `'static`.
+- New function `Lua::set_memory_limit()` (similar to `rlua`) to enable memory restrictions in Lua VM (requires Lua >= 5.2).
+- `Scope`, temporary removed in v0.3, is back with async support.
+- Removed deprecated `Table::call()` function.
+- Added hooks support (backported from rlua 0.17).
+- New `AnyUserData::has_metamethod()` function.
+- LuaJIT 2.0.5 (the latest stable) support.
+- Various bug fixes and improvements.

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,26 +1,24 @@
 [package]
 name = "mlua"
-version = "0.3.2"
+version = "0.8.9" # remember to update mlua_derive
 authors = ["Aleksandr Orlenko <zxteam@pm.me>", "kyren <catherine@chucklefish.org>"]
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 repository = "https://github.com/khvzak/mlua"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/mlua"
 readme = "README.md"
-keywords = ["lua", "luajit", "async", "futures"]
+keywords = ["lua", "luajit", "luau", "async", "scripting"]
 categories = ["api-bindings", "asynchronous"]
 license = "MIT"
 links = "lua"
 build = "build/main.rs"
 description = """
-High level bindings to Lua 5.1/5.2/5.3 (including LuaJIT)
-with async/await features and support of writing native lua modules in Rust.
+High level bindings to Lua 5.4/5.3/5.2/5.1 (including LuaJIT) and Roblox Luau
+with async/await features and support of writing native Lua modules in Rust.
 """
 
-[badges]
-# github-actions = { repository = "khvzak/mlua", workflow = "CI" }
-
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
-features = ["async"]
+features = ["lua54", "vendored", "async", "send", "serialize", "macros", "parking_lot"]
+rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
 
 [workspace]
 members = [
@@ -28,45 +26,83 @@ members = [
 ]
 
 [features]
-default = ["lua53"]
+lua54 = []
 lua53 = []
 lua52 = []
 lua51 = []
 luajit = []
+luajit52 = ["luajit"]
+luau = ["luau0-src"]
 vendored = ["lua-src", "luajit-src"]
+module = ["mlua_derive"]
 async = ["futures-core", "futures-task", "futures-util"]
+send = []
+serialize = ["serde", "erased-serde"]
+macros = ["mlua_derive/macros"]
 
 [dependencies]
+mlua_derive = { version = "=0.8.0", optional = true, path = "mlua_derive" }
 bstr = { version = "0.2", features = ["std"], default_features = false }
-lazy_static = { version = "1.4" }
-num-traits = { version = "0.2.11" }
-futures-core = { version = "0.3.4", optional = true }
-futures-task = { version = "0.3.4", optional = true }
-futures-util = { version = "0.3.4", optional = true }
+once_cell = { version = "1.0" }
+num-traits = { version = "0.2.14" }
+rustc-hash = "1.0"
+futures-core = { version = "0.3.5", optional = true }
+futures-task = { version = "0.3.5", optional = true }
+futures-util = { version = "0.3.5", optional = true }
+serde = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
+erased-serde = { version = "0.3", optional = true }
+parking_lot = { version = "0.12", optional = true }
 
 [build-dependencies]
 cc = { version = "1.0" }
 pkg-config = { version = "0.3.17" }
-lua-src = { version = "535.0.1", optional = true }
-luajit-src = { version = "210.0.0", optional = true }
+lua-src = { version = ">= 546.0.0, < 550.0.0", optional = true }
+luajit-src = { version = ">= 210.4.0, < 220.0.0", optional = true }
+luau0-src = { version = "0.5.0", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-rustyline = "6.0"
-criterion = "0.3"
+rustyline = "10.0"
+criterion = { version = "0.3.4", features = ["html_reports", "async_tokio"] }
 trybuild = "1.0"
-futures = "0.3.4"
-hyper = "0.13"
-tokio = { version = "0.2.18", features = ["full"] }
+futures = "0.3.5"
+hyper = { version = "0.14", features = ["client", "server"] }
+reqwest = { version = "0.11", features = ["json"] }
+tokio = { version = "1.0", features = ["full"] }
 futures-timer = "3.0"
+serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1.0"
+maplit = "1.0"
+tempfile = "3"
 
 [[bench]]
 name = "benchmark"
 harness = false
-
-[[example]]
-name = "async_tcp_server"
 required-features = ["async"]
 
 [[example]]
 name = "async_http_client"
-required-features = ["async"]
+required-features = ["async", "macros"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "async_http_reqwest"
+required-features = ["async", "serialize", "macros"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "async_http_server"
+required-features = ["async", "macros"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "async_tcp_server"
+required-features = ["async", "macros"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "guided_tour"
+required-features = ["macros"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "serialize"
+required-features = ["serialize"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "userdata"
+required-features = ["macros"]

FAQ.md

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# mlua FAQ
+
+This file is for general questions that don't fit into the README or crate docs.
+
+## Loading a C module fails with error `undefined symbol: lua_xxx`. How to fix?
+
+Add the following rustflags to your [.cargo/config](http://doc.crates.io/config.html) in order to properly export Lua symbols:
+
+```toml
+[target.x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu]
+rustflags = ["-C", "link-args=-rdynamic"]
+
+[target.x86_64-apple-darwin]
+rustflags = ["-C", "link-args=-rdynamic"]
+```
+
+## I want to add support for a Lua VM fork to mlua. Do you accept pull requests?
+
+Adding new feature flag to support a Lua VM fork is a major step that requires huge effort to maintain it.
+Regular updates, testing, checking compatibility, etc.
+That's why I don't plan to support new Lua VM forks or other languages in mlua.

LICENSE

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ below:
 
 MIT License
 
-Copyright (c) 2019 A. Orlenko
+Copyright (c) 2019-2021 A. Orlenko
 Copyright (c) 2017 rlua
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy

README.md

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # mlua
-[![Build Status]][github-actions] [![Latest Version]][crates.io] [![API Documentation]][docs.rs]
+[![Build Status]][github-actions] [![Latest Version]][crates.io] [![API Documentation]][docs.rs] [![Coverage Status]][codecov.io] ![MSRV]
 
 [Build Status]: https://github.com/khvzak/mlua/workflows/CI/badge.svg
 [github-actions]: https://github.com/khvzak/mlua/actions
@@ -7,30 +7,89 @@
 [crates.io]: https://crates.io/crates/mlua
 [API Documentation]: https://docs.rs/mlua/badge.svg
 [docs.rs]: https://docs.rs/mlua
+[Coverage Status]: https://codecov.io/gh/khvzak/mlua/branch/v0.8/graph/badge.svg?token=99339FS1CG
+[codecov.io]: https://codecov.io/gh/khvzak/mlua
+[MSRV]: https://img.shields.io/badge/rust-1.56+-brightgreen.svg?&logo=rust
 
-[Guided Tour](examples/guided_tour.rs)
+[Guided Tour] | [Benchmarks] | [FAQ]
 
-A fork of [rlua 0.15](https://github.com/kyren/rlua/tree/0.15.3) which provides a high level
-interface between Rust and Lua. Unlike `rlua` , `mlua` supports Lua 5.1 (including LuaJIT), 5.2 and 5.3.
-The `mlua` goal is to be an easy to use, practical and flexible API between Rust and Lua but
-*__not__* always 100% safe due to the Lua VM nature. Also, `mlua` provides a way to write native lua
-modules in Rust.
+[Guided Tour]: examples/guided_tour.rs
+[Benchmarks]: https://github.com/khvzak/script-bench-rs
+[FAQ]: FAQ.md
+
+`mlua` is bindings to [Lua](https://www.lua.org) programming language for Rust with a goal to provide
+_safe_ (as far as it's possible), high level, easy to use, practical and flexible API.
+
+Started as `rlua` fork, `mlua` supports Lua 5.4, 5.3, 5.2, 5.1 (including LuaJIT) and [Roblox Luau] and allows to write native Lua modules in Rust as well as use Lua in a standalone mode.
+
+`mlua` tested on Windows/macOS/Linux including module mode in [GitHub Actions] on `x86_64` platform and cross-compilation to `aarch64` (other targets are also supported).
+
+[GitHub Actions]: https://github.com/khvzak/mlua/actions
+[Roblox Luau]: https://luau-lang.org
 
 ## Usage
 
+### Feature flags
+
+`mlua` uses feature flags to reduce the amount of dependencies, compiled code and allow to choose only required set of features.
+Below is a list of the available feature flags. By default `mlua` does not enable any features.
+
+* `lua54`: activate Lua [5.4] support
+* `lua53`: activate Lua [5.3] support
+* `lua52`: activate Lua [5.2] support
+* `lua51`: activate Lua [5.1] support
+* `luajit`: activate [LuaJIT] support
+* `luajit52`: activate [LuaJIT] support with partial compatibility with Lua 5.2
+* `luau`: activate [Luau] support (auto vendored mode)
+* `vendored`: build static Lua(JIT) library from sources during `mlua` compilation using [lua-src] or [luajit-src] crates
+* `module`: enable module mode (building loadable `cdylib` library for Lua)
+* `async`: enable async/await support (any executor can be used, eg. [tokio] or [async-std])
+* `send`: make `mlua::Lua` transferable across thread boundaries (adds [`Send`] requirement to `mlua::Function` and `mlua::UserData`)
+* `serialize`: add serialization and deserialization support to `mlua` types using [serde] framework
+* `macros`: enable procedural macros (such as `chunk!`)
+* `parking_lot`: support UserData types wrapped in [parking_lot]'s primitives (`Arc<Mutex>` and `Arc<RwLock>`)
+
+[5.4]: https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html
+[5.3]: https://www.lua.org/manual/5.3/manual.html
+[5.2]: https://www.lua.org/manual/5.2/manual.html
+[5.1]: https://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html
+[LuaJIT]: https://luajit.org/
+[Luau]: https://github.com/Roblox/luau
+[lua-src]: https://github.com/khvzak/lua-src-rs
+[luajit-src]: https://github.com/khvzak/luajit-src-rs
+[tokio]: https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio
+[async-std]: https://github.com/async-rs/async-std
+[`Send`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html
+[serde]: https://github.com/serde-rs/serde
+[parking_lot]: https://github.com/Amanieu/parking_lot
+
 ### Async/await support
 
-Starting from 0.3, mlua supports async/await for all Lua versions. This works using Lua [coroutines](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.3/manual.html#2.6) and require running [Thread](https://docs.rs/mlua/latest/mlua/struct.Thread.html) along with enabling `async` feature in `Cargo.toml`.
+`mlua` supports async/await for all Lua versions including Luau.
+
+This works using Lua [coroutines](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.3/manual.html#2.6) and require running [Thread](https://docs.rs/mlua/latest/mlua/struct.Thread.html) along with enabling `feature = "async"` in `Cargo.toml`.
 
 **Examples**:
 - [HTTP Client](examples/async_http_client.rs)
+- [HTTP Client (json)](examples/async_http_reqwest.rs)
+- [HTTP Server](examples/async_http_server.rs)
 - [TCP Server](examples/async_tcp_server.rs)
 
-### Choosing Lua version
+### Serialization (serde) support
 
-The following features could be used to choose Lua version: `lua53` (default), `lua52`, `lua51` and `luajit`.
+With `serialize` feature flag enabled, `mlua` allows you to serialize/deserialize any type that implements [`serde::Serialize`] and [`serde::Deserialize`] into/from [`mlua::Value`]. In addition `mlua` provides [`serde::Serialize`] trait implementation for it (including `UserData` support).
 
-By default mlua uses `pkg-config` tool to find lua includes and lib.
+[Example](examples/serialize.rs)
+
+[`serde::Serialize`]: https://docs.serde.rs/serde/ser/trait.Serialize.html
+[`serde::Deserialize`]: https://docs.serde.rs/serde/de/trait.Deserialize.html
+[`mlua::Value`]: https://docs.rs/mlua/latest/mlua/enum.Value.html
+
+### Compiling
+
+You have to enable one of the features: `lua54`, `lua53`, `lua52`, `lua51`, `luajit(52)` or `luau`, according to the chosen Lua version.
+
+By default `mlua` uses `pkg-config` tool to find lua includes and libraries for the chosen Lua version.
 In most cases it works as desired, although sometimes could be more preferable to use a custom lua library.
 To achieve this, mlua supports `LUA_INC`, `LUA_LIB`, `LUA_LIB_NAME` and `LUA_LINK` environment variables.
 `LUA_LINK` is optional and may be `dylib` (a dynamic library) or `static` (a static library, `.a` archive).
@@ -40,16 +99,18 @@ An example how to use them:
 my_project $ LUA_INC=$HOME/tmp/lua-5.2.4/src LUA_LIB=$HOME/tmp/lua-5.2.4/src LUA_LIB_NAME=lua LUA_LINK=static cargo build
 ```
 
-`mlua` also supports vendored lua/luajit using the auxilary crates [lua-src](https://crates.io/crates/lua-src) and
+`mlua` also supports vendored lua/luajit using the auxiliary crates [lua-src](https://crates.io/crates/lua-src) and
 [luajit-src](https://crates.io/crates/luajit-src).
-Just enable the `vendored` feature and cargo will automatically build and link specified lua/luajit version. This is the easiest way to get started with mlua.
+Just enable the `vendored` feature and cargo will automatically build and link specified lua/luajit version. This is the easiest way to get started with `mlua`.
 
 ### Standalone mode
+In a standalone mode `mlua` allows to add to your application scripting support with a gently configured Lua runtime to ensure  safety and soundness.
+
 Add to `Cargo.toml` :
 
 ``` toml
 [dependencies]
-mlua = "0.3"
+mlua = { version = "0.8", features = ["lua54", "vendored"] }
 ```
 
 `main.rs`
@@ -73,6 +134,9 @@ fn main() -> LuaResult<()> {
 ```
 
 ### Module mode
+In a module mode `mlua` allows to create a compiled Lua module that can be loaded from Lua code using [`require`](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#pdf-require). In this case `mlua` uses an external Lua runtime which could lead to potential unsafety due to unpredictability of the Lua environment and usage of libraries such as [`debug`](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#6.10).
+
+[Example](examples/module)
 
 Add to `Cargo.toml` :
 
@@ -81,15 +145,12 @@ Add to `Cargo.toml` :
 crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 
 [dependencies]
-mlua = "0.3"
-mlua_derive = "0.3"
+mlua = { version = "0.8", features = ["lua54", "vendored", "module"] }
 ```
 
 `lib.rs` :
 
 ``` rust
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate mlua_derive;
 use mlua::prelude::*;
 
 fn hello(_: &Lua, name: String) -> LuaResult<()> {
@@ -97,7 +158,7 @@ fn hello(_: &Lua, name: String) -> LuaResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-#[lua_module]
+#[mlua::lua_module]
 fn my_module(lua: &Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaTable> {
     let exports = lua.create_table()?;
     exports.set("hello", lua.create_function(hello)?)?;
@@ -105,32 +166,62 @@ fn my_module(lua: &Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaTable> {
 }
 ```
 
-And then (macos example):
+And then (**macOS** example):
 
 ``` sh
-$ cargo build
+$ cargo rustc -- -C link-arg=-undefined -C link-arg=dynamic_lookup
 $ ln -s ./target/debug/libmy_module.dylib ./my_module.so
-$ lua5.3 -e 'require("my_module").hello("world")'
+$ lua5.4 -e 'require("my_module").hello("world")'
 hello, world!
 ```
 
+On macOS, you need to set additional linker arguments. One option is to compile with `cargo rustc --release -- -C link-arg=-undefined -C link-arg=dynamic_lookup`, the other is to create a `.cargo/config` with the following content:
+``` toml
+[target.x86_64-apple-darwin]
+rustflags = [
+  "-C", "link-arg=-undefined",
+  "-C", "link-arg=dynamic_lookup",
+]
+
+[target.aarch64-apple-darwin]
+rustflags = [
+  "-C", "link-arg=-undefined",
+  "-C", "link-arg=dynamic_lookup",
+]
+```
+On Linux you can build modules normally with `cargo build --release`.
+Vendored and non-vendored builds are supported for these OS.
+
+On Windows `vendored` mode for modules is not supported since you need to link to a Lua dll.
+Easiest way is to use either MinGW64 (as part of [MSYS2](https://github.com/msys2/msys2) package) with `pkg-config` or
+MSVC with `LUA_INC` / `LUA_LIB` / `LUA_LIB_NAME` environment variables.
+
+More details about compiling and linking Lua modules can be found on the [Building Modules](http://lua-users.org/wiki/BuildingModules) page.
+
+### Publishing to luarocks.org
+
+There is a LuaRocks build backend for mlua modules [`luarocks-build-rust-mlua`].
+
+Modules written in Rust and published to luarocks:
+- [`lua-ryaml`](https://github.com/khvzak/lua-ryaml)
+
+[`luarocks-build-rust-mlua`]: https://luarocks.org/modules/khvzak/luarocks-build-rust-mlua
+
 ## Safety
 
 One of the `mlua` goals is to provide *safe* API between Rust and Lua.
-Every place where the Lua C API may trigger an error longjmp
-in any way is protected by `lua_pcall` , and the user of the library is protected
-from directly interacting with unsafe things like the Lua stack, and there is
-overhead associated with this safety.
+Every place where the Lua C API may trigger an error longjmp in any way is protected by `lua_pcall`,
+and the user of the library is protected from directly interacting with unsafe things like the Lua stack,
+and there is overhead associated with this safety.
 
 Unfortunately, `mlua` does not provide absolute safety even without using `unsafe` .
-This library contains a huge amount of unsafe code. There are almost
-certainly bugs still lurking in this library!  It is surprisingly, fiendishly
-difficult to use the Lua C API without the potential for unsafety.
+This library contains a huge amount of unsafe code. There are almost certainly bugs still lurking in this library!
+It is surprisingly, fiendishly difficult to use the Lua C API without the potential for unsafety.
 
 ## Panic handling
 
 `mlua` wraps panics that are generated inside Rust callbacks in a regular Lua error. Panics could be
-resumed then by propagating the Lua error to Rust code.
+resumed then by returning or propagating the Lua error to Rust code.
 
 For example:
 ``` rust
@@ -149,24 +240,34 @@ let _ = lua.load(r#"
 unreachable!()
 ```
 
-`mlua` should also be panic safe in another way as well, which is that any `Lua`
-instances or handles remains usable after a user generated panic, and such
-panics should not break internal invariants or leak Lua stack space. This is
-mostly important to safely use `mlua` types in Drop impls, as you should not be
+Optionally `mlua` can disable Rust panics catching in Lua via `pcall`/`xpcall` and automatically resume
+them across the Lua API boundary. This is controlled via `LuaOptions` and done by wrapping the Lua `pcall`/`xpcall`
+functions on a way to prevent catching errors that are wrapped Rust panics.
+
+`mlua` should also be panic safe in another way as well, which is that any `Lua` instances or handles
+remains usable after a user generated panic, and such panics should not break internal invariants or
+leak Lua stack space. This is mostly important to safely use `mlua` types in Drop impls, as you should not be
 using panics for general error handling.
 
 Below is a list of `mlua` behaviors that should be considered a bug.
 If you encounter them, a bug report would be very welcome:
 
-  + If your program panics with a message that contains the string "mlua internal error", this is a  bug.
+  + If you can cause UB with `mlua` without typing the word "unsafe", this is a bug.
 
-  + The above is true even for the internal panic about running out of stack space!  There are a few ways to generate normal script errors by running out of stack, but if you encounter a *panic* based on running out of stack, this is a bug.
+  + If your program panics with a message that contains the string "mlua internal error", this is a bug.
 
-  + Lua C API errors are handled by lonjmp. All instances where the Lua C API would otherwise longjmp over calling stack frames should be guarded against, except in internal callbacks where this is intentional. If you detect that `mlua` is triggering a longjmp over your Rust stack frames, this is a bug!
+  + Lua C API errors are handled by longjmp. All instances where the Lua C API would otherwise longjmp over calling stack frames should be guarded against, except in internal callbacks where this is intentional. If you detect that `mlua` is triggering a longjmp over your Rust stack frames, this is a bug!
 
   + If you detect that, after catching a panic or during a Drop triggered from a panic, a `Lua` or handle method is triggering other bugs or there is a Lua stack space leak, this is a bug. `mlua` instances are supposed to remain fully usable in the face of user generated panics. This guarantee does not extend to panics marked with "mlua internal error" simply because that is already indicative of a separate bug.
 
+## Sandboxing
+
+Please check the [Luau Sandboxing] page if you are interested in running untrusted Lua scripts in controlled environment.
+
+`mlua` provides `Lua::sandbox` method for enabling sandbox mode (Luau only).
+
+[Luau Sandboxing]: https://luau-lang.org/sandbox
+
 ## License
 
 This project is licensed under the [MIT license](LICENSE)
-

benches/benchmark.rs

@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-#![cfg_attr(
-    all(feature = "luajit", target_os = "macos", target_arch = "x86_64"),
-    feature(link_args)
-)]
-
-#[cfg_attr(
-    all(feature = "luajit", target_os = "macos", target_arch = "x86_64"),
-    link_args = "-pagezero_size 10000 -image_base 100000000"
-)]
-extern "system" {}
-
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Criterion};
+use std::time::Duration;
+use tokio::runtime::Runtime;
+use tokio::task;
+
 use mlua::prelude::*;
 
+fn collect_gc_twice(lua: &Lua) {
+    lua.gc_collect().unwrap();
+    lua.gc_collect().unwrap();
+}
+
 fn create_table(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("create table", |b| {
-        b.iter_batched_ref(
-            || Lua::new(),
-            |lua| {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    c.bench_function("create [table empty]", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched(
+            || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
+            |_| {
                 lua.create_table().unwrap();
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
@@ -25,12 +25,14 @@ fn create_table(c: &mut Criterion) {
 }
 
 fn create_array(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("create array 10", |b| {
-        b.iter_batched_ref(
-            || Lua::new(),
-            |lua| {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    c.bench_function("create [array] 10", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched(
+            || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
+            |_| {
                 let table = lua.create_table().unwrap();
-                for i in 1..11 {
+                for i in 1..=10 {
                     table.set(i, i).unwrap();
                 }
             },
@@ -40,10 +42,12 @@ fn create_array(c: &mut Criterion) {
 }
 
 fn create_string_table(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("create string table 10", |b| {
-        b.iter_batched_ref(
-            || Lua::new(),
-            |lua| {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    c.bench_function("create [table string] 10", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched(
+            || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
+            |_| {
                 let table = lua.create_table().unwrap();
                 for &s in &["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10"] {
                     let s = lua.create_string(s).unwrap();
@@ -55,30 +59,15 @@ fn create_string_table(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-fn call_add_function(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("call add function 3 10", |b| {
-        b.iter_batched_ref(
-            || {
-                let lua = Lua::new();
-                let f = {
-                    let f: LuaFunction = lua
-                        .load(
-                            r#"
-                                function(a, b, c)
-                                    return a + b + c
-                                end
-                            "#,
-                        )
-                        .eval()
-                        .unwrap();
-                    lua.create_registry_value(f).unwrap()
-                };
-                (lua, f)
-            },
-            |(lua, f)| {
-                let add_function: LuaFunction = lua.registry_value(f).unwrap();
+fn create_function(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    c.bench_function("create [function] 10", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched(
+            || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
+            |_| {
                 for i in 0..10 {
-                    let _result: i64 = add_function.call((i, i + 1, i + 2)).unwrap();
+                    lua.create_function(move |_, ()| Ok(i)).unwrap();
                 }
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
@@ -86,72 +75,97 @@ fn call_add_function(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-fn call_add_callback(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("call callback add 2 10", |b| {
+fn call_lua_function(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    c.bench_function("call Lua function [sum] 3 10", |b| {
         b.iter_batched_ref(
             || {
-                let lua = Lua::new();
-                let f = {
-                    let c: LuaFunction = lua
-                        .create_function(|_, (a, b, c): (i64, i64, i64)| Ok(a + b + c))
-                        .unwrap();
-                    lua.globals().set("callback", c).unwrap();
-                    let f: LuaFunction = lua
-                        .load(
-                            r#"
-                            function()
-                                for i = 1,10 do
-                                    callback(i, i, i)
-                                end
-                            end
-                        "#,
-                        )
-                        .eval()
-                        .unwrap();
-                    lua.create_registry_value(f).unwrap()
-                };
-                (lua, f)
+                collect_gc_twice(&lua);
+                lua.load("function(a, b, c) return a + b + c end")
+                    .eval::<LuaFunction>()
+                    .unwrap()
             },
-            |(lua, f)| {
-                let entry_function: LuaFunction = lua.registry_value(f).unwrap();
-                entry_function.call::<_, ()>(()).unwrap();
+            |function| {
+                for i in 0..10 {
+                    let _result: i64 = function.call((i, i + 1, i + 2)).unwrap();
+                }
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
         );
     });
 }
 
-fn call_append_callback(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("call callback append 10", |b| {
+fn call_sum_callback(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+    let callback = lua
+        .create_function(|_, (a, b, c): (i64, i64, i64)| Ok(a + b + c))
+        .unwrap();
+    lua.globals().set("callback", callback).unwrap();
+
+    c.bench_function("call Rust callback [sum] 3 10", |b| {
         b.iter_batched_ref(
             || {
-                let lua = Lua::new();
-                let f = {
-                    let c: LuaFunction = lua
-                        .create_function(|_, (a, b): (LuaString, LuaString)| {
-                            Ok(format!("{}{}", a.to_str()?, b.to_str()?))
-                        })
-                        .unwrap();
-                    lua.globals().set("callback", c).unwrap();
-                    let f: LuaFunction = lua
-                        .load(
-                            r#"
-                            function()
-                                for _ = 1,10 do
-                                    callback("a", "b")
-                                end
-                            end
-                        "#,
-                        )
-                        .eval()
-                        .unwrap();
-                    lua.create_registry_value(f).unwrap()
-                };
-                (lua, f)
+                collect_gc_twice(&lua);
+                lua.load("function() for i = 1,10 do callback(i, i+1, i+2) end end")
+                    .eval::<LuaFunction>()
+                    .unwrap()
             },
-            |(lua, f)| {
-                let entry_function: LuaFunction = lua.registry_value(f).unwrap();
-                entry_function.call::<_, ()>(()).unwrap();
+            |function| {
+                function.call::<_, ()>(()).unwrap();
+            },
+            BatchSize::SmallInput,
+        );
+    });
+}
+
+fn call_async_sum_callback(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let options = LuaOptions::new().thread_cache_size(1024);
+    let lua = Lua::new_with(LuaStdLib::ALL_SAFE, options).unwrap();
+    let callback = lua
+        .create_async_function(|_, (a, b, c): (i64, i64, i64)| async move {
+            task::yield_now().await;
+            Ok(a + b + c)
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    lua.globals().set("callback", callback).unwrap();
+
+    c.bench_function("call async Rust callback [sum] 3 10", |b| {
+        let rt = Runtime::new().unwrap();
+        b.to_async(rt).iter_batched(
+            || {
+                collect_gc_twice(&lua);
+                lua.load("function() for i = 1,10 do callback(i, i+1, i+2) end end")
+                    .eval::<LuaFunction>()
+                    .unwrap()
+            },
+            |function| async move {
+                function.call_async::<_, ()>(()).await.unwrap();
+            },
+            BatchSize::SmallInput,
+        );
+    });
+}
+
+fn call_concat_callback(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+    let callback = lua
+        .create_function(|_, (a, b): (LuaString, LuaString)| {
+            Ok(format!("{}{}", a.to_str()?, b.to_str()?))
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    lua.globals().set("callback", callback).unwrap();
+
+    c.bench_function("call Rust callback [concat string] 10", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched_ref(
+            || {
+                collect_gc_twice(&lua);
+                lua.load("function() for i = 1,10 do callback('a', tostring(i)) end end")
+                    .eval::<LuaFunction>()
+                    .unwrap()
+            },
+            |function| {
+                function.call::<_, ()>(()).unwrap();
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
         );
@@ -159,10 +173,12 @@ fn call_append_callback(c: &mut Criterion) {
 }
 
 fn create_registry_values(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    c.bench_function("create registry 10", |b| {
-        b.iter_batched_ref(
-            || Lua::new(),
-            |lua| {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    c.bench_function("create [registry value] 10", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched(
+            || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
+            |_| {
                 for _ in 0..10 {
                     lua.create_registry_value(lua.pack(true).unwrap()).unwrap();
                 }
@@ -177,10 +193,12 @@ fn create_userdata(c: &mut Criterion) {
     struct UserData(i64);
     impl LuaUserData for UserData {}
 
-    c.bench_function("create userdata 10", |b| {
-        b.iter_batched_ref(
-            || Lua::new(),
-            |lua| {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    c.bench_function("create [table userdata] 10", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched(
+            || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
+            |_| {
                 let table: LuaTable = lua.create_table().unwrap();
                 for i in 1..11 {
                     table.set(i, UserData(i)).unwrap();
@@ -191,20 +209,110 @@ fn create_userdata(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
+fn call_userdata_index(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    struct UserData(i64);
+    impl LuaUserData for UserData {
+        fn add_methods<'lua, M: LuaUserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
+            methods.add_meta_method(LuaMetaMethod::Index, move |_, _, index: String| Ok(index));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+    lua.globals().set("userdata", UserData(10)).unwrap();
+
+    c.bench_function("call [userdata index] 10", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched_ref(
+            || {
+                collect_gc_twice(&lua);
+                lua.load("function() for i = 1,10 do local v = userdata.test end end")
+                    .eval::<LuaFunction>()
+                    .unwrap()
+            },
+            |function| {
+                function.call::<_, ()>(()).unwrap();
+            },
+            BatchSize::SmallInput,
+        );
+    });
+}
+
+fn call_userdata_method(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    struct UserData(i64);
+    impl LuaUserData for UserData {
+        fn add_methods<'lua, M: LuaUserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
+            methods.add_method("method", |_, this, ()| Ok(this.0));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+    lua.globals().set("userdata", UserData(10)).unwrap();
+
+    c.bench_function("call [userdata method] 10", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched_ref(
+            || {
+                collect_gc_twice(&lua);
+                lua.load("function() for i = 1,10 do userdata:method() end end")
+                    .eval::<LuaFunction>()
+                    .unwrap()
+            },
+            |function| {
+                function.call::<_, ()>(()).unwrap();
+            },
+            BatchSize::SmallInput,
+        );
+    });
+}
+
+fn call_async_userdata_method(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+    struct UserData(i64);
+    impl LuaUserData for UserData {
+        fn add_methods<'lua, M: LuaUserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
+            methods.add_async_method("method", |_, this, ()| async move { Ok(this.0) });
+        }
+    }
+
+    let options = LuaOptions::new().thread_cache_size(1024);
+    let lua = Lua::new_with(LuaStdLib::ALL_SAFE, options).unwrap();
+    lua.globals().set("userdata", UserData(10)).unwrap();
+
+    c.bench_function("call async [userdata method] 10", |b| {
+        let rt = Runtime::new().unwrap();
+        b.to_async(rt).iter_batched(
+            || {
+                collect_gc_twice(&lua);
+                lua.load("function() for i = 1,10 do userdata:method() end end")
+                    .eval::<LuaFunction>()
+                    .unwrap()
+            },
+            |function| async move {
+                function.call_async::<_, ()>(()).await.unwrap();
+            },
+            BatchSize::SmallInput,
+        );
+    });
+}
+
 criterion_group! {
     name = benches;
     config = Criterion::default()
-        .sample_size(200)
+        .sample_size(300)
+        .measurement_time(Duration::from_secs(10))
         .noise_threshold(0.02);
     targets =
         create_table,
         create_array,
         create_string_table,
-        call_add_function,
-        call_add_callback,
-        call_append_callback,
+        create_function,
+        call_lua_function,
+        call_sum_callback,
+        call_async_sum_callback,
+        call_concat_callback,
         create_registry_values,
         create_userdata,
+        call_userdata_index,
+        call_userdata_method,
+        call_async_userdata_method,
 }
 
 criterion_main!(benches);

build/find_dummy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+pub fn probe_lua() -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    None
+}

build/find_normal.rs

@@ -1,106 +1,93 @@
-use std::env;
-use std::ffi::OsString;
-use std::fs::File;
-use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Result};
-use std::ops::Bound;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+#![allow(dead_code)]
 
-pub fn probe_lua() -> PathBuf {
-    let include_dir = env::var_os("LUA_INC").unwrap_or(OsString::new());
-    let lib_dir = env::var_os("LUA_LIB").unwrap_or(OsString::new());
-    let lua_lib = env::var_os("LUA_LIB_NAME").unwrap_or(OsString::new());
+use std::env;
+use std::ops::Bound;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+fn get_env_var(name: &str) -> String {
+    match env::var(name) {
+        Ok(val) => val,
+        Err(env::VarError::NotPresent) => String::new(),
+        Err(err) => panic!("cannot get {}: {}", name, err),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn probe_lua() -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    let include_dir = get_env_var("LUA_INC");
+    let lib_dir = get_env_var("LUA_LIB");
+    let lua_lib = get_env_var("LUA_LIB_NAME");
 
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed=LUA_INC");
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed=LUA_LIB");
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed=LUA_LIB_NAME");
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed=LUA_LINK");
 
-    if include_dir != "" && lib_dir != "" && lua_lib != "" {
-        let _version = use_custom_lua(&include_dir, &lib_dir, &lua_lib).unwrap();
-        return PathBuf::from(include_dir);
+    let need_lua_lib = cfg!(any(not(feature = "module"), target_os = "windows"));
+
+    if !include_dir.is_empty() {
+        if need_lua_lib {
+            if lib_dir.is_empty() {
+                panic!("LUA_LIB is not set");
+            }
+            if lua_lib.is_empty() {
+                panic!("LUA_LIB_NAME is not set");
+            }
+
+            let mut link_lib = "";
+            if get_env_var("LUA_LINK") == "static" {
+                link_lib = "static=";
+            };
+            println!("cargo:rustc-link-search=native={}", lib_dir);
+            println!("cargo:rustc-link-lib={}{}", link_lib, lua_lib);
+        }
+        return Some(PathBuf::from(include_dir));
     }
 
-    // Find using via pkg-config
+    // Find using `pkg-config`
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "lua54")]
+    let (incl_bound, excl_bound, alt_probe, ver) = ("5.4", "5.5", "lua5.4", "5.4");
     #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-    {
-        let mut lua = pkg_config::Config::new()
-            .range_version((Bound::Included("5.3"), Bound::Excluded("5.4")))
-            .probe("lua");
-
-        if lua.is_err() {
-            lua = pkg_config::Config::new().probe("lua5.3");
-        }
-
-        return lua.unwrap().include_paths[0].clone();
-    }
-
+    let (incl_bound, excl_bound, alt_probe, ver) = ("5.3", "5.4", "lua5.3", "5.3");
     #[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-    {
-        let mut lua = pkg_config::Config::new()
-            .range_version((Bound::Included("5.2"), Bound::Excluded("5.3")))
-            .probe("lua");
-
-        if lua.is_err() {
-            lua = pkg_config::Config::new().probe("lua5.2");
-        }
-
-        return lua.unwrap().include_paths[0].clone();
-    }
-
+    let (incl_bound, excl_bound, alt_probe, ver) = ("5.2", "5.3", "lua5.2", "5.2");
     #[cfg(feature = "lua51")]
+    let (incl_bound, excl_bound, alt_probe, ver) = ("5.1", "5.2", "lua5.1", "5.1");
+
+    #[cfg(any(
+        feature = "lua54",
+        feature = "lua53",
+        feature = "lua52",
+        feature = "lua51"
+    ))]
     {
         let mut lua = pkg_config::Config::new()
-            .range_version((Bound::Included("5.1"), Bound::Excluded("5.2")))
+            .range_version((Bound::Included(incl_bound), Bound::Excluded(excl_bound)))
+            .cargo_metadata(need_lua_lib)
             .probe("lua");
 
         if lua.is_err() {
-            lua = pkg_config::Config::new().probe("lua5.1");
+            lua = pkg_config::Config::new()
+                .cargo_metadata(need_lua_lib)
+                .probe(alt_probe);
         }
 
-        return lua.unwrap().include_paths[0].clone();
+        lua.unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("cannot find Lua {} using `pkg-config`", ver))
+            .include_paths
+            .get(0)
+            .cloned()
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
     {
         let lua = pkg_config::Config::new()
-            .range_version((Bound::Included("2.1.0"), Bound::Unbounded))
+            .range_version((Bound::Included("2.0.4"), Bound::Unbounded))
+            .cargo_metadata(need_lua_lib)
             .probe("luajit");
 
-        return lua.unwrap().include_paths[0].clone();
+        lua.expect("cannot find LuaJIT using `pkg-config`")
+            .include_paths
+            .get(0)
+            .cloned()
     }
 }
-
-fn use_custom_lua<S: AsRef<Path>>(include_dir: &S, lib_dir: &S, lua_lib: &S) -> Result<String> {
-    let mut version_found = String::new();
-
-    // Find LUA_VERSION_NUM
-    let mut lua_h_path = include_dir.as_ref().to_owned();
-    lua_h_path.push("lua.h");
-    let f = File::open(lua_h_path)?;
-    let reader = BufReader::new(f);
-    for line in reader.lines() {
-        let line = line?;
-        let parts = line.split_whitespace().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        if parts.len() == 3 && parts[1] == "LUA_VERSION_NUM" {
-            version_found = parts[2].to_string();
-        }
-    }
-
-    let mut link_lib = String::new();
-    if env::var("LUA_LINK").unwrap_or(String::new()) == "static" {
-        link_lib = "static=".to_string();
-    }
-
-    println!(
-        "cargo:rustc-link-search=native={}",
-        lib_dir.as_ref().display()
-    );
-    println!(
-        "cargo:rustc-link-lib={}{}",
-        link_lib,
-        lua_lib.as_ref().display()
-    );
-
-    Ok(version_found)
-}

build/find_vendored.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51"))]
-use lua_src;
-#[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
-use luajit_src;
-
-pub fn probe_lua() -> PathBuf {
+pub fn probe_lua() -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    #[cfg(feature = "lua54")]
+    let artifacts = lua_src::Build::new().build(lua_src::Lua54);
     #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     let artifacts = lua_src::Build::new().build(lua_src::Lua53);
     #[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
@@ -13,8 +12,17 @@ pub fn probe_lua() -> PathBuf {
     #[cfg(feature = "lua51")]
     let artifacts = lua_src::Build::new().build(lua_src::Lua51);
     #[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
-    let artifacts = luajit_src::Build::new().build();
+    let artifacts = {
+        let mut builder = luajit_src::Build::new();
+        if cfg!(feature = "luajit52") {
+            builder.lua52compat(true);
+        }
+        builder.build()
+    };
+    #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+    let artifacts = luau0_src::Build::new().build();
 
     artifacts.print_cargo_metadata();
-    artifacts.include_dir().to_owned()
+
+    Some(artifacts.include_dir().to_owned())
 }

build/main.rs

@@ -1,86 +1,115 @@
-#![allow(unreachable_code)]
-
-use std::env;
-use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind, Result};
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-use std::process::Command;
-
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "vendored", path = "find_vendored.rs")]
-#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "vendored"), path = "find_normal.rs")]
-mod find;
-
-trait CommandExt {
-    fn execute(&mut self) -> Result<()>;
-}
-
-impl CommandExt for Command {
-    /// Execute the command and return an error if it exited with a failure status.
-    fn execute(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        self.status()
-            .and_then(|status| {
-                if status.success() {
-                    Ok(())
-                } else {
-                    Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::Other, "non-zero exit code"))
-                }
-            })
-            .map_err(|_| {
-                Error::new(
-                    ErrorKind::Other,
-                    format!("The command {:?} did not run successfully.", self),
-                )
-            })
-    }
-}
-
-fn build_glue<P: AsRef<Path> + std::fmt::Debug>(include_path: &P) {
-    let build_dir = PathBuf::from(env::var_os("OUT_DIR").unwrap());
-
-    let mut config = cc::Build::new();
-    config.include(include_path);
-
-    // Compile and run glue.c
-    let glue = build_dir.join("glue");
-
-    config
-        .get_compiler()
-        .to_command()
-        .arg("src/ffi/glue/glue.c")
-        .arg("-o")
-        .arg(&glue)
-        .execute()
-        .unwrap();
-
-    Command::new(glue)
-        .arg(build_dir.join("glue.rs"))
-        .execute()
-        .unwrap();
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    #[cfg(not(any(
+#[cfg_attr(
+    any(
+        feature = "luau",
+        all(
+            feature = "vendored",
+            any(
+                feature = "lua54",
+                feature = "lua53",
+                feature = "lua52",
+                feature = "lua51",
+                feature = "luajit"
+            )
+        )
+    ),
+    path = "find_vendored.rs"
+)]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    all(
+        not(feature = "vendored"),
+        any(
+            feature = "lua54",
+            feature = "lua53",
+            feature = "lua52",
+            feature = "lua51",
+            feature = "luajit"
+        )
+    ),
+    path = "find_normal.rs"
+)]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    not(any(
+        feature = "lua54",
         feature = "lua53",
         feature = "lua52",
         feature = "lua51",
-        feature = "luajit"
+        feature = "luajit",
+        feature = "luau"
+    )),
+    path = "find_dummy.rs"
+)]
+mod find;
+
+fn main() {
+    #[cfg(not(any(
+        feature = "lua54",
+        feature = "lua53",
+        feature = "lua52",
+        feature = "lua51",
+        feature = "luajit",
+        feature = "luau"
     )))]
-    panic!("You must enable one of the features: lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit");
+    compile_error!(
+        "You must enable one of the features: lua54, lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit, luajit52, luau"
+    );
+
+    #[cfg(all(
+        feature = "lua54",
+        any(
+            feature = "lua53",
+            feature = "lua52",
+            feature = "lua51",
+            feature = "luajit",
+            feature = "luau"
+        )
+    ))]
+    compile_error!(
+        "You can enable only one of the features: lua54, lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit, luajit52, luau"
+    );
 
     #[cfg(all(
         feature = "lua53",
-        any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit")
+        any(
+            feature = "lua52",
+            feature = "lua51",
+            feature = "luajit",
+            feature = "luau"
+        )
     ))]
-    panic!("You can enable only one of the features: lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit");
+    compile_error!(
+        "You can enable only one of the features: lua54, lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit, luajit52, luau"
+    );
 
-    #[cfg(all(feature = "lua52", any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit")))]
-    panic!("You can enable only one of the features: lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit");
+    #[cfg(all(
+        feature = "lua52",
+        any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit", feature = "luau")
+    ))]
+    compile_error!(
+        "You can enable only one of the features: lua54, lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit, luajit52, luau"
+    );
 
-    #[cfg(all(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    panic!("You can enable only one of the features: lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit");
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "lua51", any(feature = "luajit", feature = "luau")))]
+    compile_error!(
+        "You can enable only one of the features: lua54, lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit, luajit52, luau"
+    );
 
-    #[cfg(all(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    panic!("You can enable only one of the features: lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit");
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "luajit", feature = "luau"))]
+    compile_error!(
+        "You can enable only one of the features: lua54, lua53, lua52, lua51, luajit, luajit52, luau"
+    );
 
-    let include_dir = find::probe_lua();
-    build_glue(&include_dir);
+    // We don't support "vendored module" mode on windows
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "vendored", feature = "module", target_os = "windows"))]
+    compile_error!(
+        "Vendored (static) builds are not supported for modules on Windows.\n"
+            + "Please, use `pkg-config` or custom mode to link to a Lua dll."
+    );
+
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "luau", feature = "module"))]
+    compile_error!("Luau does not support module mode");
+
+    #[cfg(any(not(feature = "module"), target_os = "windows"))]
+    find::probe_lua();
+
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build");
 }

codecov.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+coverage:
+  status:
+    patch:
+      default:
+        only_pulls: true
+    project:
+      default:
+        only_pulls: true

examples/async_http_client.rs

@@ -1,29 +1,19 @@
-use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use bstr::BString;
-use hyper::{body::Body as HyperBody, Client as HyperClient};
-use tokio::stream::StreamExt;
+use hyper::body::{Body as HyperBody, HttpBody as _};
+use hyper::Client as HyperClient;
 
-use mlua::{Error, Lua, Result, UserData, UserDataMethods};
+use mlua::{chunk, AnyUserData, ExternalResult, Lua, Result, UserData, UserDataMethods};
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
-struct BodyReader(Rc<RefCell<HyperBody>>);
-
-impl BodyReader {
-    fn new(body: HyperBody) -> Self {
-        BodyReader(Rc::new(RefCell::new(body)))
-    }
-}
+struct BodyReader(HyperBody);
 
 impl UserData for BodyReader {
     fn add_methods<'lua, M: UserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
-        methods.add_async_method("read", |_, reader, ()| async move {
-            let mut reader = reader.0.borrow_mut();
-            let bytes = reader.try_next().await.map_err(Error::external)?;
-            if let Some(bytes) = bytes {
-                return Ok(Some(BString::from(bytes.as_ref())));
+        methods.add_async_function("read", |lua, reader: AnyUserData| async move {
+            let mut reader = reader.borrow_mut::<Self>()?;
+            if let Some(bytes) = reader.0.data().await {
+                let bytes = bytes.to_lua_err()?;
+                return Some(lua.create_string(&bytes)).transpose();
             }
             Ok(None)
         });
@@ -36,34 +26,30 @@ async fn main() -> Result<()> {
 
     let fetch_url = lua.create_async_function(|lua, uri: String| async move {
         let client = HyperClient::new();
-        let uri = uri.parse().map_err(Error::external)?;
-        let resp = client.get(uri).await.map_err(Error::external)?;
+        let uri = uri.parse().to_lua_err()?;
+        let resp = client.get(uri).await.to_lua_err()?;
 
         let lua_resp = lua.create_table()?;
         lua_resp.set("status", resp.status().as_u16())?;
 
         let mut headers = HashMap::new();
-        for (key, value) in resp.headers().iter() {
+        for (key, value) in resp.headers() {
             headers
                 .entry(key.as_str())
                 .or_insert(Vec::new())
-                .push(value.to_str().unwrap());
+                .push(value.to_str().to_lua_err()?);
         }
 
         lua_resp.set("headers", headers)?;
-        lua_resp.set("body", BodyReader::new(resp.into_body()))?;
+        lua_resp.set("body", BodyReader(resp.into_body()))?;
 
         Ok(lua_resp)
     })?;
 
-    let globals = lua.globals();
-    globals.set("fetch_url", fetch_url)?;
-
     let f = lua
-        .load(
-            r#"
-            local res = fetch_url(...);
-            print(res.status)
+        .load(chunk! {
+            local res = $fetch_url(...)
+            print("status: "..res.status)
             for key, vals in pairs(res.headers) do
                 for _, val in ipairs(vals) do
                     print(key..": "..val)
@@ -75,8 +61,7 @@ async fn main() -> Result<()> {
                     print(body)
                 end
             until not body
-        "#,
-        )
+        })
         .into_function()?;
 
     f.call_async("http://httpbin.org/ip").await

examples/async_http_reqwest.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use mlua::{chunk, ExternalResult, Lua, LuaSerdeExt, Result};
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    let null = lua.null();
+
+    let fetch_json = lua.create_async_function(|lua, uri: String| async move {
+        let resp = reqwest::get(&uri)
+            .await
+            .and_then(|resp| resp.error_for_status())
+            .to_lua_err()?;
+        let json = resp.json::<serde_json::Value>().await.to_lua_err()?;
+        lua.to_value(&json)
+    })?;
+
+    let f = lua
+        .load(chunk! {
+            function print_r(t, indent)
+                local indent = indent or ""
+                for k, v in pairs(t) do
+                    io.write(indent, tostring(k))
+                    if type(v) == "table" then io.write(":\n") print_r(v, indent.."  ")
+                    else io.write(": ", v == $null and "null" or tostring(v), "\n") end
+                end
+            end
+
+            local res = $fetch_json(...)
+            print_r(res)
+        })
+        .into_function()?;
+
+    f.call_async("https://httpbin.org/anything?arg0=val0").await
+}

examples/async_http_server.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+use hyper::server::conn::AddrStream;
+use hyper::service::Service;
+use hyper::{Body, Request, Response, Server};
+
+use mlua::{
+    chunk, Error as LuaError, Function, Lua, String as LuaString, Table, UserData, UserDataMethods,
+};
+
+struct LuaRequest(SocketAddr, Request<Body>);
+
+impl UserData for LuaRequest {
+    fn add_methods<'lua, M: UserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
+        methods.add_method("remote_addr", |_lua, req, ()| Ok((req.0).to_string()));
+        methods.add_method("method", |_lua, req, ()| Ok((req.1).method().to_string()));
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Svc(Rc<Lua>, SocketAddr);
+
+impl Service<Request<Body>> for Svc {
+    type Response = Response<Body>;
+    type Error = LuaError;
+    type Future = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>>>>;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, _cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
+    }
+
+    fn call(&mut self, req: Request<Body>) -> Self::Future {
+        // If handler returns an error then generate 5xx response
+        let lua = self.0.clone();
+        let lua_req = LuaRequest(self.1, req);
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            let handler: Function = lua.named_registry_value("http_handler")?;
+            match handler.call_async::<_, Table>(lua_req).await {
+                Ok(lua_resp) => {
+                    let status = lua_resp.get::<_, Option<u16>>("status")?.unwrap_or(200);
+                    let mut resp = Response::builder().status(status);
+
+                    // Set headers
+                    if let Some(headers) = lua_resp.get::<_, Option<Table>>("headers")? {
+                        for pair in headers.pairs::<String, LuaString>() {
+                            let (h, v) = pair?;
+                            resp = resp.header(&h, v.as_bytes());
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    let body = lua_resp
+                        .get::<_, Option<LuaString>>("body")?
+                        .map(|b| Body::from(b.as_bytes().to_vec()))
+                        .unwrap_or_else(Body::empty);
+
+                    Ok(resp.body(body).unwrap())
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    eprintln!("{}", err);
+                    Ok(Response::builder()
+                        .status(500)
+                        .body(Body::from("Internal Server Error"))
+                        .unwrap())
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
+async fn main() {
+    let lua = Rc::new(Lua::new());
+
+    // Create Lua handler function
+    let handler: Function = lua
+        .load(chunk! {
+            function(req)
+                return {
+                    status = 200,
+                    headers = {
+                        ["X-Req-Method"] = req:method(),
+                        ["X-Remote-Addr"] = req:remote_addr(),
+                    },
+                    body = "Hello from Lua!\n"
+                }
+            end
+        })
+        .eval()
+        .expect("cannot create Lua handler");
+
+    // Store it in the Registry
+    lua.set_named_registry_value("http_handler", handler)
+        .expect("cannot store Lua handler");
+
+    let addr = ([127, 0, 0, 1], 3000).into();
+    let server = Server::bind(&addr).executor(LocalExec).serve(MakeSvc(lua));
+
+    println!("Listening on http://{}", addr);
+
+    // Create `LocalSet` to spawn !Send futures
+    let local = tokio::task::LocalSet::new();
+    local.run_until(server).await.expect("cannot run server")
+}
+
+struct MakeSvc(Rc<Lua>);
+
+impl Service<&AddrStream> for MakeSvc {
+    type Response = Svc;
+    type Error = hyper::Error;
+    type Future = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>>>>;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, _: &mut Context) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
+    }
+
+    fn call(&mut self, stream: &AddrStream) -> Self::Future {
+        let lua = self.0.clone();
+        let remote_addr = stream.remote_addr();
+        Box::pin(async move { Ok(Svc(lua, remote_addr)) })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct LocalExec;
+
+impl<F> hyper::rt::Executor<F> for LocalExec
+where
+    F: std::future::Future + 'static, // not requiring `Send`
+{
+    fn execute(&self, fut: F) {
+        tokio::task::spawn_local(fut);
+    }
+}

examples/async_tcp_server.rs

@@ -1,107 +1,121 @@
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::net::Shutdown;
+use std::io;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use bstr::BString;
+use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
 use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};
-use tokio::prelude::*;
 use tokio::task;
 
-use mlua::{Function, Lua, Result, UserData, UserDataMethods};
+use mlua::{
+    chunk, AnyUserData, Function, Lua, RegistryKey, String as LuaString, UserData, UserDataMethods,
+};
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
-struct LuaTcp;
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-struct LuaTcpListener(Rc<RefCell<TcpListener>>);
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-struct LuaTcpStream(Rc<RefCell<TcpStream>>);
-
-impl UserData for LuaTcp {
-    fn add_methods<'lua, M: UserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
-        methods.add_async_function("bind", |_, addr: String| async move {
-            let listener = TcpListener::bind(addr).await?;
-            Ok(LuaTcpListener(Rc::new(RefCell::new(listener))))
-        });
-    }
-}
-
-impl UserData for LuaTcpListener {
-    fn add_methods<'lua, M: UserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
-        methods.add_async_method("accept", |_, listener, ()| async move {
-            let (stream, _) = listener.0.borrow_mut().accept().await?;
-            Ok(LuaTcpStream(Rc::new(RefCell::new(stream))))
-        });
-    }
-}
+struct LuaTcpStream(TcpStream);
 
 impl UserData for LuaTcpStream {
     fn add_methods<'lua, M: UserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
-        methods.add_async_method("peer_addr", |_, stream, ()| async move {
-            Ok(stream.0.borrow().peer_addr()?.to_string())
+        methods.add_method("peer_addr", |_, this, ()| {
+            Ok(this.0.peer_addr()?.to_string())
         });
 
-        methods.add_async_method("read", |_, stream, size: usize| async move {
-            let mut buf = vec![0; size];
-            let n = stream.0.borrow_mut().read(&mut buf).await?;
-            buf.truncate(n);
-            Ok(BString::from(buf))
-        });
+        methods.add_async_function(
+            "read",
+            |lua, (this, size): (AnyUserData, usize)| async move {
+                let mut this = this.borrow_mut::<Self>()?;
+                let mut buf = vec![0; size];
+                let n = this.0.read(&mut buf).await?;
+                buf.truncate(n);
+                lua.create_string(&buf)
+            },
+        );
 
-        methods.add_async_method("write", |_, stream, data: BString| async move {
-            let n = stream.0.borrow_mut().write(&data).await?;
-            Ok(n)
-        });
+        methods.add_async_function(
+            "write",
+            |_, (this, data): (AnyUserData, LuaString)| async move {
+                let mut this = this.borrow_mut::<Self>()?;
+                let n = this.0.write(&data.as_bytes()).await?;
+                Ok(n)
+            },
+        );
 
-        methods.add_method("close", |_, stream, ()| {
-            stream.0.borrow().shutdown(Shutdown::Both)?;
+        methods.add_async_function("close", |_, this: AnyUserData| async move {
+            let mut this = this.borrow_mut::<Self>()?;
+            this.0.shutdown().await?;
             Ok(())
         });
     }
 }
 
-#[tokio::main]
-async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+async fn run_server(lua: Lua, handler: RegistryKey) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let addr: SocketAddr = ([127, 0, 0, 1], 3000).into();
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind(addr).await.expect("cannot bind addr");
+
+    println!("Listening on {}", addr);
+
+    let lua = Rc::new(lua);
+    let handler = Rc::new(handler);
+    loop {
+        let (stream, _) = match listener.accept().await {
+            Ok(res) => res,
+            Err(err) if is_transient_error(&err) => continue,
+            Err(err) => return Err(err),
+        };
+
+        let lua = lua.clone();
+        let handler = handler.clone();
+        task::spawn_local(async move {
+            let handler: Function = lua
+                .registry_value(&handler)
+                .expect("cannot get Lua handler");
+
+            let stream = LuaTcpStream(stream);
+            if let Err(err) = handler.call_async::<_, ()>(stream).await {
+                eprintln!("{}", err);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
+async fn main() {
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    let spawn = lua.create_function(move |_, func: Function| {
-        task::spawn_local(async move { func.call_async::<_, ()>(()).await.unwrap() });
-        Ok(())
-    })?;
-
-    let globals = lua.globals();
-    globals.set("tcp", LuaTcp)?;
-    globals.set("spawn", spawn)?;
-
-    let server = lua
-        .load(
-            r#"
-            local addr = ...
-            local listener = tcp.bind(addr)
-            print("listening on "..addr)
-            while true do
-                local stream = listener:accept()
+    // Create Lua handler function
+    let handler_fn = lua
+        .load(chunk! {
+            function(stream)
                 local peer_addr = stream:peer_addr()
                 print("connected from "..peer_addr)
-                spawn(function()
-                    while true do
-                        local data = stream:read(100)
-                        data = data:match("^%s*(.-)%s*$") -- trim
-                        print("["..peer_addr.."] "..data)
-                        stream:write("got: "..data.."\n")
-                        if data == "exit" then
-                            stream:close()
-                            break
-                        end
+
+                while true do
+                    local data = stream:read(100)
+                    data = data:match("^%s*(.-)%s*$") // trim
+                    print("["..peer_addr.."] "..data)
+                    if data == "bye" then
+                        stream:write("bye bye\n")
+                        stream:close()
+                        return
                     end
-                end)
+                    stream:write("echo: "..data.."\n")
+                end
             end
-        "#,
-        )
-        .into_function()?;
+        })
+        .eval::<Function>()
+        .expect("cannot create Lua handler");
+
+    // Store it in the Registry
+    let handler = lua
+        .create_registry_value(handler_fn)
+        .expect("cannot store Lua handler");
 
     task::LocalSet::new()
-        .run_until(server.call_async::<_, ()>("0.0.0.0:1234"))
+        .run_until(run_server(lua, handler))
         .await
+        .expect("cannot run server")
+}
+
+fn is_transient_error(e: &io::Error) -> bool {
+    e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::ConnectionRefused
+        || e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::ConnectionAborted
+        || e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset
 }

examples/guided_tour.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 use std::f32;
 use std::iter::FromIterator;
 
-use mlua::{Function, Lua, MetaMethod, Result, UserData, UserDataMethods, Variadic};
+use mlua::{chunk, Function, Lua, MetaMethod, Result, UserData, UserDataMethods, Variadic};
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    // You can create a new Lua state with `Lua::new()`.  This loads the default Lua std library
+    // You can create a new Lua state with `Lua::new()`. This loads the default Lua std library
     // *without* the debug library.
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    // You can get and set global variables.  Notice that the globals table here is a permanent
-    // reference to _G, and it is mutated behind the scenes as Lua code is loaded.  This API is
+    // You can get and set global variables. Notice that the globals table here is a permanent
+    // reference to _G, and it is mutated behind the scenes as Lua code is loaded. This API is
     // based heavily around sharing and internal mutation (just like Lua itself).
 
     let globals = lua.globals();
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     assert_eq!(globals.get::<_, String>("string_var")?, "hello");
     assert_eq!(globals.get::<_, i64>("int_var")?, 42);
 
-    // You can load and evaluate Lua code.  The returned type of `Lua::load` is a builder
-    // that allows you to change settings before running Lua code.  Here, we are using it to set
+    // You can load and evaluate Lua code. The returned type of `Lua::load` is a builder
+    // that allows you to change settings before running Lua code. Here, we are using it to set
     // the name of the laoded chunk to "example code", which will be used when Lua error
     // messages are printed.
 
@@ -38,6 +38,17 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     assert_eq!(lua.load("false == false").eval::<bool>()?, true);
     assert_eq!(lua.load("return 1 + 2").eval::<i32>()?, 3);
 
+    // Use can use special `chunk!` macro to use Rust tokenizer and automatically capture variables
+
+    let a = 1;
+    let b = 2;
+    let name = "world";
+    lua.load(chunk! {
+        print($a + $b)
+        print("hello, " .. $name)
+    })
+    .exec()?;
+
     // You can create and manage Lua tables
 
     let array_table = lua.create_table()?;
@@ -76,7 +87,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     let print: Function = globals.get("print")?;
     print.call::<_, ()>("hello from rust")?;
 
-    // This API generally handles variadics using tuples.  This is one way to call a function with
+    // This API generally handles variadics using tuples. This is one way to call a function with
     // multiple parameters:
 
     print.call::<_, ()>(("hello", "again", "from", "rust"))?;
@@ -87,15 +98,15 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
         ["hello", "yet", "again", "from", "rust"].iter().cloned(),
     ))?;
 
-    // You can bind rust functions to Lua as well.  Callbacks receive the Lua state inself as their
-    // first parameter, and the arguments given to the function as the second parameter.  The type
+    // You can bind rust functions to Lua as well. Callbacks receive the Lua state inself as their
+    // first parameter, and the arguments given to the function as the second parameter. The type
     // of the arguments can be anything that is convertible from the parameters given by Lua, in
     // this case, the function expects two string sequences.
 
     let check_equal = lua.create_function(|_, (list1, list2): (Vec<String>, Vec<String>)| {
         // This function just checks whether two string lists are equal, and in an inefficient way.
         // Lua callbacks return `mlua::Result`, an Ok value is a normal return, and an Err return
-        // turns into a Lua 'error'.  Again, any type that is convertible to Lua may be returned.
+        // turns into a Lua 'error'. Again, any type that is convertible to Lua may be returned.
         Ok(list1 == list2)
     })?;
     globals.set("check_equal", check_equal)?;
@@ -164,9 +175,36 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
             < f32::EPSILON
     );
 
-    // We were able to run our 'sketchy' function inside the scope just fine.  However, if we
+    // Normally, Rust types passed to `Lua` must be `'static`, because there is no way to be
+    // sure of their lifetime inside the Lua state. There is, however, a limited way to lift this
+    // requirement. You can call `Lua::scope` to create userdata and callbacks types that only live
+    // for as long as the call to scope, but do not have to be `'static` (and `Send`).
+
+    {
+        let mut rust_val = 0;
+
+        lua.scope(|scope| {
+            // We create a 'sketchy' Lua callback that holds a mutable reference to the variable
+            // `rust_val`. Outside of a `Lua::scope` call, this would not be allowed
+            // because it could be unsafe.
+
+            lua.globals().set(
+                "sketchy",
+                scope.create_function_mut(|_, ()| {
+                    rust_val = 42;
+                    Ok(())
+                })?,
+            )?;
+
+            lua.load("sketchy()").exec()
+        })?;
+
+        assert_eq!(rust_val, 42);
+    }
+
+    // We were able to run our 'sketchy' function inside the scope just fine. However, if we
     // try to run our 'sketchy' function outside of the scope, the function we created will have
-    // been invalidated and we will generate an error.  If our function wasn't invalidated, we
+    // been invalidated and we will generate an error. If our function wasn't invalidated, we
     // might be able to improperly access the freed `rust_val` which would be unsafe.
     assert!(lua.load("sketchy()").exec().is_err());
 

examples/module/.cargo/config

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[target.x86_64-apple-darwin]
+rustflags = [
+  "-C", "link-arg=-undefined",
+  "-C", "link-arg=dynamic_lookup",
+]
+
+[target.aarch64-apple-darwin]
+rustflags = [
+  "-C", "link-arg=-undefined",
+  "-C", "link-arg=dynamic_lookup",
+]

examples/module/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[package]
+name = "rust_module"
+version = "0.0.0"
+authors = ["Aleksandr Orlenko <zxteam@pm.me>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib"]
+
+[workspace]
+
+[features]
+lua54 = ["mlua/lua54"]
+lua53 = ["mlua/lua53"]
+lua52 = ["mlua/lua52"]
+lua51 = ["mlua/lua51"]
+luajit = ["mlua/luajit"]
+
+[dependencies]
+mlua = { path = "../..", features = ["module"] }

examples/module/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use mlua::prelude::*;
+
+fn sum(_: &Lua, (a, b): (i64, i64)) -> LuaResult<i64> {
+    Ok(a + b)
+}
+
+fn used_memory(lua: &Lua, _: ()) -> LuaResult<usize> {
+    Ok(lua.used_memory())
+}
+
+#[mlua::lua_module]
+fn rust_module(lua: &Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaTable> {
+    let exports = lua.create_table()?;
+    exports.set("sum", lua.create_function(sum)?)?;
+    exports.set("used_memory", lua.create_function(used_memory)?)?;
+    Ok(exports)
+}

examples/repl.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use rustyline::Editor;
 
 fn main() {
     let lua = Lua::new();
-    let mut editor = Editor::<()>::new();
+    let mut editor = Editor::<()>::new().expect("Failed to make rustyline editor");
 
     loop {
         let mut prompt = "> ";

examples/serialize.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+use mlua::{Error, Lua, LuaSerdeExt, Result, UserData, Value};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+enum Transmission {
+    Manual,
+    Automatic,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct Engine {
+    v: u32,
+    kw: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct Car {
+    active: bool,
+    model: String,
+    transmission: Transmission,
+    engine: Engine,
+}
+
+impl UserData for Car {}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+    let globals = lua.globals();
+
+    // Create Car struct from a Lua table
+    let car: Car = lua.from_value(lua.load(r#"
+        {active = true, model = "Volkswagen Golf", transmission = "Automatic", engine = {v = 1499, kw = 90}}
+    "#).eval()?)?;
+
+    // Set it as (serializable) userdata
+    globals.set("null", lua.null())?;
+    globals.set("array_mt", lua.array_metatable())?;
+    globals.set("car", lua.create_ser_userdata(car)?)?;
+
+    // Create a Lua table with multiple data types
+    let val: Value = lua
+        .load(r#"{driver = "Boris", car = car, price = null, points = setmetatable({}, array_mt)}"#)
+        .eval()?;
+
+    // Serialize the table above to JSON
+    let json_str = serde_json::to_string(&val).map_err(Error::external)?;
+    println!("{}", json_str);
+
+    // Create Lua Value from JSON (or any serializable type)
+    let json = serde_json::json!({
+        "key": "value",
+        "null": null,
+        "array": [],
+    });
+    globals.set("json_value", lua.to_value(&json)?)?;
+    lua.load(
+        r#"
+        assert(json_value["key"] == "value")
+        assert(json_value["null"] == null)
+        assert(#(json_value["array"]) == 0)
+    "#,
+    )
+    .exec()?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}

examples/userdata.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+use mlua::{chunk, Lua, MetaMethod, Result, UserData};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Rectangle {
+    length: u32,
+    width: u32,
+}
+
+impl UserData for Rectangle {
+    fn add_fields<'lua, F: mlua::UserDataFields<'lua, Self>>(fields: &mut F) {
+        fields.add_field_method_get("length", |_, this| Ok(this.length));
+        fields.add_field_method_set("length", |_, this, val| {
+            this.length = val;
+            Ok(())
+        });
+        fields.add_field_method_get("width", |_, this| Ok(this.width));
+        fields.add_field_method_set("width", |_, this, val| {
+            this.width = val;
+            Ok(())
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn add_methods<'lua, M: mlua::UserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
+        methods.add_method("area", |_, this, ()| Ok(this.length * this.width));
+        methods.add_method("diagonal", |_, this, ()| {
+            Ok((this.length.pow(2) as f64 + this.width.pow(2) as f64).sqrt())
+        });
+
+        // Constructor
+        methods.add_meta_function(MetaMethod::Call, |_, ()| Ok(Rectangle::default()));
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+    let rectangle = Rectangle::default();
+    lua.load(chunk! {
+        local rect = $rectangle()
+        rect.width = 10
+        rect.length = 5
+        assert(rect:area() == 50)
+        assert(rect:diagonal() - 11.1803 < 0.0001)
+    })
+    .exec()
+}

mlua_derive/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "mlua_derive"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.8.0"
 authors = ["Aleksandr Orlenko <zxteam@pm.me>"]
 edition = "2018"
 description = "Procedural macros for the mlua crate."
@@ -11,7 +11,14 @@ license = "MIT"
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
 
+[features]
+macros = ["proc-macro-error", "itertools", "regex", "once_cell"]
+
 [dependencies]
-proc-macro2 = "1.0"
 quote = "1.0"
+proc-macro2 = { version = "1.0", features = ["span-locations"] }
+proc-macro-error = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
 syn = { version = "1.0", features = ["full"] }
+itertools = { version = "0.10", optional = true }
+regex = { version = "1.4", optional = true }
+once_cell = { version = "1.0", optional = true }

mlua_derive/src/chunk.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+use proc_macro::{TokenStream, TokenTree};
+
+use crate::token::{Pos, Token, Tokens};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct Capture {
+    key: Token,
+    rust: TokenTree,
+}
+
+impl Capture {
+    fn new(key: Token, rust: TokenTree) -> Self {
+        Self { key, rust }
+    }
+
+    /// Token string inside `chunk!`
+    pub(crate) fn key(&self) -> &Token {
+        &self.key
+    }
+
+    /// As rust variable, e.g. `x`
+    pub(crate) fn as_rust(&self) -> &TokenTree {
+        &self.rust
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Captures(Vec<Capture>);
+
+impl Captures {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        Self(Vec::new())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn add(&mut self, token: &Token) -> Capture {
+        let tt = token.tree();
+        let key = token.clone();
+
+        match self.0.iter().find(|arg| arg.key() == &key) {
+            Some(arg) => arg.clone(),
+            None => {
+                let arg = Capture::new(key, tt.clone());
+                self.0.push(arg.clone());
+                arg
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn captures(&self) -> &[Capture] {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Chunk {
+    source: String,
+    caps: Captures,
+}
+
+impl Chunk {
+    pub(crate) fn new(tokens: TokenStream) -> Self {
+        let tokens = Tokens::retokenize(tokens);
+
+        let mut source = String::new();
+        let mut caps = Captures::new();
+
+        let mut pos: Option<Pos> = None;
+        for t in tokens {
+            if t.is_cap() {
+                caps.add(&t);
+            }
+
+            let (line, col) = (t.start().line, t.start().column);
+            let (prev_line, prev_col) = pos
+                .take()
+                .map(|lc| (lc.line, lc.column))
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| (line, col));
+
+            #[allow(clippy::comparison_chain)]
+            if line > prev_line {
+                source.push('\n');
+            } else if line == prev_line {
+                for _ in 0..col.saturating_sub(prev_col) {
+                    source.push(' ');
+                }
+            }
+            source.push_str(&t.to_string());
+
+            pos = Some(t.end());
+        }
+
+        Self {
+            source: source.trim_end().to_string(),
+            caps,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn source(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.source
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn captures(&self) -> &[Capture] {
+        self.caps.captures()
+    }
+}

mlua_derive/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,35 +1,121 @@
-extern crate proc_macro;
-
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span};
-use quote::quote_spanned;
-use syn::{parse_macro_input, spanned::Spanned, AttributeArgs, Error, ItemFn};
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{parse_macro_input, AttributeArgs, Error, ItemFn};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
+use {
+    crate::chunk::Chunk, proc_macro::TokenTree, proc_macro2::TokenStream as TokenStream2,
+    proc_macro_error::proc_macro_error,
+};
 
 #[proc_macro_attribute]
 pub fn lua_module(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let args = parse_macro_input!(attr as AttributeArgs);
-    let item = parse_macro_input!(item as ItemFn);
+    let func = parse_macro_input!(item as ItemFn);
 
-    if args.len() > 0 {
-        let err = Error::new(Span::call_site(), "the number of arguments must be zero")
+    if !args.is_empty() {
+        let err = Error::new(Span::call_site(), "the macro does not support arguments")
             .to_compile_error();
         return err.into();
     }
 
-    let span = item.span();
-    let item_name = item.sig.ident.clone();
-    let ext_entrypoint_name = Ident::new(&format!("luaopen_{}", item.sig.ident), Span::call_site());
+    let func_name = func.sig.ident.clone();
+    let ext_entrypoint_name = Ident::new(&format!("luaopen_{}", func_name), Span::call_site());
+
+    let wrapped = quote! {
+        ::mlua::require_module_feature!();
+
+        #func
 
-    let wrapped = quote_spanned! { span =>
         #[no_mangle]
-        unsafe extern "C" fn #ext_entrypoint_name(state: *mut mlua::lua_State) -> std::os::raw::c_int {
-            #item
-
-            mlua::Lua::init_from_ptr(state)
-                .entrypoint1(#item_name)
-                .unwrap()
+        unsafe extern "C" fn #ext_entrypoint_name(state: *mut ::mlua::lua_State) -> ::std::os::raw::c_int {
+            ::mlua::Lua::init_from_ptr(state)
+                .entrypoint1(#func_name)
+                .expect("cannot initialize module")
         }
     };
 
     wrapped.into()
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
+fn to_ident(tt: &TokenTree) -> TokenStream2 {
+    let s: TokenStream = tt.clone().into();
+    s.into()
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
+#[proc_macro]
+#[proc_macro_error]
+pub fn chunk(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let chunk = Chunk::new(input);
+
+    let source = chunk.source();
+
+    let caps_len = chunk.captures().len();
+    let caps = chunk.captures().iter().map(|cap| {
+        let cap_name = cap.as_rust().to_string();
+        let cap = to_ident(cap.as_rust());
+        quote! { env.raw_set(#cap_name, #cap)?; }
+    });
+
+    let wrapped_code = quote! {{
+        use ::mlua::{AsChunk, ChunkMode, Lua, Result, Value};
+        use ::std::borrow::Cow;
+        use ::std::io::Result as IoResult;
+        use ::std::marker::PhantomData;
+        use ::std::sync::Mutex;
+
+        fn annotate<'a, F: FnOnce(&'a Lua) -> Result<Value<'a>>>(f: F) -> F { f }
+
+        struct InnerChunk<'a, F: FnOnce(&'a Lua) -> Result<Value<'a>>>(Mutex<Option<F>>, PhantomData<&'a ()>);
+
+        impl<'lua, F> AsChunk<'lua> for InnerChunk<'lua, F>
+        where
+            F: FnOnce(&'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>>,
+        {
+            fn source(&self) -> IoResult<Cow<[u8]>> {
+                Ok(Cow::Borrowed((#source).as_bytes()))
+            }
+
+            fn env(&self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Option<Value<'lua>>> {
+                if #caps_len > 0 {
+                    if let Ok(mut make_env) = self.0.lock() {
+                        if let Some(make_env) = make_env.take() {
+                            return make_env(lua).map(Some);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+
+            fn mode(&self) -> Option<ChunkMode> {
+                Some(ChunkMode::Text)
+            }
+        }
+
+        let make_env = annotate(move |lua: &Lua| -> Result<Value> {
+            let globals = lua.globals();
+            let env = lua.create_table()?;
+            let meta = lua.create_table()?;
+            meta.raw_set("__index", globals.clone())?;
+            meta.raw_set("__newindex", globals)?;
+
+            // Add captured variables
+            #(#caps)*
+
+            env.set_metatable(Some(meta));
+            Ok(Value::Table(env))
+        });
+
+        &InnerChunk(Mutex::new(Some(make_env)), PhantomData)
+    }};
+
+    wrapped_code.into()
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
+mod chunk;
+#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
+mod token;

mlua_derive/src/token.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+use std::{
+    cmp::{Eq, PartialEq},
+    fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
+    iter::IntoIterator,
+    vec::IntoIter,
+};
+
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use proc_macro::{Delimiter, Span, TokenStream, TokenTree};
+use proc_macro2::Span as Span2;
+use regex::Regex;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Pos {
+    pub(crate) line: usize,
+    pub(crate) column: usize,
+}
+
+impl Pos {
+    fn new(line: usize, column: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { line, column }
+    }
+
+    fn left(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            line: self.line,
+            column: self.column.saturating_sub(1),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn right(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            line: self.line,
+            column: self.column.saturating_add(1),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn span_pos(span: &Span) -> (Pos, Pos) {
+    let span2: Span2 = (*span).into();
+    let start = span2.start();
+    let end = span2.end();
+
+    // In stable, line/column information is not provided
+    // and set to 0 (line is 1-indexed)
+    if start.line == 0 || end.line == 0 {
+        return fallback_span_pos(span);
+    }
+
+    (
+        Pos::new(start.line, start.column),
+        Pos::new(end.line, end.column),
+    )
+}
+
+fn parse_pos(span: &Span) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
+    // Workaround to somehow retrieve location information in span in stable rust :(
+
+    static RE: Lazy<Regex> = Lazy::new(|| Regex::new(r"bytes\(([0-9]+)\.\.([0-9]+)\)").unwrap());
+
+    match RE.captures(&format!("{:?}", span)) {
+        Some(caps) => match (caps.get(1), caps.get(2)) {
+            (Some(start), Some(end)) => Some((
+                match start.as_str().parse() {
+                    Ok(v) => v,
+                    _ => return None,
+                },
+                match end.as_str().parse() {
+                    Ok(v) => v,
+                    _ => return None,
+                },
+            )),
+            _ => None,
+        },
+        None => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn fallback_span_pos(span: &Span) -> (Pos, Pos) {
+    let (start, end) = match parse_pos(span) {
+        Some(v) => v,
+        None => proc_macro_error::abort_call_site!(
+            "Cannot retrieve span information; please use nightly"
+        ),
+    };
+    (Pos::new(1, start), Pos::new(1, end))
+}
+
+/// Attribute of token.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum TokenAttr {
+    /// No attribute
+    None,
+    /// Starts with `$`
+    Cap,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Token {
+    source: String,
+    tree: TokenTree,
+    start: Pos,
+    end: Pos,
+    attr: TokenAttr,
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Token {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.source == other.source && self.attr == other.attr
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for Token {}
+
+impl Token {
+    fn new(tree: TokenTree) -> Self {
+        let (start, end) = span_pos(&tree.span());
+        Self {
+            source: tree.to_string(),
+            start,
+            end,
+            tree,
+            attr: TokenAttr::None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn new_delim(source: String, tree: TokenTree, open: bool) -> Self {
+        let (start, end) = span_pos(&tree.span());
+        let (start, end) = if open {
+            (start, start.right())
+        } else {
+            (end.left(), end)
+        };
+
+        Self {
+            source,
+            tree,
+            start,
+            end,
+            attr: TokenAttr::None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn tree(&self) -> &TokenTree {
+        &self.tree
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_cap(&self) -> bool {
+        self.attr == TokenAttr::Cap
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn start(&self) -> Pos {
+        self.start
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn end(&self) -> Pos {
+        self.end
+    }
+
+    fn is(&self, s: &str) -> bool {
+        self.source == s
+    }
+
+    fn attr(mut self, attr: TokenAttr) -> Self {
+        self.attr = attr;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Tokens(pub(crate) Vec<Token>);
+
+impl Tokens {
+    pub(crate) fn retokenize(tt: TokenStream) -> Tokens {
+        Tokens(
+            tt.into_iter()
+                .flat_map(Tokens::from)
+                .peekable()
+                .batching(|iter| {
+                    // Find variable tokens
+                    let t = iter.next()?;
+                    if t.is("$") {
+                        // `$` + `ident` => `$ident`
+                        let t = iter.next().expect("$ must trail an identifier");
+                        Some(t.attr(TokenAttr::Cap))
+                    } else {
+                        Some(t)
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntoIterator for Tokens {
+    type Item = Token;
+    type IntoIter = IntoIter<Token>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.0.into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<TokenTree> for Tokens {
+    fn from(tt: TokenTree) -> Self {
+        let tts = match tt.clone() {
+            TokenTree::Group(g) => {
+                let (b, e) = match g.delimiter() {
+                    Delimiter::Parenthesis => ("(", ")"),
+                    Delimiter::Brace => ("{", "}"),
+                    Delimiter::Bracket => ("[", "]"),
+                    Delimiter::None => ("", ""),
+                };
+                let (b, e) = (b.into(), e.into());
+
+                vec![Token::new_delim(b, tt.clone(), true)]
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .chain(g.stream().into_iter().flat_map(Tokens::from))
+                    .chain(vec![Token::new_delim(e, tt, false)])
+                    .collect()
+            }
+            _ => vec![Token::new(tt)],
+        };
+        Tokens(tts)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Token {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.source)
+    }
+}

src/chunk.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::ffi::CString;
+use std::io::Result as IoResult;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::string::String as StdString;
+
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+use crate::ffi;
+use crate::function::Function;
+use crate::lua::Lua;
+use crate::value::{FromLuaMulti, ToLua, ToLuaMulti, Value};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "async")]
+use {futures_core::future::LocalBoxFuture, futures_util::future};
+
+/// Trait for types [loadable by Lua] and convertible to a [`Chunk`]
+///
+/// [loadable by Lua]: https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#3.3.2
+/// [`Chunk`]: crate::Chunk
+pub trait AsChunk<'lua> {
+    /// Returns chunk data (can be text or binary)
+    fn source(&self) -> IoResult<Cow<[u8]>>;
+
+    /// Returns optional chunk name
+    fn name(&self) -> Option<StdString> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// Returns optional chunk [environment]
+    ///
+    /// [environment]: https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#2.2
+    fn env(&self, _lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Option<Value<'lua>>> {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns optional chunk mode (text or binary)
+    fn mode(&self) -> Option<ChunkMode> {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> AsChunk<'lua> for str {
+    fn source(&self) -> IoResult<Cow<[u8]>> {
+        Ok(Cow::Borrowed(self.as_ref()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> AsChunk<'lua> for StdString {
+    fn source(&self) -> IoResult<Cow<[u8]>> {
+        Ok(Cow::Borrowed(self.as_ref()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> AsChunk<'lua> for [u8] {
+    fn source(&self) -> IoResult<Cow<[u8]>> {
+        Ok(Cow::Borrowed(self))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> AsChunk<'lua> for Vec<u8> {
+    fn source(&self) -> IoResult<Cow<[u8]>> {
+        Ok(Cow::Borrowed(self))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> AsChunk<'lua> for Path {
+    fn source(&self) -> IoResult<Cow<[u8]>> {
+        std::fs::read(self).map(Cow::Owned)
+    }
+
+    fn name(&self) -> Option<StdString> {
+        Some(format!("@{}", self.display()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> AsChunk<'lua> for PathBuf {
+    fn source(&self) -> IoResult<Cow<[u8]>> {
+        std::fs::read(self).map(Cow::Owned)
+    }
+
+    fn name(&self) -> Option<StdString> {
+        Some(format!("@{}", self.display()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returned from [`Lua::load`] and is used to finalize loading and executing Lua main chunks.
+///
+/// [`Lua::load`]: crate::Lua::load
+#[must_use = "`Chunk`s do nothing unless one of `exec`, `eval`, `call`, or `into_function` are called on them"]
+pub struct Chunk<'lua, 'a> {
+    pub(crate) lua: &'lua Lua,
+    pub(crate) source: IoResult<Cow<'a, [u8]>>,
+    pub(crate) name: Option<StdString>,
+    pub(crate) env: Result<Option<Value<'lua>>>,
+    pub(crate) mode: Option<ChunkMode>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+    pub(crate) compiler: Option<Compiler>,
+}
+
+/// Represents chunk mode (text or binary).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ChunkMode {
+    Text,
+    Binary,
+}
+
+/// Luau compiler
+#[cfg(any(feature = "luau", doc))]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "luau")))]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Compiler {
+    optimization_level: u8,
+    debug_level: u8,
+    coverage_level: u8,
+    vector_lib: Option<String>,
+    vector_ctor: Option<String>,
+    mutable_globals: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(feature = "luau", doc))]
+impl Default for Compiler {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        // Defaults are taken from luacode.h
+        Compiler {
+            optimization_level: 1,
+            debug_level: 1,
+            coverage_level: 0,
+            vector_lib: None,
+            vector_ctor: None,
+            mutable_globals: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(feature = "luau", doc))]
+impl Compiler {
+    /// Creates Luau compiler instance with default options
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Compiler::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Sets Luau compiler optimization level.
+    ///
+    /// Possible values:
+    /// * 0 - no optimization
+    /// * 1 - baseline optimization level that doesn't prevent debuggability (default)
+    /// * 2 - includes optimizations that harm debuggability such as inlining
+    pub fn set_optimization_level(mut self, level: u8) -> Self {
+        self.optimization_level = level;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets Luau compiler debug level.
+    ///
+    /// Possible values:
+    /// * 0 - no debugging support
+    /// * 1 - line info & function names only; sufficient for backtraces (default)
+    /// * 2 - full debug info with local & upvalue names; necessary for debugger
+    pub fn set_debug_level(mut self, level: u8) -> Self {
+        self.debug_level = level;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets Luau compiler code coverage level.
+    ///
+    /// Possible values:
+    /// * 0 - no code coverage support (default)
+    /// * 1 - statement coverage
+    /// * 2 - statement and expression coverage (verbose)
+    pub fn set_coverage_level(mut self, level: u8) -> Self {
+        self.coverage_level = level;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn set_vector_lib(mut self, lib: Option<String>) -> Self {
+        self.vector_lib = lib;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn set_vector_ctor(mut self, ctor: Option<String>) -> Self {
+        self.vector_ctor = ctor;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets a list of globals that are mutable.
+    ///
+    /// It disables the import optimization for fields accessed through these.
+    pub fn set_mutable_globals(mut self, globals: Vec<String>) -> Self {
+        self.mutable_globals = globals;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Compiles the `source` into bytecode.
+    pub fn compile(&self, source: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> Vec<u8> {
+        use std::os::raw::c_int;
+        use std::ptr;
+
+        let vector_lib = self.vector_lib.clone();
+        let vector_lib = vector_lib.and_then(|lib| CString::new(lib).ok());
+        let vector_lib = vector_lib.as_ref();
+        let vector_ctor = self.vector_ctor.clone();
+        let vector_ctor = vector_ctor.and_then(|ctor| CString::new(ctor).ok());
+        let vector_ctor = vector_ctor.as_ref();
+
+        let mutable_globals = self
+            .mutable_globals
+            .iter()
+            .map(|name| CString::new(name.clone()).ok())
+            .collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>()
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        let mut mutable_globals = mutable_globals
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.as_ptr())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let mut mutable_globals_ptr = ptr::null_mut();
+        if !mutable_globals.is_empty() {
+            mutable_globals.push(ptr::null());
+            mutable_globals_ptr = mutable_globals.as_mut_ptr();
+        }
+
+        unsafe {
+            let options = ffi::lua_CompileOptions {
+                optimizationLevel: self.optimization_level as c_int,
+                debugLevel: self.debug_level as c_int,
+                coverageLevel: self.coverage_level as c_int,
+                vectorLib: vector_lib.map_or(ptr::null(), |s| s.as_ptr()),
+                vectorCtor: vector_ctor.map_or(ptr::null(), |s| s.as_ptr()),
+                mutableGlobals: mutable_globals_ptr,
+            };
+            ffi::luau_compile(source.as_ref(), options)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua, 'a> Chunk<'lua, 'a> {
+    /// Sets the name of this chunk, which results in more informative error traces.
+    pub fn set_name(mut self, name: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<Self> {
+        self.name = Some(name.as_ref().to_string());
+        // Do extra validation
+        let _ = self.convert_name()?;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the first upvalue (`_ENV`) of the loaded chunk to the given value.
+    ///
+    /// Lua main chunks always have exactly one upvalue, and this upvalue is used as the `_ENV`
+    /// variable inside the chunk. By default this value is set to the global environment.
+    ///
+    /// Calling this method changes the `_ENV` upvalue to the value provided, and variables inside
+    /// the chunk will refer to the given environment rather than the global one.
+    ///
+    /// All global variables (including the standard library!) are looked up in `_ENV`, so it may be
+    /// necessary to populate the environment in order for scripts using custom environments to be
+    /// useful.
+    pub fn set_environment<V: ToLua<'lua>>(mut self, env: V) -> Result<Self> {
+        // Prefer to propagate errors here and wrap to `Ok`
+        self.env = Ok(Some(env.to_lua(self.lua)?));
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Sets whether the chunk is text or binary (autodetected by default).
+    ///
+    /// Be aware, Lua does not check the consistency of the code inside binary chunks.
+    /// Running maliciously crafted bytecode can crash the interpreter.
+    pub fn set_mode(mut self, mode: ChunkMode) -> Self {
+        self.mode = Some(mode);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets or overwrites a Luau compiler used for this chunk.
+    ///
+    /// See [`Compiler`] for details and possible options.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "luau"`
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "luau", doc))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "luau")))]
+    pub fn set_compiler(mut self, compiler: Compiler) -> Self {
+        self.compiler = Some(compiler);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Execute this chunk of code.
+    ///
+    /// This is equivalent to calling the chunk function with no arguments and no return values.
+    pub fn exec(self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.call(())?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Asynchronously execute this chunk of code.
+    ///
+    /// See [`exec`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "async"`
+    ///
+    /// [`exec`]: #method.exec
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
+    pub fn exec_async<'fut>(self) -> LocalBoxFuture<'fut, Result<()>>
+    where
+        'lua: 'fut,
+    {
+        self.call_async(())
+    }
+
+    /// Evaluate the chunk as either an expression or block.
+    ///
+    /// If the chunk can be parsed as an expression, this loads and executes the chunk and returns
+    /// the value that it evaluates to. Otherwise, the chunk is interpreted as a block as normal,
+    /// and this is equivalent to calling `exec`.
+    pub fn eval<R: FromLuaMulti<'lua>>(self) -> Result<R> {
+        // Bytecode is always interpreted as a statement.
+        // For source code, first try interpreting the lua as an expression by adding
+        // "return", then as a statement. This is the same thing the
+        // actual lua repl does.
+        if self.detect_mode() == ChunkMode::Binary {
+            self.call(())
+        } else if let Ok(function) = self.to_expression() {
+            function.call(())
+        } else {
+            self.call(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Asynchronously evaluate the chunk as either an expression or block.
+    ///
+    /// See [`eval`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "async"`
+    ///
+    /// [`eval`]: #method.eval
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
+    pub fn eval_async<'fut, R>(self) -> LocalBoxFuture<'fut, Result<R>>
+    where
+        'lua: 'fut,
+        R: FromLuaMulti<'lua> + 'fut,
+    {
+        if self.detect_mode() == ChunkMode::Binary {
+            self.call_async(())
+        } else if let Ok(function) = self.to_expression() {
+            function.call_async(())
+        } else {
+            self.call_async(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Load the chunk function and call it with the given arguments.
+    ///
+    /// This is equivalent to `into_function` and calling the resulting function.
+    pub fn call<A: ToLuaMulti<'lua>, R: FromLuaMulti<'lua>>(self, args: A) -> Result<R> {
+        self.into_function()?.call(args)
+    }
+
+    /// Load the chunk function and asynchronously call it with the given arguments.
+    ///
+    /// See [`call`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "async"`
+    ///
+    /// [`call`]: #method.call
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
+    pub fn call_async<'fut, A, R>(self, args: A) -> LocalBoxFuture<'fut, Result<R>>
+    where
+        'lua: 'fut,
+        A: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: FromLuaMulti<'lua> + 'fut,
+    {
+        match self.into_function() {
+            Ok(func) => func.call_async(args),
+            Err(e) => Box::pin(future::err(e)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Load this chunk into a regular `Function`.
+    ///
+    /// This simply compiles the chunk without actually executing it.
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "luau"), allow(unused_mut))]
+    pub fn into_function(mut self) -> Result<Function<'lua>> {
+        #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+        if self.compiler.is_some() {
+            // We don't need to compile source if no compiler set
+            self.compile();
+        }
+
+        let name = self.convert_name()?;
+        self.lua
+            .load_chunk(self.source?.as_ref(), name.as_deref(), self.env?, self.mode)
+    }
+
+    /// Compiles the chunk and changes mode to binary.
+    ///
+    /// It does nothing if the chunk is already binary.
+    fn compile(&mut self) {
+        if let Ok(ref source) = self.source {
+            if self.detect_mode() == ChunkMode::Text {
+                #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+                {
+                    let data = self
+                        .compiler
+                        .get_or_insert_with(Default::default)
+                        .compile(source);
+                    self.source = Ok(Cow::Owned(data));
+                    self.mode = Some(ChunkMode::Binary);
+                }
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+                if let Ok(func) = self.lua.load_chunk(source.as_ref(), None, None, None) {
+                    let data = func.dump(false);
+                    self.source = Ok(Cow::Owned(data));
+                    self.mode = Some(ChunkMode::Binary);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Fetches compiled bytecode of this chunk from the cache.
+    ///
+    /// If not found, compiles the source code and stores it on the cache.
+    pub(crate) fn try_cache(mut self) -> Self {
+        struct ChunksCache(HashMap<Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>>);
+
+        // Try to fetch compiled chunk from cache
+        let mut text_source = None;
+        if let Ok(ref source) = self.source {
+            if self.detect_mode() == ChunkMode::Text {
+                if let Some(cache) = self.lua.app_data_ref::<ChunksCache>() {
+                    if let Some(data) = cache.0.get(source.as_ref()) {
+                        self.source = Ok(Cow::Owned(data.clone()));
+                        self.mode = Some(ChunkMode::Binary);
+                        return self;
+                    }
+                }
+                text_source = Some(source.as_ref().to_vec());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Compile and cache the chunk
+        if let Some(text_source) = text_source {
+            self.compile();
+            if let Ok(ref binary_source) = self.source {
+                if self.detect_mode() == ChunkMode::Binary {
+                    if let Some(mut cache) = self.lua.app_data_mut::<ChunksCache>() {
+                        cache.0.insert(text_source, binary_source.as_ref().to_vec());
+                    } else {
+                        let mut cache = ChunksCache(HashMap::new());
+                        cache.0.insert(text_source, binary_source.as_ref().to_vec());
+                        self.lua.set_app_data(cache);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn to_expression(&self) -> Result<Function<'lua>> {
+        // We assume that mode is Text
+        let source = self.source.as_ref();
+        let source = source.map_err(|err| Error::RuntimeError(err.to_string()))?;
+        let source = Self::expression_source(source);
+        // We don't need to compile source if no compiler options set
+        #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+        let source = self
+            .compiler
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|c| c.compile(&source))
+            .unwrap_or(source);
+
+        let name = self.convert_name()?;
+        self.lua
+            .load_chunk(&source, name.as_deref(), self.env.clone()?, None)
+    }
+
+    fn detect_mode(&self) -> ChunkMode {
+        match (self.mode, &self.source) {
+            (Some(mode), _) => mode,
+            (None, Ok(source)) => {
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+                if source.starts_with(ffi::LUA_SIGNATURE) {
+                    return ChunkMode::Binary;
+                }
+                #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+                if *source.first().unwrap_or(&u8::MAX) < b'\n' {
+                    return ChunkMode::Binary;
+                }
+                ChunkMode::Text
+            }
+            (None, Err(_)) => ChunkMode::Text, // any value is fine
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn convert_name(&self) -> Result<Option<CString>> {
+        self.name
+            .clone()
+            .map(CString::new)
+            .transpose()
+            .map_err(|err| Error::RuntimeError(format!("invalid name: {err}")))
+    }
+
+    fn expression_source(source: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(b"return ".len() + source.len());
+        buf.extend(b"return ");
+        buf.extend(source);
+        buf
+    }
+}

src/conversion.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
+#![allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::convert::TryInto;
 use std::ffi::{CStr, CString};
 use std::hash::{BuildHasher, Hash};
 use std::string::String as StdString;
@@ -12,29 +16,33 @@ use crate::lua::Lua;
 use crate::string::String;
 use crate::table::Table;
 use crate::thread::Thread;
-use crate::types::{LightUserData, Number};
+use crate::types::{LightUserData, MaybeSend};
 use crate::userdata::{AnyUserData, UserData};
 use crate::value::{FromLua, Nil, ToLua, Value};
 
 impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for Value<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(self)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for Value<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(lua_value: Value<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
         Ok(lua_value)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for String<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::String(self))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for String<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<String<'lua>> {
         let ty = value.type_name();
         lua.coerce_string(value)?
@@ -47,12 +55,14 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for String<'lua> {
 }
 
 impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for Table<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::Table(self))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for Table<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Table<'lua>> {
         match value {
             Value::Table(table) => Ok(table),
@@ -66,12 +76,14 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for Table<'lua> {
 }
 
 impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for Function<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::Function(self))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for Function<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Function<'lua>> {
         match value {
             Value::Function(table) => Ok(table),
@@ -85,12 +97,14 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for Function<'lua> {
 }
 
 impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for Thread<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::Thread(self))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for Thread<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Thread<'lua>> {
         match value {
             Value::Thread(t) => Ok(t),
@@ -104,12 +118,14 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for Thread<'lua> {
 }
 
 impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for AnyUserData<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::UserData(self))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for AnyUserData<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<AnyUserData<'lua>> {
         match value {
             Value::UserData(ud) => Ok(ud),
@@ -122,13 +138,15 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for AnyUserData<'lua> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'lua, T: 'static + UserData> ToLua<'lua> for T {
+impl<'lua, T: 'static + MaybeSend + UserData> ToLua<'lua> for T {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::UserData(lua.create_userdata(self)?))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua, T: 'static + UserData + Clone> FromLua<'lua> for T {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<T> {
         match value {
             Value::UserData(ud) => Ok(ud.borrow::<T>()?.clone()),
@@ -142,12 +160,14 @@ impl<'lua, T: 'static + UserData + Clone> FromLua<'lua> for T {
 }
 
 impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for Error {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::Error(self))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for Error {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Error> {
         match value {
             Value::Error(err) => Ok(err),
@@ -161,12 +181,14 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for Error {
 }
 
 impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for bool {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::Boolean(self))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for bool {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(v: Value<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
         match v {
             Value::Nil => Ok(false),
@@ -177,12 +199,14 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for bool {
 }
 
 impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for LightUserData {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::LightUserData(self))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for LightUserData {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
         match value {
             Value::LightUserData(ud) => Ok(ud),
@@ -196,12 +220,14 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for LightUserData {
 }
 
 impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for StdString {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::String(lua.create_string(&self)?))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for StdString {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
         let ty = value.type_name();
         Ok(lua
@@ -216,19 +242,53 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for StdString {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'lua, 'a> ToLua<'lua> for &'a str {
+impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for &str {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::String(lua.create_string(self)?))
     }
 }
 
+impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for Cow<'_, str> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        Ok(Value::String(lua.create_string(self.as_bytes())?))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for Box<str> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        Ok(Value::String(lua.create_string(&*self)?))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for Box<str> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
+        let ty = value.type_name();
+        Ok(lua
+            .coerce_string(value)?
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::FromLuaConversionError {
+                from: ty,
+                to: "Box<str>",
+                message: Some("expected string or number".to_string()),
+            })?
+            .to_str()?
+            .to_owned()
+            .into_boxed_str())
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for CString {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::String(lua.create_string(self.as_bytes())?))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for CString {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
         let ty = value.type_name();
         let string = lua
@@ -250,19 +310,29 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for CString {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'lua, 'a> ToLua<'lua> for &'a CStr {
+impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for &CStr {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::String(lua.create_string(self.to_bytes())?))
     }
 }
 
-impl<'lua, 'a> ToLua<'lua> for BString {
+impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for Cow<'_, CStr> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        Ok(Value::String(lua.create_string(self.to_bytes())?))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for BString {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::String(lua.create_string(&self)?))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for BString {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
         let ty = value.type_name();
         Ok(BString::from(
@@ -278,45 +348,52 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for BString {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'lua, 'a> ToLua<'lua> for &BStr {
+impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for &BStr {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
-        Ok(Value::String(lua.create_string(&self)?))
+        Ok(Value::String(lua.create_string(self)?))
     }
 }
 
 macro_rules! lua_convert_int {
     ($x:ty) => {
         impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for $x {
+            #[inline]
             fn to_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
-                if let Some(i) = cast(self) {
-                    Ok(Value::Integer(i))
-                } else {
-                    cast(self)
-                        .ok_or_else(|| Error::ToLuaConversionError {
-                            from: stringify!($x),
-                            to: "number",
-                            message: Some("out of range".to_owned()),
-                        })
-                        .map(Value::Number)
-                }
+                cast(self)
+                    .map(Value::Integer)
+                    .or_else(|| cast(self).map(Value::Number))
+                    // This is impossible error because conversion to Number never fails
+                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::ToLuaConversionError {
+                        from: stringify!($x),
+                        to: "number",
+                        message: Some("out of range".to_owned()),
+                    })
             }
         }
 
         impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for $x {
+            #[inline]
             fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
                 let ty = value.type_name();
-                (if let Some(i) = lua.coerce_integer(value.clone())? {
-                    cast(i)
-                } else {
-                    cast(lua.coerce_number(value)?.ok_or_else(|| {
-                        Error::FromLuaConversionError {
-                            from: ty,
-                            to: stringify!($x),
-                            message: Some(
-                                "expected number or string coercible to number".to_string(),
-                            ),
+                (match value {
+                    Value::Integer(i) => cast(i),
+                    Value::Number(n) => cast(n),
+                    _ => {
+                        if let Some(i) = lua.coerce_integer(value.clone())? {
+                            cast(i)
+                        } else {
+                            cast(lua.coerce_number(value)?.ok_or_else(|| {
+                                Error::FromLuaConversionError {
+                                    from: ty,
+                                    to: stringify!($x),
+                                    message: Some(
+                                        "expected number or string coercible to number".to_string(),
+                                    ),
+                                }
+                            })?)
                         }
-                    })?)
+                    }
                 })
                 .ok_or_else(|| Error::FromLuaConversionError {
                     from: ty,
@@ -344,12 +421,20 @@ lua_convert_int!(usize);
 macro_rules! lua_convert_float {
     ($x:ty) => {
         impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for $x {
+            #[inline]
             fn to_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
-                Ok(Value::Number(self as Number))
+                cast(self)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::ToLuaConversionError {
+                        from: stringify!($x),
+                        to: "number",
+                        message: Some("out of range".to_string()),
+                    })
+                    .map(Value::Number)
             }
         }
 
         impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for $x {
+            #[inline]
             fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
                 let ty = value.type_name();
                 lua.coerce_number(value)?
@@ -373,66 +458,101 @@ macro_rules! lua_convert_float {
 lua_convert_float!(f32);
 lua_convert_float!(f64);
 
-impl<'lua, T> ToLua<'lua> for &'_ [T]
+impl<'lua, T> ToLua<'lua> for &[T]
 where
     T: Clone + ToLua<'lua>,
 {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::Table(
-            lua.create_sequence_from(self.into_iter().cloned())?,
+            lua.create_sequence_from(self.iter().cloned())?,
         ))
     }
 }
 
-macro_rules! lua_convert_array {
-    ($($N:literal)+) => {
-        $(
-            impl<'lua, T> ToLua<'lua> for [T; $N]
-            where
-                T: Clone + ToLua<'lua>,
-            {
-                fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
-                    (&self).to_lua(lua)
-                }
-            }
-
-            impl<'lua, T> ToLua<'lua> for &'_ [T; $N]
-            where
-                T: Clone + ToLua<'lua>,
-            {
-                fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
-                    Ok(Value::Table(
-                        lua.create_sequence_from(self.iter().cloned())?,
-                    ))
-                }
-            }
-        )+
+impl<'lua, T, const N: usize> ToLua<'lua> for [T; N]
+where
+    T: ToLua<'lua>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        Ok(Value::Table(lua.create_sequence_from(self)?))
     }
 }
 
-lua_convert_array! {
-    0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9
-   10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
-   20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
-   30 31 32
+impl<'lua, T, const N: usize> FromLua<'lua> for [T; N]
+where
+    T: FromLua<'lua>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, _lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
+        match value {
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            Value::Vector(x, y, z) if N == 3 => Ok(mlua_expect!(
+                vec![
+                    T::from_lua(Value::Number(x as _), _lua)?,
+                    T::from_lua(Value::Number(y as _), _lua)?,
+                    T::from_lua(Value::Number(z as _), _lua)?,
+                ]
+                .try_into()
+                .map_err(|_| ()),
+                "cannot convert vector to array"
+            )),
+            Value::Table(table) => {
+                let vec = table.sequence_values().collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+                vec.try_into()
+                    .map_err(|vec: Vec<T>| Error::FromLuaConversionError {
+                        from: "Table",
+                        to: "Array",
+                        message: Some(format!("expected table of length {}, got {}", N, vec.len())),
+                    })
+            }
+            _ => Err(Error::FromLuaConversionError {
+                from: value.type_name(),
+                to: "Array",
+                message: Some("expected table".to_string()),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua, T: ToLua<'lua>> ToLua<'lua> for Box<[T]> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        Ok(Value::Table(lua.create_sequence_from(self.into_vec())?))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua, T: FromLua<'lua>> FromLua<'lua> for Box<[T]> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Vec::<T>::from_lua(value, lua)?.into_boxed_slice())
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'lua, T: ToLua<'lua>> ToLua<'lua> for Vec<T> {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::Table(lua.create_sequence_from(self)?))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua, T: FromLua<'lua>> FromLua<'lua> for Vec<T> {
-    fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
-        if let Value::Table(table) = value {
-            table.sequence_values().collect()
-        } else {
-            Err(Error::FromLuaConversionError {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, _lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
+        match value {
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            Value::Vector(x, y, z) => Ok(vec![
+                T::from_lua(Value::Number(x as _), _lua)?,
+                T::from_lua(Value::Number(y as _), _lua)?,
+                T::from_lua(Value::Number(z as _), _lua)?,
+            ]),
+            Value::Table(table) => table.sequence_values().collect(),
+            _ => Err(Error::FromLuaConversionError {
                 from: value.type_name(),
                 to: "Vec",
                 message: Some("expected table".to_string()),
-            })
+            }),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -440,6 +560,7 @@ impl<'lua, T: FromLua<'lua>> FromLua<'lua> for Vec<T> {
 impl<'lua, K: Eq + Hash + ToLua<'lua>, V: ToLua<'lua>, S: BuildHasher> ToLua<'lua>
     for HashMap<K, V, S>
 {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::Table(lua.create_table_from(self)?))
     }
@@ -448,6 +569,7 @@ impl<'lua, K: Eq + Hash + ToLua<'lua>, V: ToLua<'lua>, S: BuildHasher> ToLua<'lu
 impl<'lua, K: Eq + Hash + FromLua<'lua>, V: FromLua<'lua>, S: BuildHasher + Default> FromLua<'lua>
     for HashMap<K, V, S>
 {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
         if let Value::Table(table) = value {
             table.pairs().collect()
@@ -462,12 +584,14 @@ impl<'lua, K: Eq + Hash + FromLua<'lua>, V: FromLua<'lua>, S: BuildHasher + Defa
 }
 
 impl<'lua, K: Ord + ToLua<'lua>, V: ToLua<'lua>> ToLua<'lua> for BTreeMap<K, V> {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::Table(lua.create_table_from(self)?))
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua, K: Ord + FromLua<'lua>, V: FromLua<'lua>> FromLua<'lua> for BTreeMap<K, V> {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
         if let Value::Table(table) = value {
             table.pairs().collect()
@@ -481,7 +605,62 @@ impl<'lua, K: Ord + FromLua<'lua>, V: FromLua<'lua>> FromLua<'lua> for BTreeMap<
     }
 }
 
+impl<'lua, T: Eq + Hash + ToLua<'lua>, S: BuildHasher> ToLua<'lua> for HashSet<T, S> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        Ok(Value::Table(lua.create_table_from(
+            self.into_iter().map(|val| (val, true)),
+        )?))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua, T: Eq + Hash + FromLua<'lua>, S: BuildHasher + Default> FromLua<'lua> for HashSet<T, S> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
+        match value {
+            Value::Table(table) if table.len()? > 0 => table.sequence_values().collect(),
+            Value::Table(table) => table
+                .pairs::<T, Value<'lua>>()
+                .map(|res| res.map(|(k, _)| k))
+                .collect(),
+            _ => Err(Error::FromLuaConversionError {
+                from: value.type_name(),
+                to: "HashSet",
+                message: Some("expected table".to_string()),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua, T: Ord + ToLua<'lua>> ToLua<'lua> for BTreeSet<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        Ok(Value::Table(lua.create_table_from(
+            self.into_iter().map(|val| (val, true)),
+        )?))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua, T: Ord + FromLua<'lua>> FromLua<'lua> for BTreeSet<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
+        match value {
+            Value::Table(table) if table.len()? > 0 => table.sequence_values().collect(),
+            Value::Table(table) => table
+                .pairs::<T, Value<'lua>>()
+                .map(|res| res.map(|(k, _)| k))
+                .collect(),
+            _ => Err(Error::FromLuaConversionError {
+                from: value.type_name(),
+                to: "BTreeSet",
+                message: Some("expected table".to_string()),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'lua, T: ToLua<'lua>> ToLua<'lua> for Option<T> {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         match self {
             Some(val) => val.to_lua(lua),
@@ -491,6 +670,7 @@ impl<'lua, T: ToLua<'lua>> ToLua<'lua> for Option<T> {
 }
 
 impl<'lua, T: FromLua<'lua>> FromLua<'lua> for Option<T> {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
         match value {
             Nil => Ok(None),

src/error.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
+#![allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
+
 use std::error::Error as StdError;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::io::Error as IoError;
 use std::net::AddrParseError;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::result::Result as StdResult;
 use std::str::Utf8Error;
 use std::string::String as StdString;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 /// Error type returned by `mlua` methods.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum Error {
     /// Syntax error while parsing Lua source code.
     SyntaxError {
@@ -34,8 +37,21 @@ pub enum Error {
     /// Lua garbage collector error, aka `LUA_ERRGCMM`.
     ///
     /// The Lua VM returns this error when there is an error running a `__gc` metamethod.
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52", doc))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))))]
     GarbageCollectorError(StdString),
+    /// Potentially unsafe action in safe mode.
+    SafetyError(StdString),
+    /// Setting memory limit is not available.
+    ///
+    /// This error can only happen when Lua state was not created by us and does not have the
+    /// custom allocator attached.
+    MemoryLimitNotAvailable,
+    /// Main thread is not available.
+    ///
+    /// This error can only happen in Lua5.1/LuaJIT module mode, when module loaded within a coroutine.
+    /// These Lua versions does not have `LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD` registry key.
+    MainThreadNotAvailable,
     /// A mutable callback has triggered Lua code that has called the same mutable callback again.
     ///
     /// This is an error because a mutable callback can only be borrowed mutably once.
@@ -75,14 +91,14 @@ pub enum Error {
     },
     /// [`Thread::resume`] was called on an inactive coroutine.
     ///
-    /// A coroutine is inactive if its main function has returned or if an error has occured inside
+    /// A coroutine is inactive if its main function has returned or if an error has occurred inside
     /// the coroutine.
     ///
     /// [`Thread::status`] can be used to check if the coroutine can be resumed without causing this
     /// error.
     ///
-    /// [`Thread::resume`]: struct.Thread.html#method.resume
-    /// [`Thread::status`]: struct.Thread.html#method.status
+    /// [`Thread::resume`]: crate::Thread::resume
+    /// [`Thread::status`]: crate::Thread::status
     CoroutineInactive,
     /// An [`AnyUserData`] is not the expected type in a borrow.
     ///
@@ -90,17 +106,24 @@ pub enum Error {
     /// metamethods for binary operators. Refer to the documentation of [`UserDataMethods`] for
     /// details.
     ///
-    /// [`AnyUserData`]: struct.AnyUserData.html
-    /// [`UserDataMethods`]: trait.UserDataMethods.html
+    /// [`AnyUserData`]: crate::AnyUserData
+    /// [`UserDataMethods`]: crate::UserDataMethods
     UserDataTypeMismatch,
+    /// An [`AnyUserData`] borrow failed because it has been destructed.
+    ///
+    /// This error can happen either due to to being destructed in a previous __gc, or due to being
+    /// destructed from exiting a `Lua::scope` call.
+    ///
+    /// [`AnyUserData`]: crate::AnyUserData
+    UserDataDestructed,
     /// An [`AnyUserData`] immutable borrow failed because it is already borrowed mutably.
     ///
     /// This error can occur when a method on a [`UserData`] type calls back into Lua, which then
     /// tries to call a method on the same [`UserData`] type. Consider restructuring your API to
     /// prevent these errors.
     ///
-    /// [`AnyUserData`]: struct.AnyUserData.html
-    /// [`UserData`]: trait.UserData.html
+    /// [`AnyUserData`]: crate::AnyUserData
+    /// [`UserData`]: crate::UserData
     UserDataBorrowError,
     /// An [`AnyUserData`] mutable borrow failed because it is already borrowed.
     ///
@@ -108,18 +131,45 @@ pub enum Error {
     /// tries to call a method on the same [`UserData`] type. Consider restructuring your API to
     /// prevent these errors.
     ///
-    /// [`AnyUserData`]: struct.AnyUserData.html
-    /// [`UserData`]: trait.UserData.html
+    /// [`AnyUserData`]: crate::AnyUserData
+    /// [`UserData`]: crate::UserData
     UserDataBorrowMutError,
-    /// A `RegistryKey` produced from a different Lua state was used.
+    /// A [`MetaMethod`] operation is restricted (typically for `__gc` or `__metatable`).
+    ///
+    /// [`MetaMethod`]: crate::MetaMethod
+    MetaMethodRestricted(StdString),
+    /// A [`MetaMethod`] (eg. `__index` or `__newindex`) has invalid type.
+    ///
+    /// [`MetaMethod`]: crate::MetaMethod
+    MetaMethodTypeError {
+        method: StdString,
+        type_name: &'static str,
+        message: Option<StdString>,
+    },
+    /// A [`RegistryKey`] produced from a different Lua state was used.
+    ///
+    /// [`RegistryKey`]: crate::RegistryKey
     MismatchedRegistryKey,
     /// A Rust callback returned `Err`, raising the contained `Error` as a Lua error.
     CallbackError {
         /// Lua call stack backtrace.
         traceback: StdString,
         /// Original error returned by the Rust code.
-        cause: Rc<Error>,
+        cause: Arc<Error>,
     },
+    /// A Rust panic that was previously resumed, returned again.
+    ///
+    /// This error can occur only when a Rust panic resumed previously was recovered
+    /// and returned again.
+    PreviouslyResumedPanic,
+    /// Serialization error.
+    #[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "serialize")))]
+    SerializeError(StdString),
+    /// Deserialization error.
+    #[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "serialize")))]
+    DeserializeError(StdString),
     /// A custom error.
     ///
     /// This can be used for returning user-defined errors from callbacks.
@@ -127,12 +177,13 @@ pub enum Error {
     /// Returning `Err(ExternalError(...))` from a Rust callback will raise the error as a Lua
     /// error. The Rust code that originally invoked the Lua code then receives a `CallbackError`,
     /// from which the original error (and a stack traceback) can be recovered.
-    ExternalError(Rc<dyn StdError>),
+    ExternalError(Arc<dyn StdError + Send + Sync>),
 }
 
 /// A specialized `Result` type used by `mlua`'s API.
 pub type Result<T> = StdResult<T, Error>;
 
+#[cfg(not(tarpaulin_include))]
 impl fmt::Display for Error {
     fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
@@ -145,6 +196,15 @@ impl fmt::Display for Error {
             Error::GarbageCollectorError(ref msg) => {
                 write!(fmt, "garbage collector error: {}", msg)
             }
+            Error::SafetyError(ref msg) => {
+                write!(fmt, "safety error: {}", msg)
+            },
+            Error::MemoryLimitNotAvailable => {
+                write!(fmt, "setting memory limit is not available")
+            }
+            Error::MainThreadNotAvailable => {
+                write!(fmt, "main thread is not available in Lua 5.1")
+            }
             Error::RecursiveMutCallback => write!(fmt, "mutable callback called recursively"),
             Error::CallbackDestructed => write!(
                 fmt,
@@ -158,22 +218,14 @@ impl fmt::Display for Error {
                 fmt,
                 "too many arguments to Function::bind"
             ),
-            Error::ToLuaConversionError {
-                from,
-                to,
-                ref message,
-            } => {
+            Error::ToLuaConversionError { from, to, ref message } => {
                 write!(fmt, "error converting {} to Lua {}", from, to)?;
                 match *message {
                     None => Ok(()),
                     Some(ref message) => write!(fmt, " ({})", message),
                 }
             }
-            Error::FromLuaConversionError {
-                from,
-                to,
-                ref message,
-            } => {
+            Error::FromLuaConversionError { from, to, ref message } => {
                 write!(fmt, "error converting Lua {} to {}", from, to)?;
                 match *message {
                     None => Ok(()),
@@ -182,14 +234,54 @@ impl fmt::Display for Error {
             }
             Error::CoroutineInactive => write!(fmt, "cannot resume inactive coroutine"),
             Error::UserDataTypeMismatch => write!(fmt, "userdata is not expected type"),
+            Error::UserDataDestructed => write!(fmt, "userdata has been destructed"),
             Error::UserDataBorrowError => write!(fmt, "userdata already mutably borrowed"),
             Error::UserDataBorrowMutError => write!(fmt, "userdata already borrowed"),
+            Error::MetaMethodRestricted(ref method) => write!(fmt, "metamethod {} is restricted", method),
+            Error::MetaMethodTypeError { ref method, type_name, ref message } => {
+                write!(fmt, "metamethod {} has unsupported type {}", method, type_name)?;
+                match *message {
+                    None => Ok(()),
+                    Some(ref message) => write!(fmt, " ({})", message),
+                }
+            }
             Error::MismatchedRegistryKey => {
                 write!(fmt, "RegistryKey used from different Lua state")
             }
-            Error::CallbackError { ref traceback, .. } => {
-                write!(fmt, "callback error: {}", traceback)
+            Error::CallbackError { ref cause, ref traceback } => {
+                writeln!(fmt, "callback error")?;
+                // Trace errors down to the root
+                let (mut cause, mut full_traceback) = (cause, None);
+                while let Error::CallbackError { cause: ref cause2, traceback: ref traceback2 } = **cause {
+                    cause = cause2;
+                    full_traceback = Some(traceback2);
+                }
+                if let Some(full_traceback) = full_traceback {
+                    let traceback = traceback.trim_start_matches("stack traceback:");
+                    let traceback = traceback.trim_start().trim_end();
+                    // Try to find local traceback within the full traceback
+                    if let Some(pos) = full_traceback.find(traceback) {
+                        write!(fmt, "{}", &full_traceback[..pos])?;
+                        writeln!(fmt, ">{}", &full_traceback[pos..].trim_end())?;
+                    } else {
+                        writeln!(fmt, "{}", full_traceback.trim_end())?;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    writeln!(fmt, "{}", traceback.trim_end())?;
+                }
+                write!(fmt, "caused by: {}", cause)
             }
+            Error::PreviouslyResumedPanic => {
+                write!(fmt, "previously resumed panic returned again")
+            }
+            #[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+            Error::SerializeError(ref err) => {
+                write!(fmt, "serialize error: {}", err)
+            },
+            #[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+            Error::DeserializeError(ref err) => {
+                write!(fmt, "deserialize error: {}", err)
+            },
             Error::ExternalError(ref err) => write!(fmt, "{}", err),
         }
     }
@@ -198,7 +290,11 @@ impl fmt::Display for Error {
 impl StdError for Error {
     fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn StdError + 'static)> {
         match *self {
-            Error::CallbackError { ref cause, .. } => Some(cause.as_ref()),
+            // An error type with a source error should either return that error via source or
+            // include that source's error message in its own Display output, but never both.
+            // https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2021/07/01/What-the-error-handling-project-group-is-working-towards.html
+            // Given that we include source to fmt::Display implementation for `CallbackError`, this call returns nothing.
+            Error::CallbackError { .. } => None,
             Error::ExternalError(ref err) => err.source(),
             _ => None,
         }
@@ -206,7 +302,7 @@ impl StdError for Error {
 }
 
 impl Error {
-    pub fn external<T: Into<Box<dyn StdError>>>(err: T) -> Error {
+    pub fn external<T: Into<Box<dyn StdError + Send + Sync>>>(err: T) -> Error {
         Error::ExternalError(err.into().into())
     }
 }
@@ -215,10 +311,7 @@ pub trait ExternalError {
     fn to_lua_err(self) -> Error;
 }
 
-impl<E> ExternalError for E
-where
-    E: Into<Box<dyn StdError>>,
-{
+impl<E: Into<Box<dyn StdError + Send + Sync>>> ExternalError for E {
     fn to_lua_err(self) -> Error {
         Error::external(self)
     }
@@ -254,3 +347,17 @@ impl std::convert::From<Utf8Error> for Error {
         Error::external(err)
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+impl serde::ser::Error for Error {
+    fn custom<T: fmt::Display>(msg: T) -> Self {
+        Self::SerializeError(msg.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+impl serde::de::Error for Error {
+    fn custom<T: fmt::Display>(msg: T) -> Self {
+        Self::DeserializeError(msg.to_string())
+    }
+}

src/ffi/compat53.rs

@@ -1,798 +0,0 @@
-// The MIT License (MIT)
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2019 A. Orlenko
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
-// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
-// THE SOFTWARE.
-
-// Based on github.com/keplerproject/lua-compat-5.3
-
-use std::ffi::CStr;
-use std::mem;
-use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_void};
-use std::ptr;
-
-use super::lauxlib::{
-    luaL_callmeta, luaL_error, luaL_getmetafield_old, luaL_loadbuffer, luaL_newmetatable_old,
-};
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-use super::lauxlib::{luaL_Reg, luaL_checktype, luaL_getmetatable};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-use super::lauxlib::{luaL_checkstack, luaL_getsubtable};
-
-use super::lua::{
-    self, lua_CFunction, lua_Debug, lua_Integer, lua_Number, lua_State, lua_Writer, lua_call,
-    lua_createtable, lua_dump_old, lua_error, lua_getfield_old, lua_getstack, lua_gettable_old,
-    lua_gettop, lua_insert, lua_isstring, lua_istable, lua_newuserdata, lua_pop, lua_pushboolean,
-    lua_pushcfunction, lua_pushfstring, lua_pushinteger, lua_pushliteral, lua_pushlstring_old,
-    lua_pushnumber, lua_pushthread, lua_pushvalue, lua_rawget_old, lua_rawgeti_old, lua_rawset,
-    lua_replace, lua_setfield, lua_setglobal, lua_setmetatable, lua_settable, lua_toboolean,
-    lua_tointeger, lua_tolstring, lua_tonumber, lua_topointer, lua_tostring, lua_touserdata,
-    lua_type, lua_typename,
-};
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-use super::lua::{
-    lua_checkstack, lua_concat, lua_equal, lua_getfenv, lua_getinfo, lua_getmetatable,
-    lua_isnumber, lua_lessthan, lua_newtable, lua_next, lua_objlen, lua_pushcclosure,
-    lua_pushlightuserdata, lua_pushnil, lua_pushstring_old, lua_rawequal, lua_remove,
-    lua_resume_old, lua_setfenv, lua_settop, LUA_OPADD, LUA_OPUNM,
-};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-use super::lua::{
-    lua_absindex, lua_getglobal_old, lua_getuservalue_old, lua_pushstring, lua_rawgetp_old,
-    lua_rawsetp, lua_tonumberx,
-};
-
-unsafe fn compat53_reverse(L: *mut lua_State, mut a: c_int, mut b: c_int) {
-    while a < b {
-        lua_pushvalue(L, a);
-        lua_pushvalue(L, b);
-        lua_replace(L, a);
-        lua_replace(L, b);
-        a += 1;
-        b -= 1;
-    }
-}
-
-const COMPAT53_LEVELS1: c_int = 12; // size of the first part of the stack
-const COMPAT53_LEVELS2: c_int = 10; // size of the second part of the stack
-
-unsafe fn compat53_countlevels(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int {
-    let mut ar: lua_Debug = mem::zeroed();
-    let (mut li, mut le) = (1, 1);
-    // find an upper bound
-    while lua_getstack(L, le, &mut ar) != 0 {
-        li = le;
-        le *= 2;
-    }
-    // do a binary search
-    while li < le {
-        let m = (li + le) / 2;
-        if lua_getstack(L, m, &mut ar) != 0 {
-            li = m + 1
-        } else {
-            le = m;
-        }
-    }
-    le - 1
-}
-
-unsafe fn compat53_checkmode(
-    L: *mut lua_State,
-    mode: *const c_char,
-    modename: *const c_char,
-    err: c_int,
-) -> c_int {
-    unsafe fn strchr(s: *const c_char, c: c_char) -> *const c_char {
-        let mut st = s;
-        while *st != 0 && *st != c {
-            st = st.offset(1);
-        }
-        if *st == c {
-            st
-        } else {
-            ptr::null()
-        }
-    }
-
-    if mode != ptr::null() && strchr(mode, *modename) == ptr::null() {
-        lua_pushfstring(
-            L,
-            cstr!("attempt to load a %s chunk (mode is '%s')"),
-            modename,
-            mode,
-        );
-        return err;
-    }
-    lua::LUA_OK
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-unsafe fn compat53_findfield(L: *mut lua_State, objidx: c_int, level: c_int) -> c_int {
-    if level == 0 || lua_istable(L, -1) == 0 {
-        return 0; // not found
-    }
-
-    lua_pushnil(L); // start 'next' loop
-    while lua_next(L, -2) != 0 {
-        // for each pair in table
-        if lua_type(L, -2) == lua::LUA_TSTRING {
-            // ignore non-string keys
-            if lua_rawequal(L, objidx, -1) != 0 {
-                // found object?
-                lua_pop(L, 1); // remove value (but keep name)
-                return 1;
-            } else if compat53_findfield(L, objidx, level - 1) != 0 {
-                // try recursively
-                lua_remove(L, -2); // remove table (but keep name)
-                lua_pushliteral(L, ".");
-                lua_insert(L, -2); // place '.' between the two names
-                lua_concat(L, 3);
-                return 1;
-            }
-        }
-        lua_pop(L, 1); // remove value
-    }
-    return 0; // not found
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-unsafe fn compat53_pushglobalfuncname(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *mut lua_Debug) -> c_int {
-    let top = lua_gettop(L);
-    lua_getinfo(L, cstr!("f"), ar); // push function
-    lua_pushvalue(L, lua::LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
-    if compat53_findfield(L, top + 1, 2) != 0 {
-        lua_copy(L, -1, top + 1); // move name to proper place
-        lua_pop(L, 2); // remove pushed values
-        return 1;
-    } else {
-        lua_settop(L, top); // remove function and global table
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-unsafe fn compat53_pushfuncname(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *mut lua_Debug) {
-    if *(*ar).namewhat != b'\0' as c_char {
-        // is there a name?
-        lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("function '%s'"), (*ar).name);
-    } else if *(*ar).what == b'm' as c_char {
-        // main?
-        lua_pushliteral(L, "main chunk");
-    } else if *(*ar).what == b'C' as c_char {
-        if compat53_pushglobalfuncname(L, ar) != 0 {
-            lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("function '%s'"), lua_tostring(L, -1));
-            lua_remove(L, -2); // remove name
-        } else {
-            lua_pushliteral(L, "?");
-        }
-    } else {
-        lua_pushfstring(
-            L,
-            cstr!("function <%s:%d>"),
-            (*ar).short_src.as_ptr(),
-            (*ar).linedefined,
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe fn compat53_call_lua(L: *mut lua_State, code: &str, nargs: c_int, nret: c_int) {
-    lua_rawgetp(L, lua::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, code.as_ptr() as *const c_void);
-    if lua_type(L, -1) != lua::LUA_TFUNCTION {
-        lua_pop(L, 1);
-        if luaL_loadbuffer(
-            L,
-            code.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
-            code.as_bytes().len(),
-            cstr!("=none"),
-        ) != 0
-        {
-            lua_error(L);
-        }
-        lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
-        lua_rawsetp(L, lua::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, code.as_ptr() as *const c_void);
-    }
-    lua_insert(L, -nargs - 1);
-    lua_call(L, nargs, nret);
-}
-
-//
-// lua ported functions
-//
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-#[inline(always)]
-pub fn lua_upvalueindex(i: c_int) -> c_int {
-    lua::LUA_GLOBALSINDEX - i
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn lua_absindex(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int) -> c_int {
-    if idx < 0 && idx > lua::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX {
-        idx += lua_gettop(L) + 1;
-    }
-    idx
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-static COMPAT53_ARITH_CODE: &'static str = r#"
-local op,a,b=...
-if op == 0 then return a+b
-elseif op == 1 then return a-b
-elseif op == 2 then return a*b
-elseif op == 3 then return a/b
-elseif op == 4 then return a%b
-elseif op == 5 then return a^b
-elseif op == 6 then return -a
-end
-"#;
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn lua_arith(L: *mut lua_State, op: c_int) {
-    if op < LUA_OPADD || op > LUA_OPUNM {
-        luaL_error(L, cstr!("invalid 'op' argument for lua_arith"));
-    }
-    luaL_checkstack(L, 5, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
-    if op == LUA_OPUNM {
-        lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
-    }
-    lua_pushnumber(L, op as lua_Number);
-    lua_insert(L, -3);
-    compat53_call_lua(L, COMPAT53_ARITH_CODE, 3, 1);
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn lua_rotate(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int, mut n: c_int) {
-    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
-    let n_elems = lua_gettop(L) - idx + 1;
-    if n < 0 {
-        n += n_elems;
-    }
-    if n > 0 && n < n_elems {
-        luaL_checkstack(L, 2, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
-        n = n_elems - n;
-        compat53_reverse(L, idx, idx + n - 1);
-        compat53_reverse(L, idx + n, idx + n_elems - 1);
-        compat53_reverse(L, idx, idx + n_elems - 1);
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn lua_copy(L: *mut lua_State, fromidx: c_int, toidx: c_int) {
-    let abs_to = lua_absindex(L, toidx);
-    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
-    lua_pushvalue(L, fromidx);
-    lua_replace(L, abs_to);
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn lua_isinteger(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
-    if lua_type(L, idx) == lua::LUA_TNUMBER {
-        let n = lua_tonumber(L, idx);
-        let i = lua_tointeger(L, idx);
-        if i as f64 == n {
-            return 1;
-        }
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn lua_tonumberx(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Number {
-    let n = lua_tonumber(L, i);
-    if isnum != ptr::null_mut() {
-        *isnum = if n != 0.0 || lua_isnumber(L, i) != 0 {
-            1
-        } else {
-            0
-        };
-    }
-    return n;
-}
-
-// Implemented for Lua 5.2 as well
-// See https://github.com/keplerproject/lua-compat-5.3/issues/40
-pub unsafe fn lua_tointegerx(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Integer {
-    let mut ok = 0;
-    let n = lua_tonumberx(L, i, &mut ok);
-    if ok != 0 {
-        if n == n as lua_Integer as lua_Number {
-            if isnum != ptr::null_mut() {
-                *isnum = 1;
-            }
-            return n as lua_Integer;
-        }
-    }
-    if isnum != ptr::null_mut() {
-        *isnum = 0;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn lua_rawlen(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> usize {
-    lua_objlen(L, idx)
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn lua_compare(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx1: c_int, mut idx2: c_int, op: c_int) -> c_int {
-    match op {
-        lua::LUA_OPEQ => lua_equal(L, idx1, idx2),
-        lua::LUA_OPLT => lua_lessthan(L, idx1, idx2),
-        lua::LUA_OPLE => {
-            luaL_checkstack(L, 5, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
-            idx1 = lua_absindex(L, idx1);
-            idx2 = lua_absindex(L, idx2);
-            lua_pushvalue(L, idx1);
-            lua_pushvalue(L, idx2);
-            compat53_call_lua(L, "local a,b=...\nreturn a<=b\n", 2, 1);
-            let result = lua_toboolean(L, -1);
-            lua_pop(L, 1);
-            result
-        }
-        _ => luaL_error(L, cstr!("invalid 'op' argument for lua_compare")),
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn lua_pushlstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char, l: usize) -> *const c_char {
-    if l == 0 {
-        lua_pushlstring_old(L, cstr!(""), 0);
-    } else {
-        lua_pushlstring_old(L, s, l);
-    }
-    lua_tostring(L, -1)
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-pub unsafe fn lua_pushlstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char, l: usize) -> *const c_char {
-    if l == 0 {
-        lua_pushlstring_old(L, cstr!(""), 0)
-    } else {
-        lua_pushlstring_old(L, s, l)
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn lua_pushstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> *const c_char {
-    lua_pushstring_old(L, s);
-    lua_tostring(L, -1)
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-pub unsafe fn lua_getglobal(L: *mut lua_State, var: *const c_char) -> c_int {
-    lua_getglobal_old(L, var);
-    lua_type(L, -1)
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn lua_gettable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
-    lua_gettable_old(L, idx);
-    lua_type(L, -1)
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn lua_getfield(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char) -> c_int {
-    lua_getfield_old(L, idx, k);
-    lua_type(L, -1)
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn lua_geti(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) -> c_int {
-    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
-    lua_pushinteger(L, n);
-    lua_gettable(L, idx);
-    lua_type(L, -1)
-}
-
-// A new version which returns c_int
-pub unsafe fn lua_rawget(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
-    lua_rawget_old(L, idx);
-    lua_type(L, -1)
-}
-
-// A new version which returns c_int
-pub unsafe fn lua_rawgeti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) -> c_int {
-    lua_rawgeti_old(L, idx, n);
-    lua_type(L, -1)
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn lua_rawgetp(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void) -> c_int {
-    let abs_i = lua_absindex(L, idx);
-    lua_pushlightuserdata(L, p as *mut c_void);
-    lua_rawget(L, abs_i);
-    lua_type(L, -1)
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-pub unsafe fn lua_rawgetp(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void) -> c_int {
-    lua_rawgetp_old(L, idx, p);
-    lua_type(L, -1)
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn lua_getuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
-    lua_getfenv(L, idx);
-    lua_type(L, -1)
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-pub unsafe fn lua_getuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
-    lua_getuservalue_old(L, idx);
-    lua_type(L, -1)
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn lua_seti(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) {
-    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
-    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
-    lua_pushinteger(L, n);
-    lua_insert(L, -2);
-    lua_settable(L, idx);
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn lua_rawsetp(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void) {
-    let abs_i = lua_absindex(L, idx);
-    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
-    lua_pushlightuserdata(L, p as *mut c_void);
-    lua_insert(L, -2);
-    lua_rawset(L, abs_i);
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn lua_setuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
-    luaL_checktype(L, -1, lua::LUA_TTABLE);
-    lua_setfenv(L, idx);
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn lua_dump(
-    L: *mut lua_State,
-    writer: lua_Writer,
-    data: *mut c_void,
-    _strip: c_int,
-) -> c_int {
-    lua_dump_old(L, writer, data)
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn lua_resume(L: *mut lua_State, _from: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int) -> c_int {
-    lua_resume_old(L, narg)
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn lua_len(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
-    match lua_type(L, idx) {
-        lua::LUA_TSTRING => {
-            lua_pushnumber(L, lua_objlen(L, idx) as lua_Number);
-        }
-        lua::LUA_TTABLE => {
-            if luaL_callmeta(L, idx, cstr!("__len")) == 0 {
-                lua_pushnumber(L, lua_objlen(L, idx) as lua_Number);
-            }
-        }
-        lua::LUA_TUSERDATA if luaL_callmeta(L, idx, cstr!("__len")) != 0 => {}
-        _ => {
-            luaL_error(
-                L,
-                cstr!("attempt to get length of a %s value"),
-                lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, idx)),
-            );
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn lua_stringtonumber(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> usize {
-    use std::str::FromStr;
-
-    let cs = CStr::from_ptr(s);
-    if let Ok(rs) = cs.to_str() {
-        if let Ok(n) = f64::from_str(rs.trim()) {
-            lua_pushnumber(L, n as lua_Number);
-            return cs.to_bytes_with_nul().len();
-        }
-    }
-    0
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn lua_getextraspace(L: *mut lua_State) -> *mut c_void {
-    use super::glue::LUA_EXTRASPACE;
-
-    luaL_checkstack(L, 4, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
-    lua_pushliteral(L, "__compat53_extraspace");
-    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
-    lua_rawget(L, lua::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
-    if lua_istable(L, -1) == 0 {
-        lua_pop(L, 1);
-        lua_createtable(L, 0, 2);
-        lua_createtable(L, 0, 1);
-        lua_pushliteral(L, "k");
-        lua_setfield(L, -2, cstr!("__mode"));
-        lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
-        lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
-        lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
-        lua_rawset(L, lua::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
-    }
-    lua_replace(L, -2);
-    let is_main = lua_pushthread(L);
-    lua_rawget(L, -2);
-    let mut _ptr = lua_touserdata(L, -1);
-    if _ptr == ptr::null_mut() {
-        lua_pop(L, 1);
-        _ptr = lua_newuserdata(L, LUA_EXTRASPACE as usize);
-        if is_main != 0 {
-            // mem::size_of::<c_void>() == 1
-            ptr::write_bytes(_ptr, 0, LUA_EXTRASPACE as usize);
-            lua_pushthread(L);
-            lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
-            lua_rawset(L, -4);
-            lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
-            lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
-            lua_rawset(L, -4);
-        } else {
-            lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
-            lua_rawget(L, -3);
-            let mptr = lua_touserdata(L, -1);
-            if mptr != ptr::null_mut() {
-                ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(mptr, _ptr, LUA_EXTRASPACE as usize)
-            } else {
-                ptr::write_bytes(_ptr, 0, LUA_EXTRASPACE as usize);
-            }
-            lua_pop(L, 1);
-            lua_pushthread(L);
-            lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
-            lua_rawset(L, -4);
-        }
-    }
-    lua_pop(L, 2);
-    return _ptr;
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-#[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn lua_pushglobaltable(L: *mut lua_State) {
-    lua_pushvalue(L, lua::LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
-}
-
-//
-// lauxlib ported functions
-//
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_checkstack(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int, msg: *const c_char) {
-    if lua_checkstack(L, sz + lua::LUA_MINSTACK) == 0 {
-        if msg != ptr::null() {
-            luaL_error(L, cstr!("stack overflow (%s)"), msg);
-        } else {
-            lua_pushliteral(L, "stack overflow");
-            lua_error(L);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn luaL_checkversion(_L: *mut lua_State) {
-    // Void
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn luaL_getmetafield(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int {
-    if luaL_getmetafield_old(L, obj, e) != 0 {
-        lua_type(L, -1)
-    } else {
-        lua::LUA_TNIL
-    }
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn luaL_newmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char) -> c_int {
-    if luaL_newmetatable_old(L, tname) != 0 {
-        lua_pushstring(L, tname);
-        lua_setfield(L, -2, cstr!("__name"));
-        1
-    } else {
-        0
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_loadbufferx(
-    L: *mut lua_State,
-    buff: *const c_char,
-    sz: usize,
-    name: *const c_char,
-    mode: *const c_char,
-) -> c_int {
-    let status = if sz > 0 && *buff as u8 == lua::LUA_SIGNATURE[0] {
-        compat53_checkmode(L, mode, cstr!("binary"), lua::LUA_ERRSYNTAX)
-    } else {
-        compat53_checkmode(L, mode, cstr!("text"), lua::LUA_ERRSYNTAX)
-    };
-    if status != lua::LUA_OK {
-        return status;
-    }
-    luaL_loadbuffer(L, buff, sz, name)
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_len(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> lua_Integer {
-    let mut isnum = 0;
-    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
-    lua_len(L, idx);
-    let res = lua_tointegerx(L, -1, &mut isnum);
-    lua::lua_pop(L, 1);
-    if isnum == 0 {
-        luaL_error(L, cstr!("object length is not an integer"));
-    }
-    res
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_traceback(
-    L: *mut lua_State,
-    L1: *mut lua_State,
-    msg: *const c_char,
-    mut level: c_int,
-) {
-    let mut ar: lua_Debug = std::mem::zeroed();
-    let top = lua_gettop(L);
-    let numlevels = compat53_countlevels(L1);
-    let mark = if numlevels > COMPAT53_LEVELS1 + COMPAT53_LEVELS2 {
-        COMPAT53_LEVELS1
-    } else {
-        0
-    };
-
-    if msg != ptr::null() {
-        lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("%s\n"), msg);
-    }
-    lua_pushliteral(L, "stack traceback:");
-    while lua_getstack(L1, level, &mut ar) != 0 {
-        level += 1;
-        if level == mark {
-            // too many levels?
-            lua_pushliteral(L, "\n\t..."); // add a '...'
-            level = numlevels - COMPAT53_LEVELS2; // and skip to last ones
-        } else {
-            lua_getinfo(L1, cstr!("Slnt"), &mut ar);
-            lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("\n\t%s:"), cstr!("ok") /*ar.short_src*/);
-            if ar.currentline > 0 {
-                lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("%d:"), ar.currentline);
-            }
-            lua_pushliteral(L, " in ");
-            compat53_pushfuncname(L, &mut ar);
-            lua_concat(L, lua_gettop(L) - top);
-        }
-    }
-    lua_concat(L, lua_gettop(L) - top);
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn luaL_tolstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, len: *mut usize) -> *const c_char {
-    if luaL_callmeta(L, idx, cstr!("__tostring")) == 0 {
-        let t = lua_type(L, idx);
-        match t {
-            lua::LUA_TNIL => {
-                lua_pushliteral(L, "nil");
-            }
-            lua::LUA_TSTRING | lua::LUA_TNUMBER => {
-                lua_pushvalue(L, idx);
-            }
-            lua::LUA_TBOOLEAN => {
-                if lua_toboolean(L, idx) == 0 {
-                    lua_pushliteral(L, "false");
-                } else {
-                    lua_pushliteral(L, "true");
-                }
-            }
-            _ => {
-                let tt = luaL_getmetafield(L, idx, cstr!("__name"));
-                let name = if tt == lua::LUA_TSTRING {
-                    lua_tostring(L, -1)
-                } else {
-                    lua_typename(L, t)
-                };
-                lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("%s: %p"), name, lua_topointer(L, idx));
-                if tt != lua::LUA_TNIL {
-                    lua_replace(L, -2);
-                }
-            }
-        };
-    } else {
-        if lua_isstring(L, -1) == 0 {
-            luaL_error(L, cstr!("'__tostring' must return a string"));
-        }
-    }
-    lua_tolstring(L, -1, len)
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_setmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char) {
-    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
-    luaL_getmetatable(L, tname);
-    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_testudata(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int, tname: *const c_char) -> *mut c_void {
-    let mut p = lua_touserdata(L, i);
-    luaL_checkstack(L, 2, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
-    if p == ptr::null_mut() || lua_getmetatable(L, i) == 0 {
-        return ptr::null_mut();
-    } else {
-        luaL_getmetatable(L, tname);
-        let res = lua_rawequal(L, -1, -2);
-        lua_pop(L, 2);
-        if res == 0 {
-            p = ptr::null_mut();
-        }
-    }
-    return p;
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_setfuncs(L: *mut lua_State, mut l: *const luaL_Reg, nup: c_int) {
-    luaL_checkstack(L, nup + 1, cstr!("too many upvalues"));
-    while (*l).name != ptr::null() {
-        // fill the table with given functions
-        l = l.offset(1);
-        lua_pushstring(L, (*l).name);
-        for _ in 0..nup {
-            // copy upvalues to the top
-            lua_pushvalue(L, -(nup + 1));
-        }
-        lua_pushcclosure(L, (*l).func, nup); // closure with those upvalues
-        lua_settable(L, -(nup + 3)); // table must be below the upvalues, the name and the closure
-    }
-    lua_pop(L, nup); // remove upvalues
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_getsubtable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, fname: *const c_char) -> c_int {
-    let abs_i = lua_absindex(L, idx);
-    luaL_checkstack(L, 3, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
-    lua_pushstring(L, fname);
-    lua_gettable(L, abs_i);
-    if lua_istable(L, -1) != 0 {
-        return 1;
-    }
-    lua_pop(L, 1);
-    lua_newtable(L);
-    lua_pushstring(L, fname);
-    lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
-    lua_settable(L, abs_i);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-pub unsafe fn luaL_requiref(
-    L: *mut lua_State,
-    modname: *const c_char,
-    openf: lua_CFunction,
-    glb: c_int,
-) {
-    luaL_checkstack(L, 3, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
-    luaL_getsubtable(L, lua::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, cstr!("_LOADED"));
-    if lua_getfield(L, -1, modname) == lua::LUA_TNIL {
-        lua_pop(L, 1);
-        lua_pushcfunction(L, openf);
-        lua_pushstring(L, modname);
-        lua_call(L, 1, 1);
-        lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
-        lua_setfield(L, -3, modname);
-    }
-    if glb != 0 {
-        lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
-        lua_setglobal(L, modname);
-    }
-    lua_replace(L, -2);
-}

src/ffi/glue/glue.c

@@ -1,291 +0,0 @@
-// The MIT License (MIT)
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2019 A. Orlenko
-// Copyright (c) 2014 J.C. Moyer
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
-// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
-// THE SOFTWARE.
-
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include <lauxlib.h>
-#include <lua.h>
-#include <lualib.h>
-
-#ifndef LUA_EXTRASPACE
-#define LUA_EXTRASPACE (sizeof(void*))
-#endif
-
-// Macros taken from https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Stringification.html
-#define xstr(s) str(s)
-#define str(s) #s
-
-typedef struct rs_item {
-  int type;
-  const char *name;
-  union {
-    int int_val;
-    const char *str_val;
-    LUA_INTEGER lua_int_val;
-  };
-} rs_item;
-
-
-#define TY_INT 0
-#define RS_INT(name, val)                                                      \
-  { TY_INT, name, .int_val = val }
-
-#if LUA_VERSION_NUM == 503
-#define TY_LUAINT 1
-#define RS_LUAINT(name, val)                                                   \
-  { TY_LUAINT, name, .lua_int_val = val }
-#endif
-
-#define TY_STR 2
-#define RS_STR(name, val)                                                      \
-  { TY_STR, name, .str_val = val }
-
-#define TY_TYPE 3
-#define RS_TYPE(name, val)                                                     \
-  { TY_TYPE, name, .str_val = val }
-
-#define TY_COMMENT 4
-#define RS_COMMENT(val)                                                        \
-  { TY_COMMENT, NULL, .str_val = val }
-
-#define TY_RAW 5
-#define RS_RAW(val)                                                            \
-  { TY_RAW, NULL, .str_val = val }
-
-const char *rs_int_type(int width) {
-  switch (width) {
-  default:
-  case 2:
-    return "i16";
-  case 4:
-    return "i32";
-  case 8:
-    return "i64";
-  }
-}
-
-const char *rs_uint_type(int width) {
-  switch (width) {
-  default:
-  case 2:
-    return "u16";
-  case 4:
-    return "u32";
-  case 8:
-    return "u64";
-  }
-}
-
-int try_write(char **str, char c, size_t n, size_t *written, size_t szstr) {
-  if (szstr - *written < n) {
-    return 0;
-  }
-  for (; n; n--, *written++)
-    *(*str)++ = c;
-  return 1;
-}
-
-// converts \ in a string to \\ so that it can be used as a rust string literal
-// ensures that `out` will always have a null terminating character
-size_t escape(const char *in, char *out, size_t szout) {
-  size_t written = 0;
-  char cur;
-
-  while ((cur = *in++)) {
-    switch (cur) {
-    case '\\':
-      if (!try_write(&out, cur, 2, &written, szout))
-        goto finalize;
-      break;
-    default:
-      if (!try_write(&out, cur, 1, &written, szout))
-        goto finalize;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-finalize:
-  if (written + 1 <= szout) {
-    *out++ = '\0';
-    written++;
-  }
-  return written;
-}
-
-int write_int_item(FILE *f, const char *name, int value) {
-  return fprintf(f, "pub const %s: c_int = %d;\n", name, value);
-}
-
-#if LUA_VERSION_NUM == 503
-int write_lua_int_item(FILE *f, const char *name, LUA_INTEGER value) {
-  return fprintf(f, "pub const %s: LUA_INTEGER = " LUA_INTEGER_FMT ";\n", name,
-                 value);
-}
-#endif
-
-int write_str_item(FILE *f, const char *name, const char *value) {
-  size_t len = strlen(value);
-  size_t bufsz = len * 2 + 1;
-  char *buf = malloc(bufsz);
-  int ret;
-  escape(value, buf, bufsz);
-  ret = fprintf(f, "pub const %s: &'static str = \"%s\";\n", name, buf);
-  free(buf);
-  return ret;
-}
-
-int write_type(FILE *f, const char *name, const char *value) {
-  return fprintf(f, "pub type %s = %s;\n", name, value);
-}
-
-int write_comment(FILE *f, const char *value) {
-  return fprintf(f, "/* %s */\n", value);
-}
-
-int write_raw(FILE *f, const char *value) { return fputs(value, f) >= 0; }
-
-int write_item(FILE *f, const rs_item *c) {
-  switch (c->type) {
-  case TY_INT:
-    return write_int_item(f, c->name, c->int_val);
-#if LUA_VERSION_NUM == 503
-  case TY_LUAINT:
-    return write_lua_int_item(f, c->name, c->lua_int_val);
-#endif
-  case TY_STR:
-    return write_str_item(f, c->name, c->str_val);
-  case TY_TYPE:
-    return write_type(f, c->name, c->str_val);
-  case TY_COMMENT:
-    return write_comment(f, c->str_val);
-  case TY_RAW:
-    return write_raw(f, c->str_val);
-  default:
-    return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-int write_items_(FILE *f, const rs_item items[], size_t num) {
-  size_t i;
-  for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
-    if (!write_item(f, &items[i]))
-      return 0;
-  }
-  return 1;
-}
-
-#define write_items(f, cs) write_items_(f, cs, sizeof(cs) / sizeof(cs[0]))
-
-int main(int argc, const char **argv) {
-  if (argc <= 1) {
-    printf("usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]);
-    return EXIT_FAILURE;
-  }
-
-  const char *filename = argv[1];
-
-  FILE *f = fopen(filename, "w");
-
-  if (!f) {
-    printf("could not open file: errno = %d\n", errno);
-    return EXIT_FAILURE;
-  }
-
-  const rs_item glue_entries[] = {
-      RS_COMMENT("this file was generated by glue.c; do not modify it by hand"),
-      RS_RAW("use std::os::raw::*;\n"),
-
-      // == luaconf.h ==========================================================
-
-      RS_COMMENT("luaconf.h"),
-      RS_STR("LUA_PATH_DEFAULT", LUA_PATH_DEFAULT),
-      RS_STR("LUA_CPATH_DEFAULT", LUA_CPATH_DEFAULT),
-      RS_STR("LUA_DIRSEP", LUA_DIRSEP),
-      RS_INT("LUA_EXTRASPACE", LUA_EXTRASPACE),
-      RS_INT("LUA_IDSIZE", LUA_IDSIZE),
-      RS_INT("LUAL_BUFFERSIZE", LUAL_BUFFERSIZE),
-      RS_TYPE("LUA_NUMBER",
-              sizeof(LUA_NUMBER) > sizeof(float) ? "c_double" : "c_float"),
-      RS_TYPE("LUA_INTEGER", rs_int_type(sizeof(LUA_INTEGER))),
-#if LUA_VERSION_NUM >= 502
-      RS_TYPE("LUA_UNSIGNED", rs_uint_type(sizeof(LUA_UNSIGNED))),
-#else
-      RS_TYPE("LUA_UNSIGNED", rs_uint_type(sizeof(size_t))),
-#endif
-
-      // == lua.h ==============================================================
-
-      RS_COMMENT("lua.h"),
-      RS_INT("LUA_VERSION_NUM", LUA_VERSION_NUM),
-      RS_STR("LUA_VERSION", LUA_VERSION),
-      RS_STR("LUA_RELEASE", LUA_RELEASE),
-      RS_INT("LUA_REGISTRYINDEX", LUA_REGISTRYINDEX),
-#if LUA_VERSION_NUM == 501
-      RS_INT("LUA_ENVIRONINDEX", LUA_ENVIRONINDEX),
-      RS_INT("LUA_GLOBALSINDEX", LUA_GLOBALSINDEX),
-#endif
-
-      // == lauxlib.h ==========================================================
-
-      RS_COMMENT("lauxlib.h"),
-#if LUA_VERSION_NUM == 503
-      RS_INT("LUAL_NUMSIZES", LUAL_NUMSIZES),
-#endif
-
-      // == lualib.h ===========================================================
-
-      RS_COMMENT("lualib.h"),
-      RS_STR("LUA_COLIBNAME", LUA_COLIBNAME),
-      RS_STR("LUA_TABLIBNAME", LUA_TABLIBNAME),
-      RS_STR("LUA_IOLIBNAME", LUA_IOLIBNAME),
-      RS_STR("LUA_OSLIBNAME", LUA_OSLIBNAME),
-      RS_STR("LUA_STRLIBNAME", LUA_STRLIBNAME),
-#ifdef LUA_UTF8LIBNAME
-      RS_STR("LUA_UTF8LIBNAME", LUA_UTF8LIBNAME),
-#endif
-#ifdef LUA_BITLIBNAME
-      RS_STR("LUA_BITLIBNAME", LUA_BITLIBNAME),
-#endif
-      RS_STR("LUA_MATHLIBNAME", LUA_MATHLIBNAME),
-      RS_STR("LUA_DBLIBNAME", LUA_DBLIBNAME),
-      RS_STR("LUA_LOADLIBNAME", LUA_LOADLIBNAME),
-#ifdef LUA_JITLIBNAME
-      RS_STR("LUA_JITLIBNAME", LUA_JITLIBNAME),
-#endif
-#ifdef LUA_FFILIBNAME
-      RS_STR("LUA_FFILIBNAME", LUA_FFILIBNAME),
-#endif
-  };
-
-  if (!write_items(f, glue_entries)) {
-    printf("%s: error generating %s; aborting\n", argv[0], filename);
-    return EXIT_FAILURE;
-  }
-
-  fclose(f);
-
-  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
-}

src/ffi/lauxlib.rs

@@ -1,304 +0,0 @@
-// The MIT License (MIT)
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2019 A. Orlenko
-// Copyright (c) 2014 J.C. Moyer
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
-// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
-// THE SOFTWARE.
-
-//! Contains definitions from `lauxlib.h`.
-
-use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_long, c_void};
-use std::ptr;
-
-use super::lua::{self, lua_CFunction, lua_Integer, lua_Number, lua_State};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-pub use super::glue::LUAL_NUMSIZES;
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub use super::compat53::{luaL_getmetafield, luaL_newmetatable, luaL_requiref, luaL_tolstring};
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub use super::compat53::{
-    luaL_checkstack, luaL_checkversion, luaL_getsubtable, luaL_len, luaL_loadbufferx,
-    luaL_setfuncs, luaL_setmetatable, luaL_testudata, luaL_traceback,
-};
-
-// extra error code for 'luaL_load'
-pub const LUA_ERRFILE: c_int = lua::LUA_ERRERR + 1;
-
-#[repr(C)]
-pub struct luaL_Reg {
-    pub name: *const c_char,
-    pub func: lua_CFunction,
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-#[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_checkversion(L: *mut lua_State) {
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-    luaL_checkversion_(
-        L,
-        lua::LUA_VERSION_NUM as lua_Number,
-        LUAL_NUMSIZES as usize,
-    );
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-    luaL_checkversion_(L, lua::LUA_VERSION_NUM as lua_Number);
-}
-
-extern "C" {
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-    pub fn luaL_checkversion_(L: *mut lua_State, ver: lua_Number, sz: usize);
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-    pub fn luaL_checkversion_(L: *mut lua_State, ver: lua_Number);
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-    pub fn luaL_getmetafield(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    #[link_name = "luaL_getmetafield"]
-    pub fn luaL_getmetafield_old(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int;
-
-    pub fn luaL_callmeta(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-    pub fn luaL_tolstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, len: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
-    pub fn luaL_argerror(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, l: *const c_char) -> c_int;
-    pub fn luaL_checklstring(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, l: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
-    pub fn luaL_optlstring(
-        L: *mut lua_State,
-        arg: c_int,
-        def: *const c_char,
-        l: *mut usize,
-    ) -> *const c_char;
-    pub fn luaL_checknumber(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int) -> lua_Number;
-    pub fn luaL_optnumber(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, def: lua_Number) -> lua_Number;
-    pub fn luaL_checkinteger(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int) -> lua_Integer;
-    pub fn luaL_optinteger(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, def: lua_Integer) -> lua_Integer;
-
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub fn luaL_checkstack(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int, msg: *const c_char);
-    pub fn luaL_checktype(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, t: c_int);
-    pub fn luaL_checkany(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int);
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-    pub fn luaL_newmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    #[link_name = "luaL_newmetatable"]
-    pub fn luaL_newmetatable_old(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
-
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub fn luaL_setmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char);
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub fn luaL_testudata(L: *mut lua_State, ud: c_int, tname: *const c_char) -> *mut c_void;
-    pub fn luaL_checkudata(L: *mut lua_State, ud: c_int, tname: *const c_char) -> *mut c_void;
-
-    pub fn luaL_where(L: *mut lua_State, lvl: c_int);
-    pub fn luaL_error(L: *mut lua_State, fmt: *const c_char, ...) -> !;
-
-    // TODO: test this
-    pub fn luaL_checkoption(
-        L: *mut lua_State,
-        arg: c_int,
-        def: *const c_char,
-        lst: *const *const c_char,
-    ) -> c_int;
-
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub fn luaL_fileresult(L: *mut lua_State, stat: c_int, fname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub fn luaL_execresult(L: *mut lua_State, stat: c_int) -> c_int;
-}
-
-// pre-defined references
-pub const LUA_NOREF: c_int = -2;
-pub const LUA_REFNIL: c_int = -1;
-
-extern "C" {
-    pub fn luaL_ref(L: *mut lua_State, t: c_int) -> c_int;
-    pub fn luaL_unref(L: *mut lua_State, t: c_int, r: c_int);
-
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub fn luaL_loadfilex(L: *mut lua_State, filename: *const c_char, mode: *const c_char)
-        -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn luaL_loadfile(L: *mut lua_State, filename: *const c_char) -> c_int;
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-#[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_loadfile(L: *mut lua_State, f: *const c_char) -> c_int {
-    luaL_loadfilex(L, f, ptr::null())
-}
-
-extern "C" {
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub fn luaL_loadbufferx(
-        L: *mut lua_State,
-        buff: *const c_char,
-        sz: usize,
-        name: *const c_char,
-        mode: *const c_char,
-    ) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn luaL_loadbuffer(
-        L: *mut lua_State,
-        buff: *const c_char,
-        sz: usize,
-        name: *const c_char,
-    ) -> c_int;
-    pub fn luaL_loadstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> c_int;
-
-    pub fn luaL_newstate() -> *mut lua_State;
-
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub fn luaL_len(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> lua_Integer;
-
-    pub fn luaL_gsub(
-        L: *mut lua_State,
-        s: *const c_char,
-        p: *const c_char,
-        r: *const c_char,
-    ) -> *const c_char;
-
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub fn luaL_setfuncs(L: *mut lua_State, l: *const luaL_Reg, nup: c_int);
-
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub fn luaL_getsubtable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, fname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
-
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub fn luaL_traceback(L: *mut lua_State, L1: *mut lua_State, msg: *const c_char, level: c_int);
-
-    // Skip Lua 5.2 implementation in favor of the compat53 one
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-    pub fn luaL_requiref(
-        L: *mut lua_State,
-        modname: *const c_char,
-        openf: lua_CFunction,
-        glb: c_int,
-    );
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-#[allow(unused_variables)]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_newlibtable(L: *mut lua_State, l: *const luaL_Reg) {
-    // TODO: figure out how to pass an appropriate hint for the second param
-    // this involves correcting the second parameter's type; in C this is
-    // sizeof(l)/sizeof(l[0])
-    lua::lua_createtable(L, 0, 0)
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_newlib(L: *mut lua_State, l: *const luaL_Reg) {
-    luaL_checkversion(L);
-    luaL_newlibtable(L, l);
-    luaL_setfuncs(L, l, 0)
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_argcheck(L: *mut lua_State, cond: c_int, arg: c_int, extramsg: *const c_char) {
-    if cond == 0 {
-        luaL_argerror(L, arg, extramsg);
-    }
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_checkstring(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> *const c_char {
-    luaL_checklstring(L, n, ptr::null_mut())
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_optstring(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int, d: *const c_char) -> *const c_char {
-    luaL_optlstring(L, n, d, ptr::null_mut())
-}
-
-// From 5.3 user manual:
-// Macros to project non-default integer types (luaL_checkint, luaL_optint,
-// luaL_checklong, luaL_optlong) were deprecated. Use their equivalent over
-// lua_Integer with a type cast (or, when possible, use lua_Integer in your
-// code).
-#[inline(always)]
-//#[deprecated]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_checkint(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
-    luaL_checkinteger(L, n) as c_int
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-//#[deprecated]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_optint(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int, d: c_int) -> c_int {
-    luaL_optinteger(L, n, d as lua_Integer) as c_int
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-//#[deprecated]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_checklong(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_long {
-    luaL_checkinteger(L, n) as c_long
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-//#[deprecated]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_optlong(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int, d: c_long) -> c_long {
-    luaL_optinteger(L, n, d as lua_Integer) as c_long
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_typename(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> *const c_char {
-    lua::lua_typename(L, lua::lua_type(L, i))
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_dofile(L: *mut lua_State, filename: *const c_char) -> c_int {
-    let status = luaL_loadfile(L, filename);
-    if status == 0 {
-        lua::lua_pcall(L, 0, lua::LUA_MULTRET, 0)
-    } else {
-        status
-    }
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_dostring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> c_int {
-    let status = luaL_loadstring(L, s);
-    if status == 0 {
-        lua::lua_pcall(L, 0, lua::LUA_MULTRET, 0)
-    } else {
-        status
-    }
-}
-
-#[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_getmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, n: *const c_char) {
-    lua::lua_getfield(L, lua::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, n);
-}
-
-// luaL_opt would be implemented here but it is undocumented, so it's omitted
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-#[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn luaL_loadbuffer(
-    L: *mut lua_State,
-    s: *const c_char,
-    sz: usize,
-    n: *const c_char,
-) -> c_int {
-    luaL_loadbufferx(L, s, sz, n, ptr::null())
-}
-
-// TODO: Add buffer API
-
-// omitted: old module system compatibility

src/ffi/lua51/compat.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,579 @@
+//! MLua compatibility layer for Lua 5.1/JIT
+//!
+//! Based on github.com/keplerproject/lua-compat-5.3
+
+use std::convert::TryInto;
+use std::mem;
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_void};
+use std::ptr;
+
+use super::lauxlib::*;
+use super::lua::*;
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn compat53_reverse(L: *mut lua_State, mut a: c_int, mut b: c_int) {
+    while a < b {
+        lua_pushvalue(L, a);
+        lua_pushvalue(L, b);
+        lua_replace(L, a);
+        lua_replace(L, b);
+        a += 1;
+        b -= 1;
+    }
+}
+
+const COMPAT53_LEVELS1: c_int = 12; // size of the first part of the stack
+const COMPAT53_LEVELS2: c_int = 10; // size of the second part of the stack
+
+unsafe fn compat53_countlevels(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int {
+    let mut ar: lua_Debug = mem::zeroed();
+    let (mut li, mut le) = (1, 1);
+    // find an upper bound
+    while lua_getstack(L, le, &mut ar) != 0 {
+        li = le;
+        le *= 2;
+    }
+    // do a binary search
+    while li < le {
+        let m = (li + le) / 2;
+        if lua_getstack(L, m, &mut ar) != 0 {
+            li = m + 1
+        } else {
+            le = m;
+        }
+    }
+    le - 1
+}
+
+unsafe fn compat53_checkmode(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    mode: *const c_char,
+    modename: *const c_char,
+    err: c_int,
+) -> c_int {
+    unsafe fn strchr(s: *const c_char, c: c_char) -> *const c_char {
+        let mut st = s;
+        while *st != 0 && *st != c {
+            st = st.offset(1);
+        }
+        if *st == c {
+            st
+        } else {
+            ptr::null()
+        }
+    }
+
+    if !mode.is_null() && strchr(mode, *modename).is_null() {
+        lua_pushfstring(
+            L,
+            cstr!("attempt to load a %s chunk (mode is '%s')"),
+            modename,
+            mode,
+        );
+        return err;
+    }
+    LUA_OK
+}
+
+unsafe fn compat53_findfield(L: *mut lua_State, objidx: c_int, level: c_int) -> c_int {
+    if level == 0 || lua_istable(L, -1) == 0 {
+        return 0; // not found
+    }
+
+    lua_pushnil(L); // start 'next' loop
+    while lua_next(L, -2) != 0 {
+        // for each pair in table
+        if lua_type(L, -2) == LUA_TSTRING {
+            // ignore non-string keys
+            if lua_rawequal(L, objidx, -1) != 0 {
+                // found object?
+                lua_pop(L, 1); // remove value (but keep name)
+                return 1;
+            } else if compat53_findfield(L, objidx, level - 1) != 0 {
+                // try recursively
+                lua_remove(L, -2); // remove table (but keep name)
+                lua_pushliteral(L, ".");
+                lua_insert(L, -2); // place '.' between the two names
+                lua_concat(L, 3);
+                return 1;
+            }
+        }
+        lua_pop(L, 1); // remove value
+    }
+    0 // not found
+}
+
+unsafe fn compat53_pushglobalfuncname(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *mut lua_Debug) -> c_int {
+    let top = lua_gettop(L);
+    lua_getinfo(L, cstr!("f"), ar); // push function
+    lua_pushvalue(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
+    if compat53_findfield(L, top + 1, 2) != 0 {
+        lua_copy(L, -1, top + 1); // move name to proper place
+        lua_pop(L, 2); // remove pushed values
+        1
+    } else {
+        lua_settop(L, top); // remove function and global table
+        0
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe fn compat53_pushfuncname(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *mut lua_Debug) {
+    if *(*ar).namewhat != b'\0' as c_char {
+        // is there a name?
+        lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("function '%s'"), (*ar).name);
+    } else if *(*ar).what == b'm' as c_char {
+        // main?
+        lua_pushliteral(L, "main chunk");
+    } else if *(*ar).what == b'C' as c_char {
+        if compat53_pushglobalfuncname(L, ar) != 0 {
+            lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("function '%s'"), lua_tostring(L, -1));
+            lua_remove(L, -2); // remove name
+        } else {
+            lua_pushliteral(L, "?");
+        }
+    } else {
+        lua_pushfstring(
+            L,
+            cstr!("function <%s:%d>"),
+            (*ar).short_src.as_ptr(),
+            (*ar).linedefined,
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+//
+// lua ported functions
+//
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_absindex(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int) -> c_int {
+    if idx < 0 && idx > LUA_REGISTRYINDEX {
+        idx += lua_gettop(L) + 1;
+    }
+    idx
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn lua_rotate(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int, mut n: c_int) {
+    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    if n > 0 {
+        // Faster version
+        for _ in 0..n {
+            lua_insert(L, idx);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    let n_elems = lua_gettop(L) - idx + 1;
+    if n < 0 {
+        n += n_elems;
+    }
+    if n > 0 && n < n_elems {
+        luaL_checkstack(L, 2, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
+        n = n_elems - n;
+        compat53_reverse(L, idx, idx + n - 1);
+        compat53_reverse(L, idx + n, idx + n_elems - 1);
+        compat53_reverse(L, idx, idx + n_elems - 1);
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_copy(L: *mut lua_State, fromidx: c_int, toidx: c_int) {
+    let abs_to = lua_absindex(L, toidx);
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
+    lua_pushvalue(L, fromidx);
+    lua_replace(L, abs_to);
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isinteger(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
+    if lua_type(L, idx) == LUA_TNUMBER {
+        let n = lua_tonumber(L, idx);
+        let i = lua_tointeger(L, idx);
+        if (n - i as lua_Number).abs() < lua_Number::EPSILON {
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+    0
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tointeger(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> lua_Integer {
+    lua_tointegerx(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tonumberx(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Number {
+    let n = lua_tonumber(L, i);
+    if !isnum.is_null() {
+        *isnum = (n != 0.0 || lua_isnumber(L, i) != 0) as c_int;
+    }
+    n
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tointegerx(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Integer {
+    let mut ok = 0;
+    let n = lua_tonumberx(L, i, &mut ok);
+    let n_int = n as lua_Integer;
+    if ok != 0 && (n - n_int as lua_Number).abs() < lua_Number::EPSILON {
+        if !isnum.is_null() {
+            *isnum = 1;
+        }
+        return n_int;
+    }
+    if !isnum.is_null() {
+        *isnum = 0;
+    }
+    0
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawlen(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> usize {
+    lua_objlen(L, idx)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushlstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char, l: usize) -> *const c_char {
+    if l == 0 {
+        lua_pushlstring_(L, cstr!(""), 0);
+    } else {
+        lua_pushlstring_(L, s, l);
+    }
+    lua_tostring(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> *const c_char {
+    lua_pushstring_(L, s);
+    lua_tostring(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_getglobal(L: *mut lua_State, var: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    lua_getglobal_(L, var);
+    lua_type(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_gettable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
+    lua_gettable_(L, idx);
+    lua_type(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_getfield(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    lua_getfield_(L, idx, k);
+    lua_type(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_geti(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) -> c_int {
+    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    lua_pushinteger(L, n);
+    lua_gettable(L, idx)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawget(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
+    lua_rawget_(L, idx);
+    lua_type(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawgeti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) -> c_int {
+    let n = n.try_into().expect("cannot convert index to lua_Integer");
+    lua_rawgeti_(L, idx, n);
+    lua_type(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawgetp(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void) -> c_int {
+    let abs_i = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    lua_pushlightuserdata(L, p as *mut c_void);
+    lua_rawget(L, abs_i)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_getuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
+    lua_getfenv(L, idx);
+    lua_type(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_seti(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) {
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
+    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    lua_pushinteger(L, n);
+    lua_insert(L, -2);
+    lua_settable(L, idx);
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawseti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) {
+    let n = n.try_into().expect("cannot convert index from lua_Integer");
+    lua_rawseti_(L, idx, n)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawsetp(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void) {
+    let abs_i = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
+    lua_pushlightuserdata(L, p as *mut c_void);
+    lua_insert(L, -2);
+    lua_rawset(L, abs_i);
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_setuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
+    luaL_checktype(L, -1, LUA_TTABLE);
+    lua_setfenv(L, idx);
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_dump(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    writer: lua_Writer,
+    data: *mut c_void,
+    _strip: c_int,
+) -> c_int {
+    lua_dump_(L, writer, data)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_len(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
+    match lua_type(L, idx) {
+        LUA_TSTRING => {
+            lua_pushnumber(L, lua_objlen(L, idx) as lua_Number);
+        }
+        LUA_TTABLE => {
+            if luaL_callmeta(L, idx, cstr!("__len")) == 0 {
+                lua_pushnumber(L, lua_objlen(L, idx) as lua_Number);
+            }
+        }
+        LUA_TUSERDATA if luaL_callmeta(L, idx, cstr!("__len")) != 0 => {}
+        _ => {
+            luaL_error(
+                L,
+                cstr!("attempt to get length of a %s value"),
+                lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, idx)),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushglobaltable(L: *mut lua_State) {
+    lua_pushvalue(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_resume(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    _from: *mut lua_State,
+    narg: c_int,
+    nres: *mut c_int,
+) -> c_int {
+    let ret = lua_resume_(L, narg);
+    if (ret == LUA_OK || ret == LUA_YIELD) && !(nres.is_null()) {
+        *nres = lua_gettop(L);
+    }
+    ret
+}
+
+//
+// lauxlib ported functions
+//
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_checkstack(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int, msg: *const c_char) {
+    if lua_checkstack(L, sz + LUA_MINSTACK) == 0 {
+        if !msg.is_null() {
+            luaL_error(L, cstr!("stack overflow (%s)"), msg);
+        } else {
+            lua_pushliteral(L, "stack overflow");
+            lua_error(L);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_getmetafield(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    if luaL_getmetafield_(L, obj, e) != 0 {
+        lua_type(L, -1)
+    } else {
+        LUA_TNIL
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_newmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    if luaL_newmetatable_(L, tname) != 0 {
+        lua_pushstring_(L, tname);
+        lua_setfield(L, -2, cstr!("__name"));
+        1
+    } else {
+        0
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_loadbufferx(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    buff: *const c_char,
+    sz: usize,
+    name: *const c_char,
+    mode: *const c_char,
+) -> c_int {
+    let status = if sz > 0 && *buff as u8 == LUA_SIGNATURE[0] {
+        compat53_checkmode(L, mode, cstr!("binary"), LUA_ERRSYNTAX)
+    } else {
+        compat53_checkmode(L, mode, cstr!("text"), LUA_ERRSYNTAX)
+    };
+    if status != LUA_OK {
+        return status;
+    }
+    luaL_loadbuffer(L, buff, sz, name)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_len(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> lua_Integer {
+    let mut isnum = 0;
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
+    lua_len(L, idx);
+    let res = lua_tointegerx(L, -1, &mut isnum);
+    lua_pop(L, 1);
+    if isnum == 0 {
+        luaL_error(L, cstr!("object length is not an integer"));
+    }
+    res
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn luaL_traceback(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    L1: *mut lua_State,
+    msg: *const c_char,
+    mut level: c_int,
+) {
+    let mut ar: lua_Debug = mem::zeroed();
+    let top = lua_gettop(L);
+    let numlevels = compat53_countlevels(L1);
+    let mark = if numlevels > COMPAT53_LEVELS1 + COMPAT53_LEVELS2 {
+        COMPAT53_LEVELS1
+    } else {
+        0
+    };
+
+    if !msg.is_null() {
+        lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("%s\n"), msg);
+    }
+    lua_pushliteral(L, "stack traceback:");
+    while lua_getstack(L1, level, &mut ar) != 0 {
+        level += 1;
+        if level == mark {
+            // too many levels?
+            lua_pushliteral(L, "\n\t..."); // add a '...'
+            level = numlevels - COMPAT53_LEVELS2; // and skip to last ones
+        } else {
+            lua_getinfo(L1, cstr!("Slnt"), &mut ar);
+            lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("\n\t%s:"), ar.short_src.as_ptr());
+            if ar.currentline > 0 {
+                lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("%d:"), ar.currentline);
+            }
+            lua_pushliteral(L, " in ");
+            compat53_pushfuncname(L, &mut ar);
+            lua_concat(L, lua_gettop(L) - top);
+        }
+    }
+    lua_concat(L, lua_gettop(L) - top);
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn luaL_tolstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, len: *mut usize) -> *const c_char {
+    if luaL_callmeta(L, idx, cstr!("__tostring")) == 0 {
+        let t = lua_type(L, idx);
+        match t {
+            LUA_TNIL => {
+                lua_pushliteral(L, "nil");
+            }
+            LUA_TSTRING | LUA_TNUMBER => {
+                lua_pushvalue(L, idx);
+            }
+            LUA_TBOOLEAN => {
+                if lua_toboolean(L, idx) == 0 {
+                    lua_pushliteral(L, "false");
+                } else {
+                    lua_pushliteral(L, "true");
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let tt = luaL_getmetafield(L, idx, cstr!("__name"));
+                let name = if tt == LUA_TSTRING {
+                    lua_tostring(L, -1)
+                } else {
+                    lua_typename(L, t)
+                };
+                lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("%s: %p"), name, lua_topointer(L, idx));
+                if tt != LUA_TNIL {
+                    lua_replace(L, -2);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    } else if lua_isstring(L, -1) == 0 {
+        luaL_error(L, cstr!("'__tostring' must return a string"));
+    }
+    lua_tolstring(L, -1, len)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_setmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char) {
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
+    luaL_getmetatable(L, tname);
+    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn luaL_getsubtable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, fname: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    let abs_i = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 3, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
+    lua_pushstring_(L, fname);
+    if lua_gettable(L, abs_i) == LUA_TTABLE {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    lua_pop(L, 1);
+    lua_newtable(L);
+    lua_pushstring_(L, fname);
+    lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
+    lua_settable(L, abs_i);
+    0
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn luaL_requiref(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    modname: *const c_char,
+    openf: lua_CFunction,
+    glb: c_int,
+) {
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 3, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
+    luaL_getsubtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, cstr!("_LOADED"));
+    if lua_getfield(L, -1, modname) == LUA_TNIL {
+        lua_pop(L, 1);
+        lua_pushcfunction(L, openf);
+        lua_pushstring(L, modname);
+        #[cfg(feature = "lua51")]
+        {
+            lua_call(L, 1, 1);
+            lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+            lua_setfield(L, -3, modname);
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
+        {
+            lua_call(L, 1, 0);
+            lua_getfield(L, -1, modname);
+        }
+    }
+    if glb != 0 {
+        lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+        lua_setglobal(L, modname);
+    } else {
+        lua_pushnil(L);
+        lua_setglobal(L, modname);
+    }
+    lua_replace(L, -2);
+}

src/ffi/lua51/lauxlib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `lauxlib.h`.
+
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_void};
+use std::ptr;
+
+use super::lua::{self, lua_CFunction, lua_Integer, lua_Number, lua_State};
+
+// Extra error code for 'luaL_load'
+pub const LUA_ERRFILE: c_int = lua::LUA_ERRERR + 1;
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct luaL_Reg {
+    pub name: *const c_char,
+    pub func: lua_CFunction,
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaL_register(L: *mut lua_State, libname: *const c_char, l: *const luaL_Reg);
+    #[link_name = "luaL_getmetafield"]
+    pub fn luaL_getmetafield_(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_callmeta(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_typerror(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, tname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_argerror(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, extramsg: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_checklstring(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, l: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn luaL_optlstring(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        narg: c_int,
+        def: *const c_char,
+        l: *mut usize,
+    ) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn luaL_checknumber(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int) -> lua_Number;
+    pub fn luaL_optnumber(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, def: lua_Number) -> lua_Number;
+    pub fn luaL_checkinteger(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int) -> lua_Integer;
+    pub fn luaL_optinteger(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, def: lua_Integer) -> lua_Integer;
+    #[link_name = "luaL_checkstack"]
+    pub fn luaL_checkstack_(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int, msg: *const c_char);
+    pub fn luaL_checktype(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, t: c_int);
+    pub fn luaL_checkany(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int);
+
+    #[link_name = "luaL_newmetatable"]
+    pub fn luaL_newmetatable_(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_checkudata(L: *mut lua_State, ud: c_int, tname: *const c_char) -> *mut c_void;
+
+    pub fn luaL_where(L: *mut lua_State, lvl: c_int);
+    pub fn luaL_error(L: *mut lua_State, fmt: *const c_char, ...) -> !;
+
+    pub fn luaL_checkoption(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        narg: c_int,
+        def: *const c_char,
+        lst: *const *const c_char,
+    ) -> c_int;
+}
+
+// Pre-defined references
+pub const LUA_NOREF: c_int = -2;
+pub const LUA_REFNIL: c_int = -1;
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaL_ref(L: *mut lua_State, t: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_unref(L: *mut lua_State, t: c_int, r#ref: c_int);
+
+    pub fn luaL_loadfile(L: *mut lua_State, filename: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_loadbuffer(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        buff: *const c_char,
+        sz: usize,
+        name: *const c_char,
+    ) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_loadstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn luaL_newstate() -> *mut lua_State;
+
+    pub fn luaL_gsub(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        s: *const c_char,
+        p: *const c_char,
+        r: *const c_char,
+    ) -> *const c_char;
+
+    pub fn luaL_findtable(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        idx: c_int,
+        fname: *const c_char,
+        szhint: c_int,
+    ) -> *const c_char;
+}
+
+//
+// Some useful macros (implemented as Rust functions)
+//
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_argcheck(L: *mut lua_State, cond: c_int, narg: c_int, extramsg: *const c_char) {
+    if cond == 0 {
+        luaL_argerror(L, narg, extramsg);
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_checkstring(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> *const c_char {
+    luaL_checklstring(L, n, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_optstring(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int, d: *const c_char) -> *const c_char {
+    luaL_optlstring(L, n, d, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+// Deprecated from 5.3: luaL_checkint, luaL_optint, luaL_checklong, luaL_optlong
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_typename(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> *const c_char {
+    lua::lua_typename(L, lua::lua_type(L, i))
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn luaL_dofile(L: *mut lua_State, filename: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    let status = luaL_loadfile(L, filename);
+    if status == 0 {
+        lua::lua_pcall(L, 0, lua::LUA_MULTRET, 0)
+    } else {
+        status
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_dostring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    let status = luaL_loadstring(L, s);
+    if status == 0 {
+        lua::lua_pcall(L, 0, lua::LUA_MULTRET, 0)
+    } else {
+        status
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_getmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, n: *const c_char) {
+    lua::lua_getfield_(L, lua::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, n);
+}
+
+// TODO: luaL_opt
+
+//
+// TODO: Generic Buffer Manipulation
+//

src/ffi/lua51/lua.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `lua.h`.
+
+use std::marker::{PhantomData, PhantomPinned};
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_double, c_int, c_void};
+use std::ptr;
+
+// Mark for precompiled code (`<esc>Lua`)
+#[cfg(not(feature = "luajit"))]
+pub const LUA_SIGNATURE: &[u8] = b"\x1bLua";
+#[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
+pub const LUA_SIGNATURE: &[u8] = b"\x1bLJ";
+
+// Option for multiple returns in 'lua_pcall' and 'lua_call'
+pub const LUA_MULTRET: c_int = -1;
+
+//
+// Pseudo-indices
+//
+pub const LUA_REGISTRYINDEX: c_int = -10000;
+pub const LUA_ENVIRONINDEX: c_int = -10001;
+pub const LUA_GLOBALSINDEX: c_int = -10002;
+
+pub const fn lua_upvalueindex(i: c_int) -> c_int {
+    LUA_GLOBALSINDEX - i
+}
+
+//
+// Thread status
+//
+pub const LUA_OK: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_YIELD: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_ERRRUN: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_ERRSYNTAX: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_ERRMEM: c_int = 4;
+pub const LUA_ERRERR: c_int = 5;
+
+/// A raw Lua state associated with a thread.
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct lua_State {
+    _data: [u8; 0],
+    _marker: PhantomData<(*mut u8, PhantomPinned)>,
+}
+
+//
+// Basic types
+//
+pub const LUA_TNONE: c_int = -1;
+
+pub const LUA_TNIL: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_TBOOLEAN: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_TNUMBER: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_TSTRING: c_int = 4;
+pub const LUA_TTABLE: c_int = 5;
+pub const LUA_TFUNCTION: c_int = 6;
+pub const LUA_TUSERDATA: c_int = 7;
+pub const LUA_TTHREAD: c_int = 8;
+
+/// Type produced by LuaJIT FFI module
+#[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
+pub const LUA_TCDATA: c_int = 10;
+
+/// Minimum Lua stack available to a C function
+pub const LUA_MINSTACK: c_int = 20;
+
+/// A Lua number, usually equivalent to `f64`
+pub type lua_Number = c_double;
+
+/// A Lua integer, usually equivalent to `i64`
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
+pub type lua_Integer = i32;
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
+pub type lua_Integer = i64;
+
+/// Type for native C functions that can be passed to Lua.
+pub type lua_CFunction = unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+// Type for functions that read/write blocks when loading/dumping Lua chunks
+pub type lua_Reader =
+    unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, ud: *mut c_void, sz: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+pub type lua_Writer =
+    unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, p: *const c_void, sz: usize, ud: *mut c_void) -> c_int;
+
+/// Type for memory-allocation functions
+pub type lua_Alloc = unsafe extern "C" fn(
+    ud: *mut c_void,
+    ptr: *mut c_void,
+    osize: usize,
+    nsize: usize,
+) -> *mut c_void;
+
+extern "C" {
+    //
+    // State manipulation
+    //
+    pub fn lua_newstate(f: lua_Alloc, ud: *mut c_void) -> *mut lua_State;
+    pub fn lua_close(L: *mut lua_State);
+    pub fn lua_newthread(L: *mut lua_State) -> *mut lua_State;
+
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "luajit", feature = "vendored"))]
+    pub fn lua_resetthread(L: *mut lua_State, th: *mut lua_State);
+
+    pub fn lua_atpanic(L: *mut lua_State, panicf: lua_CFunction) -> lua_CFunction;
+
+    //
+    // Basic stack manipulation
+    //
+    pub fn lua_gettop(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_settop(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_pushvalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_remove(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_insert(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_replace(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_checkstack(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn lua_xmove(from: *mut lua_State, to: *mut lua_State, n: c_int);
+
+    //
+    // Access functions (stack -> C)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_isnumber(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_isstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_iscfunction(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_isuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_type(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_typename(L: *mut lua_State, tp: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+
+    pub fn lua_equal(L: *mut lua_State, idx1: c_int, idx2: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_rawequal(L: *mut lua_State, idx1: c_int, idx2: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_lessthan(L: *mut lua_State, idx1: c_int, idx2: c_int) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn lua_tonumber(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> lua_Number;
+    #[link_name = "lua_tointeger"]
+    pub fn lua_tointeger_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> lua_Integer;
+    pub fn lua_toboolean(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_tolstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, len: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_objlen(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> usize;
+    pub fn lua_tocfunction(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> Option<lua_CFunction>;
+    pub fn lua_touserdata(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn lua_tothread(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *mut lua_State;
+    pub fn lua_topointer(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *const c_void;
+
+    //
+    // Push functions (C -> stack)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_pushnil(L: *mut lua_State);
+    pub fn lua_pushnumber(L: *mut lua_State, n: lua_Number);
+    pub fn lua_pushinteger(L: *mut lua_State, n: lua_Integer);
+    #[link_name = "lua_pushlstring"]
+    pub fn lua_pushlstring_(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char, l: usize);
+    #[link_name = "lua_pushstring"]
+    pub fn lua_pushstring_(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char);
+    // lua_pushvfstring
+    pub fn lua_pushfstring(L: *mut lua_State, fmt: *const c_char, ...) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_pushcclosure(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_CFunction, n: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_pushboolean(L: *mut lua_State, b: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_pushlightuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, p: *mut c_void);
+    pub fn lua_pushthread(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+    //
+    // Get functions (Lua -> stack)
+    //
+    #[link_name = "lua_gettable"]
+    pub fn lua_gettable_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    #[link_name = "lua_getfield"]
+    pub fn lua_getfield_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char);
+    #[link_name = "lua_rawget"]
+    pub fn lua_rawget_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    #[link_name = "lua_rawgeti"]
+    pub fn lua_rawgeti_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_createtable(L: *mut lua_State, narr: c_int, nrec: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_newuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, sz: usize) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn lua_getmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, objindex: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getfenv(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+
+    //
+    // Set functions (stack -> Lua)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_settable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_setfield(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char);
+    pub fn lua_rawset(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    #[link_name = "lua_rawseti"]
+    pub fn lua_rawseti_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_setmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, objindex: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_setfenv(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+
+    //
+    // 'load' and 'call' functions (load and run Lua code)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_call(L: *mut lua_State, nargs: c_int, nresults: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_pcall(L: *mut lua_State, nargs: c_int, nresults: c_int, errfunc: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_cpcall(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_CFunction, ud: *mut c_void) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_load(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        reader: lua_Reader,
+        data: *mut c_void,
+        chunkname: *const c_char,
+    ) -> c_int;
+
+    #[link_name = "lua_dump"]
+    pub fn lua_dump_(L: *mut lua_State, writer: lua_Writer, data: *mut c_void) -> c_int;
+
+    //
+    // Coroutine functions
+    //
+    pub fn lua_yield(L: *mut lua_State, nresults: c_int) -> c_int;
+    #[link_name = "lua_resume"]
+    pub fn lua_resume_(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_status(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+}
+
+//
+// Garbage-collection function and options
+//
+pub const LUA_GCSTOP: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_GCRESTART: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_GCCOLLECT: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_GCCOUNT: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_GCCOUNTB: c_int = 4;
+pub const LUA_GCSTEP: c_int = 5;
+pub const LUA_GCSETPAUSE: c_int = 6;
+pub const LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL: c_int = 7;
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_gc(L: *mut lua_State, what: c_int, data: c_int) -> c_int;
+}
+
+//
+// Miscellaneous functions
+//
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_error(L: *mut lua_State) -> !;
+    pub fn lua_next(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_concat(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_getallocf(L: *mut lua_State, ud: *mut *mut c_void) -> lua_Alloc;
+    pub fn lua_setallocf(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_Alloc, ud: *mut c_void);
+}
+
+//
+// Some useful macros (implemented as Rust functions)
+//
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pop(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) {
+    lua_settop(L, -n - 1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_newtable(L: *mut lua_State) {
+    lua_createtable(L, 0, 0)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_register(L: *mut lua_State, n: *const c_char, f: lua_CFunction) {
+    lua_pushcfunction(L, f);
+    lua_setglobal(L, n)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushcfunction(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_CFunction) {
+    lua_pushcclosure(L, f, 0)
+}
+
+// TODO: lua_strlen
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isfunction(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TFUNCTION) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_istable(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TTABLE) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_islightuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isnil(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TNIL) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isboolean(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TBOOLEAN) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isthread(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TTHREAD) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isnone(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TNONE) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isnoneornil(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) <= LUA_TNIL) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushliteral(L: *mut lua_State, s: &'static str) {
+    use std::ffi::CString;
+    let c_str = CString::new(s).unwrap();
+    lua_pushlstring_(L, c_str.as_ptr(), c_str.as_bytes().len())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_setglobal(L: *mut lua_State, var: *const c_char) {
+    lua_setfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, var)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_getglobal_(L: *mut lua_State, var: *const c_char) {
+    lua_getfield_(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, var)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tostring(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> *const c_char {
+    lua_tolstring(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_xpush(from: *mut lua_State, to: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
+    lua_pushvalue(from, idx);
+    lua_xmove(from, to, 1);
+}
+
+//
+// Debug API
+//
+
+// Maximum size for the description of the source of a function in debug information.
+const LUA_IDSIZE: usize = 60;
+
+// Event codes
+pub const LUA_HOOKCALL: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_HOOKRET: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_HOOKLINE: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_HOOKCOUNT: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_HOOKTAILCALL: c_int = 4;
+
+// Event masks
+pub const LUA_MASKCALL: c_int = 1 << (LUA_HOOKCALL as usize);
+pub const LUA_MASKRET: c_int = 1 << (LUA_HOOKRET as usize);
+pub const LUA_MASKLINE: c_int = 1 << (LUA_HOOKLINE as usize);
+pub const LUA_MASKCOUNT: c_int = 1 << (LUA_HOOKCOUNT as usize);
+
+/// Type for functions to be called on debug events.
+pub type lua_Hook = unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *mut lua_Debug);
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_getstack(L: *mut lua_State, level: c_int, ar: *mut lua_Debug) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getinfo(L: *mut lua_State, what: *const c_char, ar: *mut lua_Debug) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getlocal(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *const lua_Debug, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_setlocal(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *const lua_Debug, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_getupvalue(L: *mut lua_State, funcindex: c_int, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_setupvalue(L: *mut lua_State, funcindex: c_int, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+
+    pub fn lua_sethook(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        func: Option<lua_Hook>,
+        mask: c_int,
+        count: c_int,
+    ) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_gethook(L: *mut lua_State) -> Option<lua_Hook>;
+    pub fn lua_gethookmask(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_gethookcount(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct lua_Debug {
+    pub event: c_int,
+    pub name: *const c_char,
+    pub namewhat: *const c_char,
+    pub what: *const c_char,
+    pub source: *const c_char,
+    pub currentline: c_int,
+    pub nups: c_int,
+    pub linedefined: c_int,
+    pub lastlinedefined: c_int,
+    pub short_src: [c_char; LUA_IDSIZE],
+    // lua.h mentions this is for private use
+    i_ci: c_int,
+}

src/ffi/lua51/lualib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `lualib.h`.
+
+use std::os::raw::c_int;
+
+use super::lua::lua_State;
+
+pub const LUA_COLIBNAME: &str = "coroutine";
+pub const LUA_TABLIBNAME: &str = "table";
+pub const LUA_IOLIBNAME: &str = "io";
+pub const LUA_OSLIBNAME: &str = "os";
+pub const LUA_STRLIBNAME: &str = "string";
+pub const LUA_MATHLIBNAME: &str = "math";
+pub const LUA_DBLIBNAME: &str = "debug";
+pub const LUA_LOADLIBNAME: &str = "package";
+
+#[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
+pub const LUA_BITLIBNAME: &str = "bit";
+#[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
+pub const LUA_JITLIBNAME: &str = "jit";
+#[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
+pub const LUA_FFILIBNAME: &str = "ffi";
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaopen_base(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_table(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_io(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_os(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_string(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_math(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_debug(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_package(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
+    pub fn luaopen_bit(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    #[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
+    pub fn luaopen_jit(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    #[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
+    pub fn luaopen_ffi(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+    // open all builtin libraries
+    pub fn luaL_openlibs(L: *mut lua_State);
+}

src/ffi/lua51/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//! Low level bindings to Lua 5.1.
+
+pub use compat::*;
+pub use lauxlib::*;
+pub use lua::*;
+pub use lualib::*;
+
+pub mod compat;
+pub mod lauxlib;
+pub mod lua;
+pub mod lualib;

src/ffi/lua52/compat.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+//! MLua compatibility layer for Lua 5.2
+//!
+//! Based on github.com/keplerproject/lua-compat-5.3
+
+use std::convert::TryInto;
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_void};
+use std::ptr;
+
+use super::lauxlib::*;
+use super::lua::*;
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn compat53_reverse(L: *mut lua_State, mut a: c_int, mut b: c_int) {
+    while a < b {
+        lua_pushvalue(L, a);
+        lua_pushvalue(L, b);
+        lua_replace(L, a);
+        lua_replace(L, b);
+        a += 1;
+        b -= 1;
+    }
+}
+
+//
+// lua ported functions
+//
+
+pub unsafe fn lua_rotate(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int, mut n: c_int) {
+    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    if n > 0 {
+        // Faster version
+        for _ in 0..n {
+            lua_insert(L, idx);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    let n_elems = lua_gettop(L) - idx + 1;
+    if n < 0 {
+        n += n_elems;
+    }
+    if n > 0 && n < n_elems {
+        luaL_checkstack(L, 2, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
+        n = n_elems - n;
+        compat53_reverse(L, idx, idx + n - 1);
+        compat53_reverse(L, idx + n, idx + n_elems - 1);
+        compat53_reverse(L, idx, idx + n_elems - 1);
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isinteger(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
+    if lua_type(L, idx) == LUA_TNUMBER {
+        let n = lua_tonumber(L, idx);
+        let i = lua_tointeger(L, idx);
+        if (n - i as lua_Number).abs() < lua_Number::EPSILON {
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+    0
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tointeger(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> lua_Integer {
+    lua_tointegerx(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+// Implemented for Lua 5.2 as well
+// See https://github.com/keplerproject/lua-compat-5.3/issues/40
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tointegerx(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Integer {
+    let mut ok = 0;
+    let n = lua_tonumberx(L, i, &mut ok);
+    let n_int = n as lua_Integer;
+    if ok != 0 && (n - n_int as lua_Number).abs() < lua_Number::EPSILON {
+        if !isnum.is_null() {
+            *isnum = 1;
+        }
+        return n_int;
+    }
+    if !isnum.is_null() {
+        *isnum = 0;
+    }
+    0
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushlstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char, l: usize) -> *const c_char {
+    if l == 0 {
+        lua_pushlstring_(L, cstr!(""), 0)
+    } else {
+        lua_pushlstring_(L, s, l)
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_getglobal(L: *mut lua_State, var: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    lua_getglobal_(L, var);
+    lua_type(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_gettable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
+    lua_gettable_(L, idx);
+    lua_type(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_getfield(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    lua_getfield_(L, idx, k);
+    lua_type(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_geti(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) -> c_int {
+    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    lua_pushinteger(L, n);
+    lua_gettable(L, idx)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawget(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
+    lua_rawget_(L, idx);
+    lua_type(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawgeti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) -> c_int {
+    let n = n.try_into().expect("cannot convert index to lua_Integer");
+    lua_rawgeti_(L, idx, n);
+    lua_type(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawgetp(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void) -> c_int {
+    lua_rawgetp_(L, idx, p);
+    lua_type(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_getuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
+    lua_getuservalue_(L, idx);
+    lua_type(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_seti(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) {
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
+    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    lua_pushinteger(L, n);
+    lua_insert(L, -2);
+    lua_settable(L, idx);
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawseti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) {
+    let n = n.try_into().expect("cannot convert index from lua_Integer");
+    lua_rawseti_(L, idx, n)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_dump(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    writer: lua_Writer,
+    data: *mut c_void,
+    _strip: c_int,
+) -> c_int {
+    lua_dump_(L, writer, data)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_resume(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    from: *mut lua_State,
+    narg: c_int,
+    nres: *mut c_int,
+) -> c_int {
+    let ret = lua_resume_(L, from, narg);
+    if (ret == LUA_OK || ret == LUA_YIELD) && !(nres.is_null()) {
+        *nres = lua_gettop(L);
+    }
+    ret
+}
+
+//
+// lauxlib ported functions
+//
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_getmetafield(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    if luaL_getmetafield_(L, obj, e) != 0 {
+        lua_type(L, -1)
+    } else {
+        LUA_TNIL
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_newmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    if luaL_newmetatable_(L, tname) != 0 {
+        lua_pushstring(L, tname);
+        lua_setfield(L, -2, cstr!("__name"));
+        1
+    } else {
+        0
+    }
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn luaL_tolstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, len: *mut usize) -> *const c_char {
+    if luaL_callmeta(L, idx, cstr!("__tostring")) == 0 {
+        let t = lua_type(L, idx);
+        match t {
+            LUA_TNIL => {
+                lua_pushliteral(L, "nil");
+            }
+            LUA_TSTRING | LUA_TNUMBER => {
+                lua_pushvalue(L, idx);
+            }
+            LUA_TBOOLEAN => {
+                if lua_toboolean(L, idx) == 0 {
+                    lua_pushliteral(L, "false");
+                } else {
+                    lua_pushliteral(L, "true");
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let tt = luaL_getmetafield(L, idx, cstr!("__name"));
+                let name = if tt == LUA_TSTRING {
+                    lua_tostring(L, -1)
+                } else {
+                    lua_typename(L, t)
+                };
+                lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("%s: %p"), name, lua_topointer(L, idx));
+                if tt != LUA_TNIL {
+                    lua_replace(L, -2);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    } else if lua_isstring(L, -1) == 0 {
+        luaL_error(L, cstr!("'__tostring' must return a string"));
+    }
+    lua_tolstring(L, -1, len)
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn luaL_requiref(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    modname: *const c_char,
+    openf: lua_CFunction,
+    glb: c_int,
+) {
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 3, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
+    luaL_getsubtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, cstr!("_LOADED"));
+    if lua_getfield(L, -1, modname) == LUA_TNIL {
+        lua_pop(L, 1);
+        lua_pushcfunction(L, openf);
+        lua_pushstring(L, modname);
+        lua_call(L, 1, 1);
+        lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+        lua_setfield(L, -3, modname);
+    }
+    if glb != 0 {
+        lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+        lua_setglobal(L, modname);
+    }
+    lua_replace(L, -2);
+}

src/ffi/lua52/lauxlib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `lauxlib.h`.
+
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_void};
+use std::ptr;
+
+use super::lua::{self, lua_CFunction, lua_Integer, lua_Number, lua_State, lua_Unsigned};
+
+// Extra error code for 'luaL_load'
+pub const LUA_ERRFILE: c_int = lua::LUA_ERRERR + 1;
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct luaL_Reg {
+    pub name: *const c_char,
+    pub func: lua_CFunction,
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaL_checkversion_(L: *mut lua_State, ver: lua_Number);
+
+    #[link_name = "luaL_getmetafield"]
+    pub fn luaL_getmetafield_(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_callmeta(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    #[link_name = "luaL_tolstring"]
+    pub fn luaL_tolstring_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, len: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn luaL_argerror(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, extramsg: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_checklstring(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, l: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn luaL_optlstring(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        arg: c_int,
+        def: *const c_char,
+        l: *mut usize,
+    ) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn luaL_checknumber(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int) -> lua_Number;
+    pub fn luaL_optnumber(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, def: lua_Number) -> lua_Number;
+    pub fn luaL_checkinteger(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int) -> lua_Integer;
+    pub fn luaL_optinteger(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, def: lua_Integer) -> lua_Integer;
+    pub fn luaL_checkunsigned(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int) -> lua_Unsigned;
+    pub fn luaL_optunsigned(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, def: lua_Unsigned) -> lua_Unsigned;
+
+    pub fn luaL_checkstack(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int, msg: *const c_char);
+    pub fn luaL_checktype(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, t: c_int);
+    pub fn luaL_checkany(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int);
+
+    #[link_name = "luaL_newmetatable"]
+    pub fn luaL_newmetatable_(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_setmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char);
+    pub fn luaL_testudata(L: *mut lua_State, ud: c_int, tname: *const c_char) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn luaL_checkudata(L: *mut lua_State, ud: c_int, tname: *const c_char) -> *mut c_void;
+
+    pub fn luaL_where(L: *mut lua_State, lvl: c_int);
+    pub fn luaL_error(L: *mut lua_State, fmt: *const c_char, ...) -> !;
+
+    pub fn luaL_checkoption(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        arg: c_int,
+        def: *const c_char,
+        lst: *const *const c_char,
+    ) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn luaL_fileresult(L: *mut lua_State, stat: c_int, fname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_execresult(L: *mut lua_State, stat: c_int) -> c_int;
+}
+
+// Pre-defined references
+pub const LUA_NOREF: c_int = -2;
+pub const LUA_REFNIL: c_int = -1;
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaL_ref(L: *mut lua_State, t: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_unref(L: *mut lua_State, t: c_int, r#ref: c_int);
+
+    pub fn luaL_loadfilex(L: *mut lua_State, filename: *const c_char, mode: *const c_char)
+        -> c_int;
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_loadfile(L: *mut lua_State, f: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    luaL_loadfilex(L, f, ptr::null())
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaL_loadbufferx(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        buff: *const c_char,
+        sz: usize,
+        name: *const c_char,
+        mode: *const c_char,
+    ) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_loadstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn luaL_newstate() -> *mut lua_State;
+
+    pub fn luaL_len(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> lua_Integer;
+
+    pub fn luaL_gsub(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        s: *const c_char,
+        p: *const c_char,
+        r: *const c_char,
+    ) -> *const c_char;
+
+    pub fn luaL_setfuncs(L: *mut lua_State, l: *const luaL_Reg, nup: c_int);
+
+    pub fn luaL_getsubtable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, fname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn luaL_traceback(L: *mut lua_State, L1: *mut lua_State, msg: *const c_char, level: c_int);
+
+    #[link_name = "luaL_requiref"]
+    pub fn luaL_requiref_(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        modname: *const c_char,
+        openf: lua_CFunction,
+        glb: c_int,
+    );
+}
+
+//
+// Some useful macros (implemented as Rust functions)
+//
+
+// TODO: luaL_newlibtable, luaL_newlib
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_argcheck(L: *mut lua_State, cond: c_int, arg: c_int, extramsg: *const c_char) {
+    if cond == 0 {
+        luaL_argerror(L, arg, extramsg);
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_checkstring(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> *const c_char {
+    luaL_checklstring(L, n, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_optstring(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int, d: *const c_char) -> *const c_char {
+    luaL_optlstring(L, n, d, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_typename(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> *const c_char {
+    lua::lua_typename(L, lua::lua_type(L, i))
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_dofile(L: *mut lua_State, filename: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    let status = luaL_loadfile(L, filename);
+    if status == 0 {
+        lua::lua_pcall(L, 0, lua::LUA_MULTRET, 0)
+    } else {
+        status
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_dostring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    let status = luaL_loadstring(L, s);
+    if status == 0 {
+        lua::lua_pcall(L, 0, lua::LUA_MULTRET, 0)
+    } else {
+        status
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_getmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, n: *const c_char) {
+    lua::lua_getfield_(L, lua::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, n);
+}
+
+// luaL_opt would be implemented here but it is undocumented, so it's omitted
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_loadbuffer(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    s: *const c_char,
+    sz: usize,
+    n: *const c_char,
+) -> c_int {
+    luaL_loadbufferx(L, s, sz, n, ptr::null())
+}
+
+//
+// TODO: Generic Buffer Manipulation
+//

src/ffi/lua52/lua.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,476 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `lua.h`.
+
+use std::marker::{PhantomData, PhantomPinned};
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_double, c_int, c_uchar, c_uint, c_void};
+use std::ptr;
+
+// Mark for precompiled code (`<esc>Lua`)
+pub const LUA_SIGNATURE: &[u8] = b"\x1bLua";
+
+// Option for multiple returns in 'lua_pcall' and 'lua_call'
+pub const LUA_MULTRET: c_int = -1;
+
+// Size of the Lua stack
+pub const LUAI_MAXSTACK: c_int = 1000000;
+
+//
+// Pseudo-indices
+//
+pub const LUA_REGISTRYINDEX: c_int = -LUAI_MAXSTACK - 1000;
+
+pub const fn lua_upvalueindex(i: c_int) -> c_int {
+    LUA_REGISTRYINDEX - i
+}
+
+//
+// Thread status
+//
+pub const LUA_OK: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_YIELD: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_ERRRUN: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_ERRSYNTAX: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_ERRMEM: c_int = 4;
+pub const LUA_ERRGCMM: c_int = 5;
+pub const LUA_ERRERR: c_int = 6;
+
+/// A raw Lua state associated with a thread.
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct lua_State {
+    _data: [u8; 0],
+    _marker: PhantomData<(*mut u8, PhantomPinned)>,
+}
+
+//
+// Basic types
+//
+pub const LUA_TNONE: c_int = -1;
+
+pub const LUA_TNIL: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_TBOOLEAN: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_TNUMBER: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_TSTRING: c_int = 4;
+pub const LUA_TTABLE: c_int = 5;
+pub const LUA_TFUNCTION: c_int = 6;
+pub const LUA_TUSERDATA: c_int = 7;
+pub const LUA_TTHREAD: c_int = 8;
+
+pub const LUA_NUMTAGS: c_int = 9;
+
+/// Minimum Lua stack available to a C function
+pub const LUA_MINSTACK: c_int = 20;
+
+// Predefined values in the registry
+pub const LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD: lua_Integer = 1;
+pub const LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS: lua_Integer = 2;
+pub const LUA_RIDX_LAST: lua_Integer = LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS;
+
+/// A Lua number, usually equivalent to `f64`
+pub type lua_Number = c_double;
+
+/// A Lua integer, usually equivalent to `i64`
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
+pub type lua_Integer = i32;
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
+pub type lua_Integer = i64;
+
+/// A Lua unsigned integer, equivalent to `u32` in Lua 5.2
+pub type lua_Unsigned = c_uint;
+
+/// Type for native C functions that can be passed to Lua
+pub type lua_CFunction = unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+// Type for functions that read/write blocks when loading/dumping Lua chunks
+pub type lua_Reader =
+    unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, ud: *mut c_void, sz: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+pub type lua_Writer =
+    unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, p: *const c_void, sz: usize, ud: *mut c_void) -> c_int;
+
+/// Type for memory-allocation functions
+pub type lua_Alloc = unsafe extern "C" fn(
+    ud: *mut c_void,
+    ptr: *mut c_void,
+    osize: usize,
+    nsize: usize,
+) -> *mut c_void;
+
+extern "C" {
+    //
+    // State manipulation
+    //
+    pub fn lua_newstate(f: lua_Alloc, ud: *mut c_void) -> *mut lua_State;
+    pub fn lua_close(L: *mut lua_State);
+    pub fn lua_newthread(L: *mut lua_State) -> *mut lua_State;
+
+    pub fn lua_atpanic(L: *mut lua_State, panicf: lua_CFunction) -> lua_CFunction;
+
+    pub fn lua_version(L: *mut lua_State) -> *const lua_Number;
+
+    //
+    // Basic stack manipulation
+    //
+    pub fn lua_absindex(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_gettop(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_settop(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_pushvalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_remove(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_insert(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_replace(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_copy(L: *mut lua_State, fromidx: c_int, toidx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_checkstack(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn lua_xmove(from: *mut lua_State, to: *mut lua_State, n: c_int);
+
+    //
+    // Access functions (stack -> C)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_isnumber(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_isstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_iscfunction(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_isuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_type(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_typename(L: *mut lua_State, tp: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+
+    pub fn lua_tonumberx(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Number;
+    #[link_name = "lua_tointegerx"]
+    pub fn lua_tointegerx_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Integer;
+    pub fn lua_tounsignedx(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Unsigned;
+    pub fn lua_toboolean(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_tolstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, len: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_rawlen(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> usize;
+    pub fn lua_tocfunction(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> Option<lua_CFunction>;
+    pub fn lua_touserdata(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn lua_tothread(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *mut lua_State;
+    pub fn lua_topointer(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *const c_void;
+}
+
+//
+// Comparison and arithmetic functions
+//
+pub const LUA_OPADD: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_OPSUB: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_OPMUL: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_OPDIV: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_OPMOD: c_int = 4;
+pub const LUA_OPPOW: c_int = 5;
+pub const LUA_OPUNM: c_int = 6;
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_arith(L: *mut lua_State, op: c_int);
+}
+
+pub const LUA_OPEQ: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_OPLT: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_OPLE: c_int = 2;
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_rawequal(L: *mut lua_State, idx1: c_int, idx2: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_compare(L: *mut lua_State, idx1: c_int, idx2: c_int, op: c_int) -> c_int;
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    //
+    // Push functions (C -> stack)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_pushnil(L: *mut lua_State);
+    pub fn lua_pushnumber(L: *mut lua_State, n: lua_Number);
+    pub fn lua_pushinteger(L: *mut lua_State, n: lua_Integer);
+    pub fn lua_pushunsigned(L: *mut lua_State, n: lua_Unsigned);
+    #[link_name = "lua_pushlstring"]
+    pub fn lua_pushlstring_(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char, l: usize) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_pushstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> *const c_char;
+    // lua_pushvfstring
+    pub fn lua_pushfstring(L: *mut lua_State, fmt: *const c_char, ...) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_pushcclosure(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_CFunction, n: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_pushboolean(L: *mut lua_State, b: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_pushlightuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, p: *mut c_void);
+    pub fn lua_pushthread(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+    //
+    // Get functions (Lua -> stack)
+    //
+    #[link_name = "lua_getglobal"]
+    pub fn lua_getglobal_(L: *mut lua_State, name: *const c_char);
+    #[link_name = "lua_gettable"]
+    pub fn lua_gettable_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    #[link_name = "lua_getfield"]
+    pub fn lua_getfield_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char);
+    #[link_name = "lua_rawget"]
+    pub fn lua_rawget_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    #[link_name = "lua_rawgeti"]
+    pub fn lua_rawgeti_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: c_int);
+    #[link_name = "lua_rawgetp"]
+    pub fn lua_rawgetp_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void);
+    pub fn lua_createtable(L: *mut lua_State, narr: c_int, nrec: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_newuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, sz: usize) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn lua_getmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, objindex: c_int) -> c_int;
+    #[link_name = "lua_getuservalue"]
+    pub fn lua_getuservalue_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+
+    //
+    // Set functions (stack -> Lua)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_setglobal(L: *mut lua_State, var: *const c_char);
+    pub fn lua_settable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_setfield(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char);
+    pub fn lua_rawset(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    #[link_name = "lua_rawseti"]
+    pub fn lua_rawseti_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_rawsetp(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void);
+    pub fn lua_setmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, objindex: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_setuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+
+    //
+    // 'load' and 'call' functions (load and run Lua code)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_callk(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        nargs: c_int,
+        nresults: c_int,
+        ctx: c_int,
+        k: Option<lua_CFunction>,
+    );
+    pub fn lua_pcallk(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        nargs: c_int,
+        nresults: c_int,
+        errfunc: c_int,
+        ctx: c_int,
+        k: Option<lua_CFunction>,
+    ) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn lua_getctx(L: *mut lua_State, ctx: *mut c_int) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn lua_load(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        reader: lua_Reader,
+        data: *mut c_void,
+        chunkname: *const c_char,
+        mode: *const c_char,
+    ) -> c_int;
+    #[link_name = "lua_dump"]
+    pub fn lua_dump_(L: *mut lua_State, writer: lua_Writer, data: *mut c_void) -> c_int;
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_call(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int, r: c_int) {
+    lua_callk(L, n, r, 0, None)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pcall(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int, r: c_int, f: c_int) -> c_int {
+    lua_pcallk(L, n, r, f, 0, None)
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    //
+    // Coroutine functions
+    //
+    pub fn lua_yieldk(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        nresults: c_int,
+        ctx: c_int,
+        k: Option<lua_CFunction>,
+    ) -> c_int;
+    #[link_name = "lua_resume"]
+    pub fn lua_resume_(L: *mut lua_State, from: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_status(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_yield(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    lua_yieldk(L, n, 0, None)
+}
+
+//
+// Garbage-collection function and options
+//
+pub const LUA_GCSTOP: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_GCRESTART: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_GCCOLLECT: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_GCCOUNT: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_GCCOUNTB: c_int = 4;
+pub const LUA_GCSTEP: c_int = 5;
+pub const LUA_GCSETPAUSE: c_int = 6;
+pub const LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL: c_int = 7;
+pub const LUA_GCSETMAJORINC: c_int = 8;
+pub const LUA_GCISRUNNING: c_int = 9;
+pub const LUA_GCGEN: c_int = 10;
+pub const LUA_GCINC: c_int = 11;
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_gc(L: *mut lua_State, what: c_int, data: c_int) -> c_int;
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    //
+    // Miscellaneous functions
+    //
+    pub fn lua_error(L: *mut lua_State) -> !;
+    pub fn lua_next(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_concat(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_len(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_getallocf(L: *mut lua_State, ud: *mut *mut c_void) -> lua_Alloc;
+    pub fn lua_setallocf(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_Alloc, ud: *mut c_void);
+}
+
+//
+// Some useful macros (implemented as Rust functions)
+//
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tonumber(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> lua_Number {
+    lua_tonumberx(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tointeger_(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> lua_Integer {
+    lua_tointegerx_(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tounsigned(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> lua_Unsigned {
+    lua_tounsignedx(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pop(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) {
+    lua_settop(L, -n - 1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_newtable(L: *mut lua_State) {
+    lua_createtable(L, 0, 0)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_register(L: *mut lua_State, n: *const c_char, f: lua_CFunction) {
+    lua_pushcfunction(L, f);
+    lua_setglobal(L, n)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushcfunction(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_CFunction) {
+    lua_pushcclosure(L, f, 0)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isfunction(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TFUNCTION) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_istable(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TTABLE) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_islightuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isnil(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TNIL) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isboolean(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TBOOLEAN) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isthread(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TTHREAD) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isnone(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TNONE) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isnoneornil(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) <= 0) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushliteral(L: *mut lua_State, s: &'static str) -> *const c_char {
+    use std::ffi::CString;
+    let c_str = CString::new(s).unwrap();
+    lua_pushlstring_(L, c_str.as_ptr(), c_str.as_bytes().len())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushglobaltable(L: *mut lua_State) {
+    lua_rawgeti_(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS as _)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tostring(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> *const c_char {
+    lua_tolstring(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_xpush(from: *mut lua_State, to: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
+    lua_pushvalue(from, idx);
+    lua_xmove(from, to, 1);
+}
+
+//
+// Debug API
+//
+
+// Maximum size for the description of the source of a function in debug information.
+const LUA_IDSIZE: usize = 60;
+
+// Event codes
+pub const LUA_HOOKCALL: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_HOOKRET: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_HOOKLINE: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_HOOKCOUNT: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_HOOKTAILCALL: c_int = 4;
+
+// Event masks
+pub const LUA_MASKCALL: c_int = 1 << (LUA_HOOKCALL as usize);
+pub const LUA_MASKRET: c_int = 1 << (LUA_HOOKRET as usize);
+pub const LUA_MASKLINE: c_int = 1 << (LUA_HOOKLINE as usize);
+pub const LUA_MASKCOUNT: c_int = 1 << (LUA_HOOKCOUNT as usize);
+
+/// Type for functions to be called on debug events.
+pub type lua_Hook = unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *mut lua_Debug);
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_getstack(L: *mut lua_State, level: c_int, ar: *mut lua_Debug) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getinfo(L: *mut lua_State, what: *const c_char, ar: *mut lua_Debug) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getlocal(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *const lua_Debug, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_setlocal(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *const lua_Debug, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_getupvalue(L: *mut lua_State, funcindex: c_int, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_setupvalue(L: *mut lua_State, funcindex: c_int, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+
+    pub fn lua_upvalueid(L: *mut lua_State, fidx: c_int, n: c_int) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn lua_upvaluejoin(L: *mut lua_State, fidx1: c_int, n1: c_int, fidx2: c_int, n2: c_int);
+
+    pub fn lua_sethook(L: *mut lua_State, func: Option<lua_Hook>, mask: c_int, count: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_gethook(L: *mut lua_State) -> Option<lua_Hook>;
+    pub fn lua_gethookmask(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_gethookcount(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct lua_Debug {
+    pub event: c_int,
+    pub name: *const c_char,
+    pub namewhat: *const c_char,
+    pub what: *const c_char,
+    pub source: *const c_char,
+    pub currentline: c_int,
+    pub linedefined: c_int,
+    pub lastlinedefined: c_int,
+    pub nups: c_uchar,
+    pub nparams: c_uchar,
+    pub isvararg: c_char,
+    pub istailcall: c_char,
+    pub short_src: [c_char; LUA_IDSIZE],
+    // lua.h mentions this is for private use
+    i_ci: *mut c_void,
+}

src/ffi/lua52/lualib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `lualib.h`.
+
+use std::os::raw::c_int;
+
+use super::lua::lua_State;
+
+pub const LUA_COLIBNAME: &str = "coroutine";
+pub const LUA_TABLIBNAME: &str = "table";
+pub const LUA_IOLIBNAME: &str = "io";
+pub const LUA_OSLIBNAME: &str = "os";
+pub const LUA_STRLIBNAME: &str = "string";
+pub const LUA_BITLIBNAME: &str = "bit32";
+pub const LUA_MATHLIBNAME: &str = "math";
+pub const LUA_DBLIBNAME: &str = "debug";
+pub const LUA_LOADLIBNAME: &str = "package";
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaopen_base(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_coroutine(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_table(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_io(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_os(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_string(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_bit32(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_math(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_debug(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_package(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+    // open all builtin libraries
+    pub fn luaL_openlibs(L: *mut lua_State);
+}

src/ffi/lua52/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//! Low level bindings to Lua 5.2.
+
+pub use compat::*;
+pub use lauxlib::*;
+pub use lua::*;
+pub use lualib::*;
+
+pub mod compat;
+pub mod lauxlib;
+pub mod lua;
+pub mod lualib;

src/ffi/lua53/compat.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//! MLua compatibility layer for Lua 5.2
+
+use std::os::raw::c_int;
+
+use super::lua::*;
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_resume(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    from: *mut lua_State,
+    narg: c_int,
+    nres: *mut c_int,
+) -> c_int {
+    let ret = lua_resume_(L, from, narg);
+    if (ret == LUA_OK || ret == LUA_YIELD) && !(nres.is_null()) {
+        *nres = lua_gettop(L);
+    }
+    ret
+}

src/ffi/lua53/lauxlib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `lauxlib.h`.
+
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_void};
+use std::ptr;
+
+use super::lua::{self, lua_CFunction, lua_Integer, lua_Number, lua_State};
+
+// Extra error code for 'luaL_loadfilex'
+pub const LUA_ERRFILE: c_int = lua::LUA_ERRERR + 1;
+
+// Key, in the registry, for table of loaded modules
+pub const LUA_LOADED_TABLE: &str = "_LOADED";
+
+// Key, in the registry, for table of preloaded loaders
+pub const LUA_PRELOAD_TABLE: &str = "_PRELOAD";
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct luaL_Reg {
+    pub name: *const c_char,
+    pub func: lua_CFunction,
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaL_checkversion_(L: *mut lua_State, ver: lua_Number, sz: usize);
+
+    pub fn luaL_getmetafield(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_callmeta(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_tolstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, len: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn luaL_argerror(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, extramsg: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_checklstring(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, l: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn luaL_optlstring(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        arg: c_int,
+        def: *const c_char,
+        l: *mut usize,
+    ) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn luaL_checknumber(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int) -> lua_Number;
+    pub fn luaL_optnumber(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, def: lua_Number) -> lua_Number;
+    pub fn luaL_checkinteger(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int) -> lua_Integer;
+    pub fn luaL_optinteger(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, def: lua_Integer) -> lua_Integer;
+
+    pub fn luaL_checkstack(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int, msg: *const c_char);
+    pub fn luaL_checktype(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, t: c_int);
+    pub fn luaL_checkany(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int);
+
+    pub fn luaL_newmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_setmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char);
+    pub fn luaL_testudata(L: *mut lua_State, ud: c_int, tname: *const c_char) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn luaL_checkudata(L: *mut lua_State, ud: c_int, tname: *const c_char) -> *mut c_void;
+
+    pub fn luaL_where(L: *mut lua_State, lvl: c_int);
+    pub fn luaL_error(L: *mut lua_State, fmt: *const c_char, ...) -> !;
+
+    pub fn luaL_checkoption(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        arg: c_int,
+        def: *const c_char,
+        lst: *const *const c_char,
+    ) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn luaL_fileresult(L: *mut lua_State, stat: c_int, fname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_execresult(L: *mut lua_State, stat: c_int) -> c_int;
+}
+
+// Pre-defined references
+pub const LUA_NOREF: c_int = -2;
+pub const LUA_REFNIL: c_int = -1;
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaL_ref(L: *mut lua_State, t: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_unref(L: *mut lua_State, t: c_int, r#ref: c_int);
+
+    pub fn luaL_loadfilex(L: *mut lua_State, filename: *const c_char, mode: *const c_char)
+        -> c_int;
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_loadfile(L: *mut lua_State, f: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    luaL_loadfilex(L, f, ptr::null())
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaL_loadbufferx(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        buff: *const c_char,
+        sz: usize,
+        name: *const c_char,
+        mode: *const c_char,
+    ) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_loadstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn luaL_newstate() -> *mut lua_State;
+
+    pub fn luaL_len(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> lua_Integer;
+
+    pub fn luaL_gsub(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        s: *const c_char,
+        p: *const c_char,
+        r: *const c_char,
+    ) -> *const c_char;
+
+    pub fn luaL_setfuncs(L: *mut lua_State, l: *const luaL_Reg, nup: c_int);
+
+    pub fn luaL_getsubtable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, fname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn luaL_traceback(L: *mut lua_State, L1: *mut lua_State, msg: *const c_char, level: c_int);
+
+    pub fn luaL_requiref(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        modname: *const c_char,
+        openf: lua_CFunction,
+        glb: c_int,
+    );
+}
+
+//
+// Some useful macros (implemented as Rust functions)
+//
+
+// TODO: luaL_newlibtable, luaL_newlib
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_argcheck(L: *mut lua_State, cond: c_int, arg: c_int, extramsg: *const c_char) {
+    if cond == 0 {
+        luaL_argerror(L, arg, extramsg);
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_checkstring(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> *const c_char {
+    luaL_checklstring(L, n, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_optstring(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int, d: *const c_char) -> *const c_char {
+    luaL_optlstring(L, n, d, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_typename(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> *const c_char {
+    lua::lua_typename(L, lua::lua_type(L, i))
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_dofile(L: *mut lua_State, filename: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    let status = luaL_loadfile(L, filename);
+    if status == 0 {
+        lua::lua_pcall(L, 0, lua::LUA_MULTRET, 0)
+    } else {
+        status
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_dostring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    let status = luaL_loadstring(L, s);
+    if status == 0 {
+        lua::lua_pcall(L, 0, lua::LUA_MULTRET, 0)
+    } else {
+        status
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_getmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, n: *const c_char) {
+    lua::lua_getfield(L, lua::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, n);
+}
+
+// luaL_opt would be implemented here but it is undocumented, so it's omitted
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_loadbuffer(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    s: *const c_char,
+    sz: usize,
+    n: *const c_char,
+) -> c_int {
+    luaL_loadbufferx(L, s, sz, n, ptr::null())
+}
+
+//
+// TODO: Generic Buffer Manipulation
+//

src/ffi/lua53/lua.rs

@@ -1,84 +1,52 @@
-// The MIT License (MIT)
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2019 A. Orlenko
-// Copyright (c) 2014 J.C. Moyer
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
-// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
-// THE SOFTWARE.
-
 //! Contains definitions from `lua.h`.
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-use std::os::raw::c_uchar;
-use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_void};
+use std::marker::{PhantomData, PhantomPinned};
+use std::mem;
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_double, c_int, c_uchar, c_void};
 use std::ptr;
 
-use super::luaconf;
+// Mark for precompiled code (`<esc>Lua`)
+pub const LUA_SIGNATURE: &[u8] = b"\x1bLua";
 
-pub use super::glue::{LUA_RELEASE, LUA_VERSION, LUA_VERSION_NUM};
-
-pub use super::glue::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX;
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub use super::glue::{LUA_ENVIRONINDEX, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX};
-
-pub const LUA_SIGNATURE: &'static [u8] = b"\x1bLua";
-
-// option for multiple returns in 'lua_pcall' and 'lua_call'
+// Option for multiple returns in 'lua_pcall' and 'lua_call'
 pub const LUA_MULTRET: c_int = -1;
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub use super::compat53::{
-    lua_dump, lua_getextraspace, lua_getfield, lua_geti, lua_gettable, lua_getuservalue,
-    lua_isinteger, lua_pushlstring, lua_rawget, lua_rawgeti, lua_rawgetp, lua_rotate, lua_seti,
-    lua_stringtonumber, lua_tointegerx,
-};
+// Size of the Lua stack
+pub const LUAI_MAXSTACK: c_int = 1000000;
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub use super::compat53::{
-    lua_absindex, lua_arith, lua_compare, lua_copy, lua_len, lua_pushglobaltable, lua_pushstring,
-    lua_rawlen, lua_rawsetp, lua_resume, lua_setuservalue, lua_tonumberx, lua_upvalueindex,
-};
+// Size of a raw memory area associated with  a Lua state with very fast access.
+pub const LUA_EXTRASPACE: usize = mem::size_of::<*const ()>();
 
-#[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-pub use super::compat53::lua_getglobal;
+//
+// Pseudo-indices
+//
+pub const LUA_REGISTRYINDEX: c_int = -LUAI_MAXSTACK - 1000;
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-#[inline(always)]
-pub fn lua_upvalueindex(i: c_int) -> c_int {
+pub const fn lua_upvalueindex(i: c_int) -> c_int {
     LUA_REGISTRYINDEX - i
 }
 
-// thread status
+//
+// Thread status
+//
 pub const LUA_OK: c_int = 0;
 pub const LUA_YIELD: c_int = 1;
 pub const LUA_ERRRUN: c_int = 2;
 pub const LUA_ERRSYNTAX: c_int = 3;
 pub const LUA_ERRMEM: c_int = 4;
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
 pub const LUA_ERRGCMM: c_int = 5;
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub const LUA_ERRERR: c_int = 5;
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
 pub const LUA_ERRERR: c_int = 6;
 
-pub type lua_State = c_void;
+/// A raw Lua state associated with a thread.
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct lua_State {
+    _data: [u8; 0],
+    _marker: PhantomData<(*mut u8, PhantomPinned)>,
+}
 
-// basic types
+//
+// Basic types
+//
 pub const LUA_TNONE: c_int = -1;
 
 pub const LUA_TNIL: c_int = 0;
@@ -91,38 +59,32 @@ pub const LUA_TFUNCTION: c_int = 6;
 pub const LUA_TUSERDATA: c_int = 7;
 pub const LUA_TTHREAD: c_int = 8;
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
 pub const LUA_NUMTAGS: c_int = 9;
 
-// minimum stack available to a C function
+/// Minimum Lua stack available to a C function
 pub const LUA_MINSTACK: c_int = 20;
 
-// predefined values in the registry
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
+// Predefined values in the registry
 pub const LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD: lua_Integer = 1;
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
 pub const LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS: lua_Integer = 2;
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
 pub const LUA_RIDX_LAST: lua_Integer = LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS;
 
-/// A Lua number, usually equivalent to `f64`.
-pub type lua_Number = luaconf::LUA_NUMBER;
+/// A Lua number, usually equivalent to `f64`
+pub type lua_Number = c_double;
 
-/// A Lua integer, usually equivalent to `i64`.
-pub type lua_Integer = luaconf::LUA_INTEGER;
+/// A Lua integer, usually equivalent to `i64`
+pub type lua_Integer = i64;
 
-// unsigned integer type
-pub type lua_Unsigned = luaconf::LUA_UNSIGNED;
+/// A Lua unsigned integer, usually equivalent to `u64`
+pub type lua_Unsigned = u64;
 
-// type for continuation-function contexts
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-pub type lua_KContext = luaconf::LUA_KCONTEXT;
+/// Type for continuation-function contexts
+pub type lua_KContext = isize;
 
-/// Type for native functions that can be passed to Lua.
+/// Type for native C functions that can be passed to Lua
 pub type lua_CFunction = unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
 
-// Type for continuation functions
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
+/// Type for continuation functions
 pub type lua_KFunction =
     unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, status: c_int, ctx: lua_KContext) -> c_int;
 
@@ -132,7 +94,7 @@ pub type lua_Reader =
 pub type lua_Writer =
     unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, p: *const c_void, sz: usize, ud: *mut c_void) -> c_int;
 
-/// Type for memory-allocation functions.
+/// Type for memory-allocation functions
 pub type lua_Alloc = unsafe extern "C" fn(
     ud: *mut c_void,
     ptr: *mut c_void,
@@ -141,105 +103,71 @@ pub type lua_Alloc = unsafe extern "C" fn(
 ) -> *mut c_void;
 
 extern "C" {
-    // state manipulation
+    //
+    // State manipulation
+    //
     pub fn lua_newstate(f: lua_Alloc, ud: *mut c_void) -> *mut lua_State;
     pub fn lua_close(L: *mut lua_State);
     pub fn lua_newthread(L: *mut lua_State) -> *mut lua_State;
 
     pub fn lua_atpanic(L: *mut lua_State, panicf: lua_CFunction) -> lua_CFunction;
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_version(L: *mut lua_State) -> *const lua_Number;
 
-    // basic stack manipulation
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
+    //
+    // Basic stack manipulation
+    //
     pub fn lua_absindex(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
     pub fn lua_gettop(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
     pub fn lua_settop(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
     pub fn lua_pushvalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn lua_remove(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn lua_insert(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn lua_replace(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_rotate(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: c_int);
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
     pub fn lua_copy(L: *mut lua_State, fromidx: c_int, toidx: c_int);
     pub fn lua_checkstack(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int) -> c_int;
 
     pub fn lua_xmove(from: *mut lua_State, to: *mut lua_State, n: c_int);
 
-    // access functions (stack -> C)
+    //
+    // Access functions (stack -> C)
+    //
     pub fn lua_isnumber(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
     pub fn lua_isstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
     pub fn lua_iscfunction(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_isinteger(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
     pub fn lua_isuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
     pub fn lua_type(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
     pub fn lua_typename(L: *mut lua_State, tp: c_int) -> *const c_char;
 
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn lua_tonumber(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> lua_Number;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
     pub fn lua_tonumberx(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Number;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn lua_tointeger(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> lua_Integer;
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_tointegerx(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Integer;
     pub fn lua_toboolean(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
     pub fn lua_tolstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, len: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn lua_objlen(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> usize;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
     pub fn lua_rawlen(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> usize;
-    pub fn lua_tocfunction(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> lua_CFunction;
+    pub fn lua_tocfunction(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> Option<lua_CFunction>;
     pub fn lua_touserdata(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *mut c_void;
     pub fn lua_tothread(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *mut lua_State;
     pub fn lua_topointer(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *const c_void;
 }
 
+//
 // Comparison and arithmetic functions
+//
 pub const LUA_OPADD: c_int = 0;
 pub const LUA_OPSUB: c_int = 1;
 pub const LUA_OPMUL: c_int = 2;
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub const LUA_OPDIV: c_int = 3;
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub const LUA_OPMOD: c_int = 4;
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub const LUA_OPPOW: c_int = 5;
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub const LUA_OPUNM: c_int = 6;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
 pub const LUA_OPMOD: c_int = 3;
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
 pub const LUA_OPPOW: c_int = 4;
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
 pub const LUA_OPDIV: c_int = 5;
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
 pub const LUA_OPIDIV: c_int = 6;
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
 pub const LUA_OPBAND: c_int = 7;
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
 pub const LUA_OPBOR: c_int = 8;
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
 pub const LUA_OPBXOR: c_int = 9;
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
 pub const LUA_OPSHL: c_int = 10;
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
 pub const LUA_OPSHR: c_int = 11;
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
 pub const LUA_OPUNM: c_int = 12;
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
 pub const LUA_OPBNOT: c_int = 13;
 
 extern "C" {
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
     pub fn lua_arith(L: *mut lua_State, op: c_int);
 }
 
@@ -248,118 +176,58 @@ pub const LUA_OPLT: c_int = 1;
 pub const LUA_OPLE: c_int = 2;
 
 extern "C" {
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn lua_equal(L: *mut lua_State, idx1: c_int, idx2: c_int) -> c_int;
     pub fn lua_rawequal(L: *mut lua_State, idx1: c_int, idx2: c_int) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn lua_lessthan(L: *mut lua_State, idx1: c_int, idx2: c_int) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
     pub fn lua_compare(L: *mut lua_State, idx1: c_int, idx2: c_int, op: c_int) -> c_int;
 }
 
-// push functions (C -> stack)
 extern "C" {
+    //
+    // Push functions (C -> stack)
+    //
     pub fn lua_pushnil(L: *mut lua_State);
     pub fn lua_pushnumber(L: *mut lua_State, n: lua_Number);
     pub fn lua_pushinteger(L: *mut lua_State, n: lua_Integer);
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-    pub fn lua_pushlstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char, l: usize) -> *const c_char;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    #[link_name = "lua_pushlstring"]
-    pub fn lua_pushlstring_old(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char, l: usize) -> *const c_char;
-
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
+    pub fn lua_pushlstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char, len: usize) -> *const c_char;
     pub fn lua_pushstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> *const c_char;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    #[link_name = "lua_pushstring"]
-    pub fn lua_pushstring_old(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> *const c_char;
-
-    // TODO: omitted:
     // lua_pushvfstring
     pub fn lua_pushfstring(L: *mut lua_State, fmt: *const c_char, ...) -> *const c_char;
     pub fn lua_pushcclosure(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_CFunction, n: c_int);
     pub fn lua_pushboolean(L: *mut lua_State, b: c_int);
     pub fn lua_pushlightuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, p: *mut c_void);
     pub fn lua_pushthread(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-}
 
-// get functions (Lua -> stack)
-extern "C" {
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-    pub fn lua_getglobal(L: *mut lua_State, var: *const c_char) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-    #[link_name = "lua_getglobal"]
-    pub fn lua_getglobal_old(L: *mut lua_State, var: *const c_char);
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
+    //
+    // Get functions (Lua -> stack)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_getglobal(L: *mut lua_State, name: *const c_char) -> c_int;
     pub fn lua_gettable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    #[link_name = "lua_gettable"]
-    pub fn lua_gettable_old(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_getfield(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    #[link_name = "lua_getfield"]
-    pub fn lua_getfield_old(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char);
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_geti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) -> c_int;
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_rawget(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    #[link_name = "lua_rawget"]
-    pub fn lua_rawget_old(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_rawgeti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    #[link_name = "lua_rawgeti"]
-    pub fn lua_rawgeti_old(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer);
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_rawgetp(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-    #[link_name = "lua_rawgetp"]
-    pub fn lua_rawgetp_old(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void);
 
     pub fn lua_createtable(L: *mut lua_State, narr: c_int, nrec: c_int);
     pub fn lua_newuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, sz: usize) -> *mut c_void;
     pub fn lua_getmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, objindex: c_int) -> c_int;
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_getuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-    #[link_name = "lua_getuservalue"]
-    pub fn lua_getuservalue_old(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn lua_getfenv(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
-}
 
-// set functions (stack -> Lua)
-extern "C" {
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub fn lua_setglobal(L: *mut lua_State, var: *const c_char);
+    //
+    // Set functions (stack -> Lua)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_setglobal(L: *mut lua_State, name: *const c_char);
     pub fn lua_settable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
     pub fn lua_setfield(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char);
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_seti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer);
     pub fn lua_rawset(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
     pub fn lua_rawseti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer);
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
     pub fn lua_rawsetp(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void);
     pub fn lua_setmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, objindex: c_int) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
     pub fn lua_setuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn lua_setfenv(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
-}
 
-// 'load' and 'call' functions (load and run Lua code)
-extern "C" {
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
+    //
+    // 'load' and 'call' functions (load and run Lua code)
+    //
     pub fn lua_callk(
         L: *mut lua_State,
         nargs: c_int,
@@ -367,16 +235,6 @@ extern "C" {
         ctx: lua_KContext,
         k: Option<lua_KFunction>,
     );
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-    pub fn lua_callk(
-        L: *mut lua_State,
-        nargs: c_int,
-        nresults: c_int,
-        ctx: c_int,
-        k: Option<lua_CFunction>,
-    );
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_pcallk(
         L: *mut lua_State,
         nargs: c_int,
@@ -385,94 +243,57 @@ extern "C" {
         ctx: lua_KContext,
         k: Option<lua_KFunction>,
     ) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-    pub fn lua_pcallk(
-        L: *mut lua_State,
-        nargs: c_int,
-        nresults: c_int,
-        errfunc: c_int,
-        ctx: c_int,
-        k: Option<lua_CFunction>,
-    ) -> c_int;
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-    pub fn lua_getctx(L: *mut lua_State, ctx: *mut c_int) -> c_int;
-
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn lua_call(L: *mut lua_State, nargs: c_int, nresults: c_int);
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn lua_pcall(L: *mut lua_State, nargs: c_int, nresults: c_int, errfunc: c_int) -> c_int;
-
-    // TODO
     pub fn lua_load(
         L: *mut lua_State,
         reader: lua_Reader,
-        dt: *mut c_void,
+        data: *mut c_void,
         chunkname: *const c_char,
         mode: *const c_char,
     ) -> c_int;
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_dump(
         L: *mut lua_State,
         writer: lua_Writer,
         data: *mut c_void,
         strip: c_int,
     ) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    #[link_name = "lua_dump"]
-    pub fn lua_dump_old(L: *mut lua_State, writer: lua_Writer, data: *mut c_void) -> c_int;
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
 #[inline(always)]
 pub unsafe fn lua_call(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int, r: c_int) {
     lua_callk(L, n, r, 0, None)
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
 #[inline(always)]
 pub unsafe fn lua_pcall(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int, r: c_int, f: c_int) -> c_int {
     lua_pcallk(L, n, r, f, 0, None)
 }
 
-// coroutine functions
 extern "C" {
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
+    //
+    // Coroutine functions
+    //
     pub fn lua_yieldk(
         L: *mut lua_State,
         nresults: c_int,
         ctx: lua_KContext,
         k: Option<lua_KFunction>,
     ) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-    pub fn lua_yieldk(
-        L: *mut lua_State,
-        nresults: c_int,
-        ctx: c_int,
-        k: Option<lua_CFunction>,
-    ) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-    pub fn lua_yield(L: *mut lua_State, nresults: c_int) -> c_int;
-
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub fn lua_resume(L: *mut lua_State, from: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
     #[link_name = "lua_resume"]
-    pub fn lua_resume_old(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int) -> c_int;
-
+    pub fn lua_resume_(L: *mut lua_State, from: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int) -> c_int;
     pub fn lua_status(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_isyieldable(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
 #[inline(always)]
 pub unsafe fn lua_yield(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
     lua_yieldk(L, n, 0, None)
 }
 
-// garbage-collection function and options
+//
+// Garbage-collection function and options
+//
 pub const LUA_GCSTOP: c_int = 0;
 pub const LUA_GCRESTART: c_int = 1;
 pub const LUA_GCCOLLECT: c_int = 2;
@@ -481,41 +302,38 @@ pub const LUA_GCCOUNTB: c_int = 4;
 pub const LUA_GCSTEP: c_int = 5;
 pub const LUA_GCSETPAUSE: c_int = 6;
 pub const LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL: c_int = 7;
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
 pub const LUA_GCISRUNNING: c_int = 9;
 
 extern "C" {
     pub fn lua_gc(L: *mut lua_State, what: c_int, data: c_int) -> c_int;
 }
 
-// miscellaneous functions
 extern "C" {
+    //
+    // Miscellaneous functions
+    //
     pub fn lua_error(L: *mut lua_State) -> !;
     pub fn lua_next(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
     pub fn lua_concat(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int);
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
     pub fn lua_len(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
     pub fn lua_stringtonumber(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> usize;
     pub fn lua_getallocf(L: *mut lua_State, ud: *mut *mut c_void) -> lua_Alloc;
     pub fn lua_setallocf(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_Alloc, ud: *mut c_void);
 }
 
-// some useful macros
-// here, implemented as Rust functions
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
+//
+// Some useful macros (implemented as Rust functions)
+//
 #[inline(always)]
 pub unsafe fn lua_getextraspace(L: *mut lua_State) -> *mut c_void {
-    L.offset(-super::glue::LUA_EXTRASPACE as isize) as *mut c_void
+    (L as *mut c_char).sub(LUA_EXTRASPACE) as *mut c_void
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
 #[inline(always)]
 pub unsafe fn lua_tonumber(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> lua_Number {
     lua_tonumberx(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
 #[inline(always)]
 pub unsafe fn lua_tointeger(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> lua_Integer {
     lua_tointegerx(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
@@ -589,19 +407,6 @@ pub unsafe fn lua_pushliteral(L: *mut lua_State, s: &'static str) -> *const c_ch
     lua_pushlstring(L, c_str.as_ptr(), c_str.as_bytes().len())
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-#[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn lua_setglobal(L: *mut lua_State, var: *const c_char) {
-    lua_setfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, var)
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-#[inline(always)]
-pub unsafe fn lua_getglobal(L: *mut lua_State, var: *const c_char) -> c_int {
-    lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, var)
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
 #[inline(always)]
 pub unsafe fn lua_pushglobaltable(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int {
     lua_rawgeti(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS)
@@ -612,27 +417,36 @@ pub unsafe fn lua_tostring(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> *const c_char {
     lua_tolstring(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
 #[inline(always)]
 pub unsafe fn lua_insert(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
     lua_rotate(L, idx, 1)
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
 #[inline(always)]
 pub unsafe fn lua_remove(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
     lua_rotate(L, idx, -1);
     lua_pop(L, 1)
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
 #[inline(always)]
 pub unsafe fn lua_replace(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
     lua_copy(L, -1, idx);
     lua_pop(L, 1)
 }
 
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_xpush(from: *mut lua_State, to: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
+    lua_pushvalue(from, idx);
+    lua_xmove(from, to, 1);
+}
+
+//
 // Debug API
+//
+
+// Maximum size for the description of the source of a function in debug information.
+const LUA_IDSIZE: usize = 60;
+
 // Event codes
 pub const LUA_HOOKCALL: c_int = 0;
 pub const LUA_HOOKRET: c_int = 1;
@@ -647,7 +461,7 @@ pub const LUA_MASKLINE: c_int = 1 << (LUA_HOOKLINE as usize);
 pub const LUA_MASKCOUNT: c_int = 1 << (LUA_HOOKCOUNT as usize);
 
 /// Type for functions to be called on debug events.
-pub type lua_Hook = extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *mut lua_Debug);
+pub type lua_Hook = unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *mut lua_Debug);
 
 extern "C" {
     pub fn lua_getstack(L: *mut lua_State, level: c_int, ar: *mut lua_Debug) -> c_int;
@@ -657,18 +471,15 @@ extern "C" {
     pub fn lua_getupvalue(L: *mut lua_State, funcindex: c_int, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
     pub fn lua_setupvalue(L: *mut lua_State, funcindex: c_int, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
 
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
     pub fn lua_upvalueid(L: *mut lua_State, fidx: c_int, n: c_int) -> *mut c_void;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
     pub fn lua_upvaluejoin(L: *mut lua_State, fidx1: c_int, n1: c_int, fidx2: c_int, n2: c_int);
 
-    pub fn lua_sethook(L: *mut lua_State, func: lua_Hook, mask: c_int, count: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_sethook(L: *mut lua_State, func: Option<lua_Hook>, mask: c_int, count: c_int);
     pub fn lua_gethook(L: *mut lua_State) -> Option<lua_Hook>;
     pub fn lua_gethookmask(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
     pub fn lua_gethookcount(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
 #[repr(C)]
 pub struct lua_Debug {
     pub event: c_int,
@@ -683,24 +494,7 @@ pub struct lua_Debug {
     pub nparams: c_uchar,
     pub isvararg: c_char,
     pub istailcall: c_char,
-    pub short_src: [c_char; luaconf::LUA_IDSIZE as usize],
+    pub short_src: [c_char; LUA_IDSIZE],
     // lua.h mentions this is for private use
     i_ci: *mut c_void,
 }
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-#[repr(C)]
-pub struct lua_Debug {
-    pub event: c_int,
-    pub name: *const c_char,
-    pub namewhat: *const c_char,
-    pub what: *const c_char,
-    pub source: *const c_char,
-    pub currentline: c_int,
-    pub nups: c_int,
-    pub linedefined: c_int,
-    pub lastlinedefined: c_int,
-    pub short_src: [c_char; luaconf::LUA_IDSIZE as usize],
-    // lua.h mentions this is for private use
-    i_ci: c_int,
-}

src/ffi/lua53/lualib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `lualib.h`.
+
+use std::os::raw::c_int;
+
+use super::lua::lua_State;
+
+pub const LUA_COLIBNAME: &str = "coroutine";
+pub const LUA_TABLIBNAME: &str = "table";
+pub const LUA_IOLIBNAME: &str = "io";
+pub const LUA_OSLIBNAME: &str = "os";
+pub const LUA_STRLIBNAME: &str = "string";
+pub const LUA_UTF8LIBNAME: &str = "utf8";
+pub const LUA_BITLIBNAME: &str = "bit32";
+pub const LUA_MATHLIBNAME: &str = "math";
+pub const LUA_DBLIBNAME: &str = "debug";
+pub const LUA_LOADLIBNAME: &str = "package";
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaopen_base(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_coroutine(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_table(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_io(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_os(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_string(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_utf8(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_bit32(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_math(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_debug(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_package(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+    // open all builtin libraries
+    pub fn luaL_openlibs(L: *mut lua_State);
+}

src/ffi/lua53/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//! Low level bindings to Lua 5.3.
+
+pub use compat::*;
+pub use lauxlib::*;
+pub use lua::*;
+pub use lualib::*;
+
+pub mod compat;
+pub mod lauxlib;
+pub mod lua;
+pub mod lualib;

src/ffi/lua54/lauxlib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `lauxlib.h`.
+
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_void};
+use std::ptr;
+
+use super::lua::{self, lua_CFunction, lua_Integer, lua_Number, lua_State};
+
+// Extra error code for 'luaL_loadfilex'
+pub const LUA_ERRFILE: c_int = lua::LUA_ERRERR + 1;
+
+// Key, in the registry, for table of loaded modules
+pub const LUA_LOADED_TABLE: &str = "_LOADED";
+
+// Key, in the registry, for table of preloaded loaders
+pub const LUA_PRELOAD_TABLE: &str = "_PRELOAD";
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct luaL_Reg {
+    pub name: *const c_char,
+    pub func: lua_CFunction,
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaL_checkversion_(L: *mut lua_State, ver: lua_Number, sz: usize);
+
+    pub fn luaL_getmetafield(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_callmeta(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_tolstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, len: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn luaL_argerror(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, extramsg: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_checklstring(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, l: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn luaL_optlstring(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        arg: c_int,
+        def: *const c_char,
+        l: *mut usize,
+    ) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn luaL_checknumber(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int) -> lua_Number;
+    pub fn luaL_optnumber(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, def: lua_Number) -> lua_Number;
+    pub fn luaL_checkinteger(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int) -> lua_Integer;
+    pub fn luaL_optinteger(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, def: lua_Integer) -> lua_Integer;
+
+    pub fn luaL_checkstack(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int, msg: *const c_char);
+    pub fn luaL_checktype(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int, t: c_int);
+    pub fn luaL_checkany(L: *mut lua_State, arg: c_int);
+
+    pub fn luaL_newmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_setmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char);
+    pub fn luaL_testudata(L: *mut lua_State, ud: c_int, tname: *const c_char) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn luaL_checkudata(L: *mut lua_State, ud: c_int, tname: *const c_char) -> *mut c_void;
+
+    pub fn luaL_where(L: *mut lua_State, lvl: c_int);
+    pub fn luaL_error(L: *mut lua_State, fmt: *const c_char, ...) -> !;
+
+    pub fn luaL_checkoption(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        arg: c_int,
+        def: *const c_char,
+        lst: *const *const c_char,
+    ) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn luaL_fileresult(L: *mut lua_State, stat: c_int, fname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_execresult(L: *mut lua_State, stat: c_int) -> c_int;
+}
+
+// Pre-defined references
+pub const LUA_NOREF: c_int = -2;
+pub const LUA_REFNIL: c_int = -1;
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaL_ref(L: *mut lua_State, t: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_unref(L: *mut lua_State, t: c_int, r#ref: c_int);
+
+    pub fn luaL_loadfilex(L: *mut lua_State, filename: *const c_char, mode: *const c_char)
+        -> c_int;
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_loadfile(L: *mut lua_State, f: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    luaL_loadfilex(L, f, ptr::null())
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaL_loadbufferx(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        buff: *const c_char,
+        sz: usize,
+        name: *const c_char,
+        mode: *const c_char,
+    ) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_loadstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn luaL_newstate() -> *mut lua_State;
+
+    pub fn luaL_len(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> lua_Integer;
+
+    // TODO: luaL_addgsub
+
+    pub fn luaL_gsub(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        s: *const c_char,
+        p: *const c_char,
+        r: *const c_char,
+    ) -> *const c_char;
+
+    pub fn luaL_setfuncs(L: *mut lua_State, l: *const luaL_Reg, nup: c_int);
+
+    pub fn luaL_getsubtable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, fname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn luaL_traceback(L: *mut lua_State, L1: *mut lua_State, msg: *const c_char, level: c_int);
+
+    pub fn luaL_requiref(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        modname: *const c_char,
+        openf: lua_CFunction,
+        glb: c_int,
+    );
+}
+
+//
+// Some useful macros (implemented as Rust functions)
+//
+
+// TODO: luaL_newlibtable, luaL_newlib
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_argcheck(L: *mut lua_State, cond: c_int, arg: c_int, extramsg: *const c_char) {
+    if cond == 0 {
+        luaL_argerror(L, arg, extramsg);
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_checkstring(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> *const c_char {
+    luaL_checklstring(L, n, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_optstring(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int, d: *const c_char) -> *const c_char {
+    luaL_optlstring(L, n, d, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_typename(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> *const c_char {
+    lua::lua_typename(L, lua::lua_type(L, i))
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_dofile(L: *mut lua_State, filename: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    let status = luaL_loadfile(L, filename);
+    if status == 0 {
+        lua::lua_pcall(L, 0, lua::LUA_MULTRET, 0)
+    } else {
+        status
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_dostring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    let status = luaL_loadstring(L, s);
+    if status == 0 {
+        lua::lua_pcall(L, 0, lua::LUA_MULTRET, 0)
+    } else {
+        status
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_getmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, n: *const c_char) {
+    lua::lua_getfield(L, lua::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, n);
+}
+
+// luaL_opt would be implemented here but it is undocumented, so it's omitted
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_loadbuffer(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    s: *const c_char,
+    sz: usize,
+    n: *const c_char,
+) -> c_int {
+    luaL_loadbufferx(L, s, sz, n, ptr::null())
+}
+
+//
+// TODO: Generic Buffer Manipulation
+//

src/ffi/lua54/lua.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,542 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `lua.h`.
+
+use std::marker::{PhantomData, PhantomPinned};
+use std::mem;
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_double, c_int, c_uchar, c_ushort, c_void};
+use std::ptr;
+
+// Mark for precompiled code (`<esc>Lua`)
+pub const LUA_SIGNATURE: &[u8] = b"\x1bLua";
+
+// Option for multiple returns in 'lua_pcall' and 'lua_call'
+pub const LUA_MULTRET: c_int = -1;
+
+// Size of the Lua stack
+pub const LUAI_MAXSTACK: c_int = 1000000;
+
+// Size of a raw memory area associated with  a Lua state with very fast access.
+pub const LUA_EXTRASPACE: usize = mem::size_of::<*const ()>();
+
+//
+// Pseudo-indices
+//
+pub const LUA_REGISTRYINDEX: c_int = -LUAI_MAXSTACK - 1000;
+
+pub const fn lua_upvalueindex(i: c_int) -> c_int {
+    LUA_REGISTRYINDEX - i
+}
+
+//
+// Thread status
+//
+pub const LUA_OK: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_YIELD: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_ERRRUN: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_ERRSYNTAX: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_ERRMEM: c_int = 4;
+pub const LUA_ERRERR: c_int = 5;
+
+/// A raw Lua state associated with a thread.
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct lua_State {
+    _data: [u8; 0],
+    _marker: PhantomData<(*mut u8, PhantomPinned)>,
+}
+
+//
+// Basic types
+//
+pub const LUA_TNONE: c_int = -1;
+
+pub const LUA_TNIL: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_TBOOLEAN: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_TNUMBER: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_TSTRING: c_int = 4;
+pub const LUA_TTABLE: c_int = 5;
+pub const LUA_TFUNCTION: c_int = 6;
+pub const LUA_TUSERDATA: c_int = 7;
+pub const LUA_TTHREAD: c_int = 8;
+
+pub const LUA_NUMTYPES: c_int = 9;
+
+/// Minimum Lua stack available to a C function
+pub const LUA_MINSTACK: c_int = 20;
+
+// Predefined values in the registry
+pub const LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD: lua_Integer = 1;
+pub const LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS: lua_Integer = 2;
+pub const LUA_RIDX_LAST: lua_Integer = LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS;
+
+/// A Lua number, usually equivalent to `f64`
+pub type lua_Number = c_double;
+
+/// A Lua integer, usually equivalent to `i64`
+pub type lua_Integer = i64;
+
+/// A Lua unsigned integer, usually equivalent to `u64`
+pub type lua_Unsigned = u64;
+
+/// Type for continuation-function contexts
+pub type lua_KContext = isize;
+
+/// Type for native C functions that can be passed to Lua
+pub type lua_CFunction = unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+/// Type for continuation functions
+pub type lua_KFunction =
+    unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, status: c_int, ctx: lua_KContext) -> c_int;
+
+// Type for functions that read/write blocks when loading/dumping Lua chunks
+pub type lua_Reader =
+    unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, ud: *mut c_void, sz: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+pub type lua_Writer =
+    unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, p: *const c_void, sz: usize, ud: *mut c_void) -> c_int;
+
+/// Type for memory-allocation functions
+pub type lua_Alloc = unsafe extern "C" fn(
+    ud: *mut c_void,
+    ptr: *mut c_void,
+    osize: usize,
+    nsize: usize,
+) -> *mut c_void;
+
+/// Type for warning functions
+pub type lua_WarnFunction =
+    unsafe extern "C" fn(ud: *mut c_void, msg: *const c_char, tocont: c_int);
+
+extern "C" {
+    //
+    // State manipulation
+    //
+    pub fn lua_newstate(f: lua_Alloc, ud: *mut c_void) -> *mut lua_State;
+    pub fn lua_close(L: *mut lua_State);
+    pub fn lua_newthread(L: *mut lua_State) -> *mut lua_State;
+    // Deprecated in Lua 5.4.6
+    pub fn lua_resetthread(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    #[cfg(feature = "vendored")]
+    pub fn lua_closethread(L: *mut lua_State, from: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn lua_atpanic(L: *mut lua_State, panicf: lua_CFunction) -> lua_CFunction;
+
+    pub fn lua_version(L: *mut lua_State) -> lua_Number;
+
+    //
+    // Basic stack manipulation
+    //
+    pub fn lua_absindex(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_gettop(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_settop(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_pushvalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_rotate(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_copy(L: *mut lua_State, fromidx: c_int, toidx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_checkstack(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn lua_xmove(from: *mut lua_State, to: *mut lua_State, n: c_int);
+
+    //
+    // Access functions (stack -> C)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_isnumber(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_isstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_iscfunction(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_isinteger(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_isuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_type(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_typename(L: *mut lua_State, tp: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+
+    pub fn lua_tonumberx(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Number;
+    pub fn lua_tointegerx(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Integer;
+    pub fn lua_toboolean(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_tolstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, len: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_rawlen(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> usize;
+    pub fn lua_tocfunction(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> Option<lua_CFunction>;
+    pub fn lua_touserdata(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn lua_tothread(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *mut lua_State;
+    pub fn lua_topointer(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *const c_void;
+}
+
+//
+// Comparison and arithmetic functions
+//
+pub const LUA_OPADD: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_OPSUB: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_OPMUL: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_OPMOD: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_OPPOW: c_int = 4;
+pub const LUA_OPDIV: c_int = 5;
+pub const LUA_OPIDIV: c_int = 6;
+pub const LUA_OPBAND: c_int = 7;
+pub const LUA_OPBOR: c_int = 8;
+pub const LUA_OPBXOR: c_int = 9;
+pub const LUA_OPSHL: c_int = 10;
+pub const LUA_OPSHR: c_int = 11;
+pub const LUA_OPUNM: c_int = 12;
+pub const LUA_OPBNOT: c_int = 13;
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_arith(L: *mut lua_State, op: c_int);
+}
+
+pub const LUA_OPEQ: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_OPLT: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_OPLE: c_int = 2;
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_rawequal(L: *mut lua_State, idx1: c_int, idx2: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_compare(L: *mut lua_State, idx1: c_int, idx2: c_int, op: c_int) -> c_int;
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    //
+    // Push functions (C -> stack)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_pushnil(L: *mut lua_State);
+    pub fn lua_pushnumber(L: *mut lua_State, n: lua_Number);
+    pub fn lua_pushinteger(L: *mut lua_State, n: lua_Integer);
+    pub fn lua_pushlstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char, len: usize) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_pushstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> *const c_char;
+    // lua_pushvfstring
+    pub fn lua_pushfstring(L: *mut lua_State, fmt: *const c_char, ...) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_pushcclosure(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_CFunction, n: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_pushboolean(L: *mut lua_State, b: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_pushlightuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, p: *mut c_void);
+    pub fn lua_pushthread(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+    //
+    // Get functions (Lua -> stack)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_getglobal(L: *mut lua_State, name: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_gettable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getfield(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_geti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_rawget(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_rawgeti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_rawgetp(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn lua_createtable(L: *mut lua_State, narr: c_int, nrec: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_newuserdatauv(L: *mut lua_State, sz: usize, nuvalue: c_int) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn lua_getmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, objindex: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getiuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: c_int) -> c_int;
+
+    //
+    // Set functions (stack -> Lua)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_setglobal(L: *mut lua_State, name: *const c_char);
+    pub fn lua_settable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_setfield(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char);
+    pub fn lua_seti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer);
+    pub fn lua_rawset(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_rawseti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer);
+    pub fn lua_rawsetp(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void);
+    pub fn lua_setmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, objindex: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_setiuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: c_int) -> c_int;
+
+    //
+    // 'load' and 'call' functions (load and run Lua code)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_callk(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        nargs: c_int,
+        nresults: c_int,
+        ctx: lua_KContext,
+        k: Option<lua_KFunction>,
+    );
+    pub fn lua_pcallk(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        nargs: c_int,
+        nresults: c_int,
+        errfunc: c_int,
+        ctx: lua_KContext,
+        k: Option<lua_KFunction>,
+    ) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn lua_load(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        reader: lua_Reader,
+        data: *mut c_void,
+        chunkname: *const c_char,
+        mode: *const c_char,
+    ) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn lua_dump(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        writer: lua_Writer,
+        data: *mut c_void,
+        strip: c_int,
+    ) -> c_int;
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_call(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int, r: c_int) {
+    lua_callk(L, n, r, 0, None)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pcall(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int, r: c_int, f: c_int) -> c_int {
+    lua_pcallk(L, n, r, f, 0, None)
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    //
+    // Coroutine functions
+    //
+    pub fn lua_yieldk(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        nresults: c_int,
+        ctx: lua_KContext,
+        k: Option<lua_KFunction>,
+    ) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_resume(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        from: *mut lua_State,
+        narg: c_int,
+        nres: *mut c_int,
+    ) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_status(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_isyieldable(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_yield(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    lua_yieldk(L, n, 0, None)
+}
+
+//
+// Warning-related functions
+//
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_setwarnf(L: *mut lua_State, f: Option<lua_WarnFunction>, ud: *mut c_void);
+    pub fn lua_warning(L: *mut lua_State, msg: *const c_char, tocont: c_int);
+}
+
+//
+// Garbage-collection function and options
+//
+pub const LUA_GCSTOP: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_GCRESTART: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_GCCOLLECT: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_GCCOUNT: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_GCCOUNTB: c_int = 4;
+pub const LUA_GCSTEP: c_int = 5;
+pub const LUA_GCSETPAUSE: c_int = 6;
+pub const LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL: c_int = 7;
+pub const LUA_GCISRUNNING: c_int = 9;
+pub const LUA_GCGEN: c_int = 10;
+pub const LUA_GCINC: c_int = 11;
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_gc(L: *mut lua_State, what: c_int, ...) -> c_int;
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    //
+    // Miscellaneous functions
+    //
+    pub fn lua_error(L: *mut lua_State) -> !;
+    pub fn lua_next(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_concat(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_len(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_stringtonumber(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> usize;
+    pub fn lua_getallocf(L: *mut lua_State, ud: *mut *mut c_void) -> lua_Alloc;
+    pub fn lua_setallocf(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_Alloc, ud: *mut c_void);
+
+    pub fn lua_toclose(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_closeslot(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+}
+
+//
+// Some useful macros (implemented as Rust functions)
+//
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_getextraspace(L: *mut lua_State) -> *mut c_void {
+    (L as *mut c_char).sub(LUA_EXTRASPACE) as *mut c_void
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tonumber(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> lua_Number {
+    lua_tonumberx(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tointeger(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> lua_Integer {
+    lua_tointegerx(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pop(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) {
+    lua_settop(L, -n - 1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_newtable(L: *mut lua_State) {
+    lua_createtable(L, 0, 0)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_register(L: *mut lua_State, n: *const c_char, f: lua_CFunction) {
+    lua_pushcfunction(L, f);
+    lua_setglobal(L, n)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushcfunction(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_CFunction) {
+    lua_pushcclosure(L, f, 0)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isfunction(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TFUNCTION) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_istable(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TTABLE) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_islightuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isnil(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TNIL) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isboolean(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TBOOLEAN) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isthread(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TTHREAD) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isnone(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TNONE) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isnoneornil(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) <= 0) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushliteral(L: *mut lua_State, s: &'static str) -> *const c_char {
+    use std::ffi::CString;
+    let c_str = CString::new(s).unwrap();
+    lua_pushlstring(L, c_str.as_ptr(), c_str.as_bytes().len())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushglobaltable(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int {
+    lua_rawgeti(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tostring(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> *const c_char {
+    lua_tolstring(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_insert(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
+    lua_rotate(L, idx, 1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_remove(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
+    lua_rotate(L, idx, -1);
+    lua_pop(L, 1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_replace(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
+    lua_copy(L, -1, idx);
+    lua_pop(L, 1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_xpush(from: *mut lua_State, to: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
+    lua_pushvalue(from, idx);
+    lua_xmove(from, to, 1);
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_newuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, sz: usize) -> *mut c_void {
+    lua_newuserdatauv(L, sz, 1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_getuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
+    lua_getiuservalue(L, idx, 1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_setuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
+    lua_setiuservalue(L, idx, 1)
+}
+
+//
+// Debug API
+//
+
+// Maximum size for the description of the source of a function in debug information.
+const LUA_IDSIZE: usize = 60;
+
+// Event codes
+pub const LUA_HOOKCALL: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_HOOKRET: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_HOOKLINE: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_HOOKCOUNT: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_HOOKTAILCALL: c_int = 4;
+
+// Event masks
+pub const LUA_MASKCALL: c_int = 1 << (LUA_HOOKCALL as usize);
+pub const LUA_MASKRET: c_int = 1 << (LUA_HOOKRET as usize);
+pub const LUA_MASKLINE: c_int = 1 << (LUA_HOOKLINE as usize);
+pub const LUA_MASKCOUNT: c_int = 1 << (LUA_HOOKCOUNT as usize);
+
+/// Type for functions to be called on debug events.
+pub type lua_Hook = unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *mut lua_Debug);
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_getstack(L: *mut lua_State, level: c_int, ar: *mut lua_Debug) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getinfo(L: *mut lua_State, what: *const c_char, ar: *mut lua_Debug) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getlocal(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *const lua_Debug, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_setlocal(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *const lua_Debug, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_getupvalue(L: *mut lua_State, funcindex: c_int, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_setupvalue(L: *mut lua_State, funcindex: c_int, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+
+    pub fn lua_upvalueid(L: *mut lua_State, fidx: c_int, n: c_int) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn lua_upvaluejoin(L: *mut lua_State, fidx1: c_int, n1: c_int, fidx2: c_int, n2: c_int);
+
+    pub fn lua_sethook(L: *mut lua_State, func: Option<lua_Hook>, mask: c_int, count: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_gethook(L: *mut lua_State) -> Option<lua_Hook>;
+    pub fn lua_gethookmask(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_gethookcount(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct lua_Debug {
+    pub event: c_int,
+    pub name: *const c_char,
+    pub namewhat: *const c_char,
+    pub what: *const c_char,
+    pub source: *const c_char,
+    pub srclen: usize,
+    pub currentline: c_int,
+    pub linedefined: c_int,
+    pub lastlinedefined: c_int,
+    pub nups: c_uchar,
+    pub nparams: c_uchar,
+    pub isvararg: c_char,
+    pub istailcall: c_char,
+    pub ftransfer: c_ushort,
+    pub ntransfer: c_ushort,
+    pub short_src: [c_char; LUA_IDSIZE],
+    // lua.h mentions this is for private use
+    i_ci: *mut c_void,
+}

src/ffi/lua54/lualib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `lualib.h`.
+
+use std::os::raw::c_int;
+
+use super::lua::lua_State;
+
+pub const LUA_COLIBNAME: &str = "coroutine";
+pub const LUA_TABLIBNAME: &str = "table";
+pub const LUA_IOLIBNAME: &str = "io";
+pub const LUA_OSLIBNAME: &str = "os";
+pub const LUA_STRLIBNAME: &str = "string";
+pub const LUA_UTF8LIBNAME: &str = "utf8";
+pub const LUA_MATHLIBNAME: &str = "math";
+pub const LUA_DBLIBNAME: &str = "debug";
+pub const LUA_LOADLIBNAME: &str = "package";
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaopen_base(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_coroutine(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_table(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_io(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_os(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_string(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_utf8(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_math(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_debug(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_package(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+    // open all builtin libraries
+    pub fn luaL_openlibs(L: *mut lua_State);
+}

src/ffi/lua54/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//! Low level bindings to Lua 5.4.
+
+pub use lauxlib::*;
+pub use lua::*;
+pub use lualib::*;
+
+pub mod lauxlib;
+pub mod lua;
+pub mod lualib;

src/ffi/luaconf.rs

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-// The MIT License (MIT)
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2019 A. Orlenko
-// Copyright (c) 2014 J.C. Moyer
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
-// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
-// THE SOFTWARE.
-
-//! Contains definitions from `luaconf.h`.
-
-pub use super::glue::LUAL_BUFFERSIZE;
-pub use super::glue::LUA_INTEGER;
-pub use super::glue::LUA_NUMBER;
-pub use super::glue::LUA_UNSIGNED;
-
-pub use super::glue::LUA_IDSIZE;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-pub use super::glue::LUAL_NUMSIZES;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-pub type LUA_KCONTEXT = isize; // intptr_t

src/ffi/lualib.rs

@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-// The MIT License (MIT)
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2019 A. Orlenko
-// Copyright (c) 2014 J.C. Moyer
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
-// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
-// THE SOFTWARE.
-
-//! Contains definitions from `lualib.h`.
-
-use std::os::raw::c_int;
-
-use super::lua::lua_State;
-
-pub use super::glue::{
-    LUA_COLIBNAME, LUA_DBLIBNAME, LUA_IOLIBNAME, LUA_LOADLIBNAME, LUA_MATHLIBNAME, LUA_OSLIBNAME,
-    LUA_STRLIBNAME, LUA_TABLIBNAME,
-};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-pub use super::glue::LUA_UTF8LIBNAME;
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub use super::glue::LUA_BITLIBNAME;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
-pub use super::glue::{LUA_FFILIBNAME, LUA_JITLIBNAME};
-
-extern "C" {
-    pub fn luaopen_base(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub fn luaopen_coroutine(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-    pub fn luaopen_table(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-    pub fn luaopen_io(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-    pub fn luaopen_os(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-    pub fn luaopen_string(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-    pub fn luaopen_utf8(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-    pub fn luaopen_bit32(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-    pub fn luaopen_math(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-    pub fn luaopen_debug(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-    pub fn luaopen_package(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
-    pub fn luaopen_bit(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
-    pub fn luaopen_jit(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-    #[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
-    pub fn luaopen_ffi(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
-
-    pub fn luaL_openlibs(L: *mut lua_State);
-}

src/ffi/luau/compat.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,521 @@
+//! MLua compatibility layer for Roblox Luau.
+//!
+//! Based on github.com/keplerproject/lua-compat-5.3
+
+use std::ffi::CStr;
+use std::mem;
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_void};
+use std::ptr;
+
+use super::lauxlib::*;
+use super::lua::*;
+use super::luacode::*;
+
+unsafe fn compat53_reverse(L: *mut lua_State, mut a: c_int, mut b: c_int) {
+    while a < b {
+        lua_pushvalue(L, a);
+        lua_pushvalue(L, b);
+        lua_replace(L, a);
+        lua_replace(L, b);
+        a += 1;
+        b -= 1;
+    }
+}
+
+const COMPAT53_LEVELS1: c_int = 12; // size of the first part of the stack
+const COMPAT53_LEVELS2: c_int = 10; // size of the second part of the stack
+
+unsafe fn compat53_findfield(L: *mut lua_State, objidx: c_int, level: c_int) -> c_int {
+    if level == 0 || lua_istable(L, -1) == 0 {
+        return 0; // not found
+    }
+
+    lua_pushnil(L); // start 'next' loop
+    while lua_next(L, -2) != 0 {
+        // for each pair in table
+        if lua_type(L, -2) == LUA_TSTRING {
+            // ignore non-string keys
+            if lua_rawequal(L, objidx, -1) != 0 {
+                // found object?
+                lua_pop(L, 1); // remove value (but keep name)
+                return 1;
+            } else if compat53_findfield(L, objidx, level - 1) != 0 {
+                // try recursively
+                lua_remove(L, -2); // remove table (but keep name)
+                lua_pushliteral(L, ".");
+                lua_insert(L, -2); // place '.' between the two names
+                lua_concat(L, 3);
+                return 1;
+            }
+        }
+        lua_pop(L, 1); // remove value
+    }
+    0 // not found
+}
+
+unsafe fn compat53_pushglobalfuncname(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    level: c_int,
+    ar: *mut lua_Debug,
+) -> c_int {
+    let top = lua_gettop(L);
+    // push function
+    lua_getinfo(L, level, cstr!("f"), ar);
+    lua_pushvalue(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
+    if compat53_findfield(L, top + 1, 2) != 0 {
+        lua_copy(L, -1, top + 1); // move name to proper place
+        lua_pop(L, 2); // remove pushed values
+        1
+    } else {
+        lua_settop(L, top); // remove function and global table
+        0
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe fn compat53_pushfuncname(L: *mut lua_State, level: c_int, ar: *mut lua_Debug) {
+    if !(*ar).name.is_null() {
+        // is there a name?
+        lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("function '%s'"), (*ar).name);
+    } else if compat53_pushglobalfuncname(L, level, ar) != 0 {
+        lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("function '%s'"), lua_tostring(L, -1));
+        lua_remove(L, -2); // remove name
+    } else {
+        lua_pushliteral(L, "?");
+    }
+}
+
+//
+// lua ported functions
+//
+
+pub unsafe fn lua_rotate(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int, mut n: c_int) {
+    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    if n > 0 {
+        // Faster version
+        for _ in 0..n {
+            lua_insert(L, idx);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    let n_elems = lua_gettop(L) - idx + 1;
+    if n < 0 {
+        n += n_elems;
+    }
+    if n > 0 && n < n_elems {
+        luaL_checkstack(L, 2, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
+        n = n_elems - n;
+        compat53_reverse(L, idx, idx + n - 1);
+        compat53_reverse(L, idx + n, idx + n_elems - 1);
+        compat53_reverse(L, idx, idx + n_elems - 1);
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_copy(L: *mut lua_State, fromidx: c_int, toidx: c_int) {
+    let abs_to = lua_absindex(L, toidx);
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
+    lua_pushvalue(L, fromidx);
+    lua_replace(L, abs_to);
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isinteger(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int {
+    if lua_type(L, idx) == LUA_TNUMBER {
+        let n = lua_tonumber(L, idx);
+        let i = lua_tointeger(L, idx);
+        if (n - i as lua_Number).abs() < lua_Number::EPSILON {
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+    0
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tointeger(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> lua_Integer {
+    lua_tointegerx(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn lua_tointegerx(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Integer {
+    let mut ok = 0;
+    let n = lua_tonumberx(L, i, &mut ok);
+    let n_int = n as lua_Integer;
+    if ok != 0 && (n - n_int as lua_Number).abs() < lua_Number::EPSILON {
+        if !isnum.is_null() {
+            *isnum = 1;
+        }
+        return n_int;
+    }
+    if !isnum.is_null() {
+        *isnum = 0;
+    }
+    0
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawlen(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> usize {
+    lua_objlen(L, idx)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushlstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char, l: usize) -> *const c_char {
+    if l == 0 {
+        lua_pushlstring_(L, cstr!(""), 0);
+    } else {
+        lua_pushlstring_(L, s, l);
+    }
+    lua_tostring(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushstring(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char) -> *const c_char {
+    lua_pushstring_(L, s);
+    lua_tostring(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_geti(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) -> c_int {
+    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    lua_pushinteger(L, n);
+    lua_gettable(L, idx)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawgeti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) -> c_int {
+    lua_rawgeti_(L, idx, n)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawgetp(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void) -> c_int {
+    let abs_i = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    lua_pushlightuserdata(L, p as *mut c_void);
+    lua_rawget(L, abs_i)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_getuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int) -> c_int {
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 2, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
+    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    lua_pushliteral(L, "__mlua_uservalues");
+    if lua_rawget(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX) != LUA_TTABLE {
+        return LUA_TNIL;
+    }
+    lua_pushvalue(L, idx);
+    lua_rawget(L, -2);
+    lua_remove(L, -2);
+    lua_type(L, -1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_seti(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) {
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
+    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    lua_pushinteger(L, n);
+    lua_insert(L, -2);
+    lua_settable(L, idx);
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawseti(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: lua_Integer) {
+    lua_rawseti_(L, idx, n)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_rawsetp(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, p: *const c_void) {
+    let abs_i = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
+    lua_pushlightuserdata(L, p as *mut c_void);
+    lua_insert(L, -2);
+    lua_rawset(L, abs_i);
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_setuservalue(L: *mut lua_State, mut idx: c_int) {
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 4, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
+    idx = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    lua_pushliteral(L, "__mlua_uservalues");
+    lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+    if lua_rawget(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX) != LUA_TTABLE {
+        lua_pop(L, 1);
+        lua_createtable(L, 0, 2); // main table
+        lua_createtable(L, 0, 1); // metatable
+        lua_pushliteral(L, "k");
+        lua_setfield(L, -2, cstr!("__mode"));
+        lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
+        lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
+        lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
+        lua_rawset(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
+    }
+    lua_replace(L, -2);
+    lua_pushvalue(L, idx);
+    lua_pushvalue(L, -3);
+    lua_remove(L, -4);
+    lua_rawset(L, -3);
+    lua_pop(L, 1);
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_len(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) {
+    match lua_type(L, idx) {
+        LUA_TSTRING => {
+            lua_pushnumber(L, lua_objlen(L, idx) as lua_Number);
+        }
+        LUA_TTABLE => {
+            if luaL_callmeta(L, idx, cstr!("__len")) == 0 {
+                lua_pushnumber(L, lua_objlen(L, idx) as lua_Number);
+            }
+        }
+        LUA_TUSERDATA if luaL_callmeta(L, idx, cstr!("__len")) != 0 => {}
+        _ => {
+            luaL_error(
+                L,
+                cstr!("attempt to get length of a %s value"),
+                lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, idx)),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushglobaltable(L: *mut lua_State) {
+    lua_pushvalue(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_resume(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    from: *mut lua_State,
+    narg: c_int,
+    nres: *mut c_int,
+) -> c_int {
+    let ret = lua_resume_(L, from, narg);
+    if (ret == LUA_OK || ret == LUA_YIELD) && !(nres.is_null()) {
+        *nres = lua_gettop(L);
+    }
+    ret
+}
+
+//
+// lauxlib ported functions
+//
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_checkstack(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int, msg: *const c_char) {
+    if lua_checkstack(L, sz + LUA_MINSTACK) == 0 {
+        if !msg.is_null() {
+            luaL_error(L, cstr!("stack overflow (%s)"), msg);
+        } else {
+            lua_pushliteral(L, "stack overflow");
+            lua_error(L);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_getmetafield(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    if luaL_getmetafield_(L, obj, e) != 0 {
+        lua_type(L, -1)
+    } else {
+        LUA_TNIL
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_newmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    if luaL_newmetatable_(L, tname) != 0 {
+        lua_pushstring(L, tname);
+        lua_setfield(L, -2, cstr!("__name"));
+        1
+    } else {
+        0
+    }
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn luaL_loadbufferx(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    data: *const c_char,
+    mut size: usize,
+    name: *const c_char,
+    mode: *const c_char,
+) -> c_int {
+    extern "C" {
+        fn free(p: *mut c_void);
+    }
+
+    let chunk_is_text = size == 0 || (*data as u8) >= b'\n';
+    if !mode.is_null() {
+        let modeb = CStr::from_ptr(mode).to_bytes();
+        if !chunk_is_text && !modeb.contains(&b'b') {
+            lua_pushfstring(
+                L,
+                cstr!("attempt to load a binary chunk (mode is '%s')"),
+                mode,
+            );
+            return LUA_ERRSYNTAX;
+        } else if chunk_is_text && !modeb.contains(&b't') {
+            lua_pushfstring(
+                L,
+                cstr!("attempt to load a text chunk (mode is '%s')"),
+                mode,
+            );
+            return LUA_ERRSYNTAX;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if chunk_is_text {
+        let data = luau_compile_(data, size, ptr::null_mut(), &mut size);
+        let ok = luau_load(L, name, data, size, 0) == 0;
+        free(data as *mut c_void);
+        if !ok {
+            return LUA_ERRSYNTAX;
+        }
+    } else if luau_load(L, name, data, size, 0) != 0 {
+        return LUA_ERRSYNTAX;
+    }
+    LUA_OK
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_loadbuffer(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    data: *const c_char,
+    size: usize,
+    name: *const c_char,
+) -> c_int {
+    luaL_loadbufferx(L, data, size, name, ptr::null())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_len(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> lua_Integer {
+    let mut isnum = 0;
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
+    lua_len(L, idx);
+    let res = lua_tointegerx(L, -1, &mut isnum);
+    lua_pop(L, 1);
+    if isnum == 0 {
+        luaL_error(L, cstr!("object length is not an integer"));
+    }
+    res
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn luaL_traceback(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    L1: *mut lua_State,
+    msg: *const c_char,
+    mut level: c_int,
+) {
+    let mut ar: lua_Debug = mem::zeroed();
+    let top = lua_gettop(L);
+    let numlevels = lua_stackdepth(L);
+    let mark = if numlevels > COMPAT53_LEVELS1 + COMPAT53_LEVELS2 {
+        COMPAT53_LEVELS1
+    } else {
+        0
+    };
+
+    if !msg.is_null() {
+        lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("%s\n"), msg);
+    }
+    lua_pushliteral(L, "stack traceback:");
+    while lua_getinfo(L1, level, cstr!(""), &mut ar) != 0 {
+        if level + 1 == mark {
+            // too many levels?
+            lua_pushliteral(L, "\n\t..."); // add a '...'
+            level = numlevels - COMPAT53_LEVELS2; // and skip to last ones
+        } else {
+            lua_getinfo(L1, level, cstr!("sln"), &mut ar);
+            lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("\n\t%s:"), ar.short_src);
+            if ar.currentline > 0 {
+                lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("%d:"), ar.currentline);
+            }
+            lua_pushliteral(L, " in ");
+            compat53_pushfuncname(L, level, &mut ar);
+            lua_concat(L, lua_gettop(L) - top);
+        }
+        level += 1;
+    }
+    lua_concat(L, lua_gettop(L) - top);
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn luaL_tolstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, len: *mut usize) -> *const c_char {
+    if luaL_callmeta(L, idx, cstr!("__tostring")) == 0 {
+        let t = lua_type(L, idx);
+        match t {
+            LUA_TNIL => {
+                lua_pushliteral(L, "nil");
+            }
+            LUA_TSTRING | LUA_TNUMBER => {
+                lua_pushvalue(L, idx);
+            }
+            LUA_TBOOLEAN => {
+                if lua_toboolean(L, idx) == 0 {
+                    lua_pushliteral(L, "false");
+                } else {
+                    lua_pushliteral(L, "true");
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let tt = luaL_getmetafield(L, idx, cstr!("__name"));
+                let name = if tt == LUA_TSTRING {
+                    lua_tostring(L, -1)
+                } else {
+                    lua_typename(L, t)
+                };
+                lua_pushfstring(L, cstr!("%s: %p"), name, lua_topointer(L, idx));
+                if tt != LUA_TNIL {
+                    lua_replace(L, -2);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    } else if lua_isstring(L, -1) == 0 {
+        luaL_error(L, cstr!("'__tostring' must return a string"));
+    }
+    lua_tolstring(L, -1, len)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_setmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char) {
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 1, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
+    luaL_getmetatable(L, tname);
+    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn luaL_getsubtable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, fname: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    let abs_i = lua_absindex(L, idx);
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 3, cstr!("not enough stack slots"));
+    lua_pushstring_(L, fname);
+    if lua_gettable(L, abs_i) == LUA_TTABLE {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    lua_pop(L, 1);
+    lua_newtable(L);
+    lua_pushstring_(L, fname);
+    lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
+    lua_settable(L, abs_i);
+    0
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn luaL_requiref(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    modname: *const c_char,
+    openf: lua_CFunction,
+    glb: c_int,
+) {
+    luaL_checkstack(L, 3, cstr!("not enough stack slots available"));
+    luaL_getsubtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, cstr!("_LOADED"));
+    if lua_getfield(L, -1, modname) == LUA_TNIL {
+        lua_pop(L, 1);
+        lua_pushcfunction(L, openf);
+        lua_pushstring(L, modname);
+        lua_call(L, 1, 1);
+        lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+        lua_setfield(L, -3, modname);
+    }
+    if glb != 0 {
+        lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+        lua_setglobal(L, modname);
+    } else {
+        lua_pushnil(L);
+        lua_setglobal(L, modname);
+    }
+    lua_replace(L, -2);
+}

src/ffi/luau/lauxlib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `lualib.h`.
+
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_float, c_int, c_void};
+use std::ptr;
+
+use super::lua::{
+    self, lua_CFunction, lua_Integer, lua_Number, lua_State, lua_Unsigned, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX,
+};
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct luaL_Reg {
+    pub name: *const c_char,
+    pub func: lua_CFunction,
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaL_register(L: *mut lua_State, libname: *const c_char, l: *const luaL_Reg);
+    #[link_name = "luaL_getmetafield"]
+    pub fn luaL_getmetafield_(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_callmeta(L: *mut lua_State, obj: c_int, e: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    #[link_name = "luaL_typeerrorL"]
+    pub fn luaL_typeerror(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, tname: *const c_char) -> !;
+    #[link_name = "luaL_argerrorL"]
+    pub fn luaL_argerror(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, extramsg: *const c_char) -> !;
+    pub fn luaL_checklstring(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, l: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn luaL_optlstring(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        narg: c_int,
+        def: *const c_char,
+        l: *mut usize,
+    ) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn luaL_checknumber(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int) -> lua_Number;
+    pub fn luaL_optnumber(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, def: lua_Number) -> lua_Number;
+
+    pub fn luaL_checkboolean(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_optboolean(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, def: c_int) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn luaL_checkinteger(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int) -> lua_Integer;
+    pub fn luaL_optinteger(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, def: lua_Integer) -> lua_Integer;
+    pub fn luaL_checkunsigned(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int) -> lua_Unsigned;
+    pub fn luaL_optunsigned(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, def: lua_Unsigned) -> lua_Unsigned;
+
+    pub fn luaL_checkvector(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int) -> *const c_float;
+    pub fn luaL_optvector(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, def: *const c_float) -> *const c_float;
+
+    #[link_name = "luaL_checkstack"]
+    pub fn luaL_checkstack_(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int, msg: *const c_char);
+    pub fn luaL_checktype(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int, t: c_int);
+    pub fn luaL_checkany(L: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int);
+
+    #[link_name = "luaL_newmetatable"]
+    pub fn luaL_newmetatable_(L: *mut lua_State, tname: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaL_checkudata(L: *mut lua_State, ud: c_int, tname: *const c_char) -> *mut c_void;
+
+    pub fn luaL_where(L: *mut lua_State, lvl: c_int);
+
+    #[link_name = "luaL_errorL"]
+    pub fn luaL_error(L: *mut lua_State, fmt: *const c_char, ...) -> !;
+
+    pub fn luaL_checkoption(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        narg: c_int,
+        def: *const c_char,
+        lst: *const *const c_char,
+    ) -> c_int;
+
+    #[link_name = "luaL_tolstring"]
+    pub fn luaL_tolstring_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, len: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+
+    pub fn luaL_newstate() -> *mut lua_State;
+
+    // TODO: luaL_findtable
+
+    pub fn luaL_typename(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+
+    // sandbox libraries and globals
+    #[link_name = "luaL_sandbox"]
+    pub fn luaL_sandbox_(L: *mut lua_State);
+    pub fn luaL_sandboxthread(L: *mut lua_State);
+}
+
+//
+// Some useful macros (implemented as Rust functions)
+//
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_argcheck(L: *mut lua_State, cond: c_int, arg: c_int, extramsg: *const c_char) {
+    if cond == 0 {
+        luaL_argerror(L, arg, extramsg);
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_argexpected(L: *mut lua_State, cond: c_int, arg: c_int, tname: *const c_char) {
+    if cond == 0 {
+        luaL_typeerror(L, arg, tname);
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_checkstring(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> *const c_char {
+    luaL_checklstring(L, n, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_optstring(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int, d: *const c_char) -> *const c_char {
+    luaL_optlstring(L, n, d, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+// TODO: luaL_opt
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_getmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, n: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    lua::lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, n)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_ref(L: *mut lua_State, t: c_int) -> c_int {
+    assert_eq!(t, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
+    let r = lua::lua_ref(L, -1);
+    lua::lua_pop(L, 1);
+    r
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn luaL_unref(L: *mut lua_State, t: c_int, r#ref: c_int) {
+    assert_eq!(t, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
+    lua::lua_unref(L, r#ref)
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn luaL_sandbox(L: *mut lua_State, enabled: c_int) {
+    use super::lua::*;
+
+    // set all libraries to read-only
+    lua_pushnil(L);
+    while lua_next(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX) != 0 {
+        if lua_istable(L, -1) != 0 {
+            lua_setreadonly(L, -1, enabled);
+        }
+        lua_pop(L, 1);
+    }
+
+    // set all builtin metatables to read-only
+    lua_pushliteral(L, "");
+    lua_getmetatable(L, -1);
+    lua_setreadonly(L, -1, enabled);
+    lua_pop(L, 2);
+
+    // set globals to readonly and activate safeenv since the env is immutable
+    lua_setreadonly(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, enabled);
+    lua_setsafeenv(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, enabled);
+}
+
+//
+// TODO: Generic Buffer Manipulation
+//

src/ffi/luau/lua.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `lua.h`.
+
+use std::marker::{PhantomData, PhantomPinned};
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_double, c_float, c_int, c_uint, c_void};
+use std::ptr;
+
+// Option for multiple returns in 'lua_pcall' and 'lua_call'
+pub const LUA_MULTRET: c_int = -1;
+
+// Max number of Lua stack slots
+const LUAI_MAXCSTACK: c_int = 100000;
+
+//
+// Pseudo-indices
+//
+pub const LUA_REGISTRYINDEX: c_int = -LUAI_MAXCSTACK - 2000;
+pub const LUA_ENVIRONINDEX: c_int = -LUAI_MAXCSTACK - 2001;
+pub const LUA_GLOBALSINDEX: c_int = -LUAI_MAXCSTACK - 2002;
+
+pub const fn lua_upvalueindex(i: c_int) -> c_int {
+    LUA_GLOBALSINDEX - i
+}
+
+//
+// Thread status
+//
+pub const LUA_OK: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_YIELD: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_ERRRUN: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_ERRSYNTAX: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_ERRMEM: c_int = 4;
+pub const LUA_ERRERR: c_int = 5;
+
+/// A raw Lua state associated with a thread.
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct lua_State {
+    _data: [u8; 0],
+    _marker: PhantomData<(*mut u8, PhantomPinned)>,
+}
+
+//
+// Basic types
+//
+pub const LUA_TNONE: c_int = -1;
+
+pub const LUA_TNIL: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_TBOOLEAN: c_int = 1;
+
+pub const LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_TNUMBER: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_TVECTOR: c_int = 4;
+
+pub const LUA_TSTRING: c_int = 5;
+pub const LUA_TTABLE: c_int = 6;
+pub const LUA_TFUNCTION: c_int = 7;
+pub const LUA_TUSERDATA: c_int = 8;
+pub const LUA_TTHREAD: c_int = 9;
+
+/// Guaranteed number of Lua stack slots available to a C function.
+pub const LUA_MINSTACK: c_int = 20;
+
+/// A Lua number, usually equivalent to `f64`.
+pub type lua_Number = c_double;
+
+/// A Lua integer, equivalent to `i32`.
+pub type lua_Integer = c_int;
+
+/// A Lua unsigned integer, equivalent to `u32`.
+pub type lua_Unsigned = c_uint;
+
+/// Type for native C functions that can be passed to Lua.
+pub type lua_CFunction = unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+pub type lua_Continuation = unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, status: c_int) -> c_int;
+
+/// Type for userdata destructor functions.
+pub type lua_Udestructor = unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void);
+
+/// Type for memory-allocation functions.
+pub type lua_Alloc = unsafe extern "C" fn(
+    ud: *mut c_void,
+    ptr: *mut c_void,
+    osize: usize,
+    nsize: usize,
+) -> *mut c_void;
+
+extern "C" {
+    //
+    // State manipulation
+    //
+    pub fn lua_newstate(f: lua_Alloc, ud: *mut c_void) -> *mut lua_State;
+    pub fn lua_close(L: *mut lua_State);
+    pub fn lua_newthread(L: *mut lua_State) -> *mut lua_State;
+    pub fn lua_mainthread(L: *mut lua_State) -> *mut lua_State;
+    pub fn lua_resetthread(L: *mut lua_State);
+    pub fn lua_isthreadreset(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+    //
+    // Basic stack manipulation
+    //
+    pub fn lua_absindex(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_gettop(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_settop(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_pushvalue(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_remove(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_insert(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_replace(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_checkstack(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_rawcheckstack(L: *mut lua_State, sz: c_int);
+
+    pub fn lua_xmove(from: *mut lua_State, to: *mut lua_State, n: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_xpush(from: *mut lua_State, to: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+
+    //
+    // Access functions (stack -> C)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_isnumber(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_isstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_iscfunction(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_isLfunction(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_isuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_type(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_typename(L: *mut lua_State, tp: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+
+    pub fn lua_equal(L: *mut lua_State, idx1: c_int, idx2: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_rawequal(L: *mut lua_State, idx1: c_int, idx2: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_lessthan(L: *mut lua_State, idx1: c_int, idx2: c_int) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn lua_tonumberx(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Number;
+    #[link_name = "lua_tointegerx"]
+    pub fn lua_tointegerx_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Integer;
+    pub fn lua_tounsignedx(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, isnum: *mut c_int) -> lua_Unsigned;
+    pub fn lua_tovector(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *const c_float;
+    pub fn lua_toboolean(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_tolstring(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, len: *mut usize) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_tostringatom(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, atom: *mut c_int) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_namecallatom(L: *mut lua_State, atom: *mut c_int) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_objlen(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> usize;
+    pub fn lua_tocfunction(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> Option<lua_CFunction>;
+    pub fn lua_tolightuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn lua_touserdata(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn lua_touserdatatagged(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, tag: c_int) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn lua_userdatatag(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_tothread(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *mut lua_State;
+    pub fn lua_topointer(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> *const c_void;
+
+    //
+    // Push functions (C -> stack)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_pushnil(L: *mut lua_State);
+    pub fn lua_pushnumber(L: *mut lua_State, n: lua_Number);
+    pub fn lua_pushinteger(L: *mut lua_State, n: lua_Integer);
+    pub fn lua_pushunsigned(L: *mut lua_State, n: lua_Unsigned);
+    pub fn lua_pushvector(L: *mut lua_State, x: c_float, y: c_float, z: c_float);
+    #[link_name = "lua_pushlstring"]
+    pub fn lua_pushlstring_(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char, l: usize);
+    #[link_name = "lua_pushstring"]
+    pub fn lua_pushstring_(L: *mut lua_State, s: *const c_char);
+    // lua_pushvfstring
+    #[link_name = "lua_pushfstringL"]
+    pub fn lua_pushfstring(L: *mut lua_State, fmt: *const c_char, ...) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_pushcclosurek(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        f: lua_CFunction,
+        debugname: *const c_char,
+        nup: c_int,
+        cont: Option<lua_Continuation>,
+    );
+    pub fn lua_pushboolean(L: *mut lua_State, b: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_pushthread(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn lua_pushlightuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, p: *mut c_void);
+    pub fn lua_newuserdatatagged(L: *mut lua_State, sz: usize, tag: c_int) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn lua_newuserdatadtor(L: *mut lua_State, sz: usize, dtor: lua_Udestructor) -> *mut c_void;
+
+    //
+    // Get functions (Lua -> stack)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_gettable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getfield(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_rawgetfield(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_rawget(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    #[link_name = "lua_rawgeti"]
+    pub fn lua_rawgeti_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_createtable(L: *mut lua_State, narr: c_int, nrec: c_int);
+
+    pub fn lua_setreadonly(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, enabled: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_getreadonly(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_setsafeenv(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, enabled: c_int);
+
+    pub fn lua_getmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, objindex: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getfenv(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+
+    //
+    // Set functions (stack -> Lua)
+    //
+    pub fn lua_settable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_setfield(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, k: *const c_char);
+    pub fn lua_rawset(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    #[link_name = "lua_rawseti"]
+    pub fn lua_rawseti_(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, n: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_setmetatable(L: *mut lua_State, objindex: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_setfenv(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+
+    //
+    // `load' and `call' functions (load and run Luau bytecode)
+    //
+    pub fn luau_load(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        chunkname: *const c_char,
+        data: *const c_char,
+        size: usize,
+        env: c_int,
+    ) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_call(L: *mut lua_State, nargs: c_int, nresults: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_pcall(L: *mut lua_State, nargs: c_int, nresults: c_int, errfunc: c_int) -> c_int;
+
+    //
+    // Coroutine functions
+    //
+    pub fn lua_yield(L: *mut lua_State, nresults: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_break(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    #[link_name = "lua_resume"]
+    pub fn lua_resume_(L: *mut lua_State, from: *mut lua_State, narg: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_resumeerror(L: *mut lua_State, from: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_status(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_isyieldable(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getthreaddata(L: *mut lua_State) -> *mut c_void;
+    pub fn lua_setthreaddata(L: *mut lua_State, data: *mut c_void);
+}
+
+//
+// Garbage-collection function and options
+//
+pub const LUA_GCSTOP: c_int = 0;
+pub const LUA_GCRESTART: c_int = 1;
+pub const LUA_GCCOLLECT: c_int = 2;
+pub const LUA_GCCOUNT: c_int = 3;
+pub const LUA_GCCOUNTB: c_int = 4;
+pub const LUA_GCISRUNNING: c_int = 5;
+pub const LUA_GCSTEP: c_int = 6;
+pub const LUA_GCSETGOAL: c_int = 7;
+pub const LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL: c_int = 8;
+pub const LUA_GCSETSTEPSIZE: c_int = 9;
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_gc(L: *mut lua_State, what: c_int, data: c_int) -> c_int;
+}
+
+//
+// Memory statistics
+//
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_setmemcat(L: *mut lua_State, category: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_totalbytes(L: *mut lua_State, category: c_int) -> usize;
+}
+
+//
+// Miscellaneous functions
+//
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_error(L: *mut lua_State) -> !;
+    pub fn lua_next(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_rawiter(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, iter: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_concat(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int);
+    // TODO: lua_encodepointer
+    pub fn lua_clock() -> c_double;
+    pub fn lua_setuserdatatag(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int, tag: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_setuserdatadtor(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        tag: c_int,
+        dtor: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut lua_State, *mut c_void)>,
+    );
+    pub fn lua_clonefunction(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_cleartable(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int);
+}
+
+//
+// Reference system, can be used to pin objects
+//
+pub const LUA_NOREF: c_int = -1;
+pub const LUA_REFNIL: c_int = 0;
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_ref(L: *mut lua_State, idx: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_unref(L: *mut lua_State, r#ref: c_int);
+}
+
+//
+// Some useful macros (implemented as Rust functions)
+//
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tonumber(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> lua_Number {
+    lua_tonumberx(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tointeger_(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> lua_Integer {
+    lua_tointegerx_(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tounsigned(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> lua_Unsigned {
+    lua_tounsignedx(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pop(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) {
+    lua_settop(L, -n - 1)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_newtable(L: *mut lua_State) {
+    lua_createtable(L, 0, 0)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_newuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, sz: usize) -> *mut c_void {
+    lua_newuserdatatagged(L, sz, 0)
+}
+
+// TODO: lua_strlen
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isfunction(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TFUNCTION) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_istable(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TTABLE) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_islightuserdata(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isnil(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TNIL) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isboolean(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TBOOLEAN) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isvector(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TVECTOR) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isthread(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TTHREAD) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isnone(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TNONE) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_isnoneornil(L: *mut lua_State, n: c_int) -> c_int {
+    (lua_type(L, n) <= LUA_TNIL) as c_int
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushliteral(L: *mut lua_State, s: &'static str) {
+    use std::ffi::CString;
+    let c_str = CString::new(s).unwrap();
+    lua_pushlstring_(L, c_str.as_ptr(), c_str.as_bytes().len())
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushcfunction(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_CFunction) {
+    lua_pushcclosurek(L, f, ptr::null(), 0, None)
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushcfunctiond(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_CFunction, debugname: *const c_char) {
+    lua_pushcclosurek(L, f, debugname, 0, None)
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushcclosure(L: *mut lua_State, f: lua_CFunction, nup: c_int) {
+    lua_pushcclosurek(L, f, ptr::null(), nup, None)
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn lua_pushcclosured(
+    L: *mut lua_State,
+    f: lua_CFunction,
+    debugname: *const c_char,
+    nup: c_int,
+) {
+    lua_pushcclosurek(L, f, debugname, nup, None)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_setglobal(L: *mut lua_State, var: *const c_char) {
+    lua_setfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, var)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_getglobal(L: *mut lua_State, var: *const c_char) -> c_int {
+    lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, var)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn lua_tostring(L: *mut lua_State, i: c_int) -> *const c_char {
+    lua_tolstring(L, i, ptr::null_mut())
+}
+
+//
+// Debug API
+//
+
+// Maximum size for the description of the source of a function in debug information.
+const LUA_IDSIZE: usize = 256;
+
+/// Type for functions to be called on debug events.
+pub type lua_Hook = unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *mut lua_Debug);
+
+pub type lua_Coverage = unsafe extern "C" fn(
+    context: *mut c_void,
+    function: *const c_char,
+    linedefined: c_int,
+    depth: c_int,
+    hits: *const c_int,
+    size: usize,
+);
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_stackdepth(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getinfo(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        level: c_int,
+        what: *const c_char,
+        ar: *mut lua_Debug,
+    ) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getargument(L: *mut lua_State, level: c_int, n: c_int) -> c_int;
+    pub fn lua_getlocal(L: *mut lua_State, level: c_int, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_setlocal(L: *mut lua_State, level: c_int, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_getupvalue(L: *mut lua_State, funcindex: c_int, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+    pub fn lua_setupvalue(L: *mut lua_State, funcindex: c_int, n: c_int) -> *const c_char;
+
+    pub fn lua_singlestep(L: *mut lua_State, enabled: c_int);
+    pub fn lua_breakpoint(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        funcindex: c_int,
+        line: c_int,
+        enabled: c_int,
+    ) -> c_int;
+
+    pub fn lua_getcoverage(
+        L: *mut lua_State,
+        funcindex: c_int,
+        context: *mut c_void,
+        callback: lua_Coverage,
+    );
+
+    pub fn lua_debugtrace(L: *mut lua_State) -> *const c_char;
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct lua_Debug {
+    pub name: *const c_char,
+    pub what: *const c_char,
+    pub source: *const c_char,
+    pub short_src: *const c_char,
+    pub linedefined: c_int,
+    pub currentline: c_int,
+    pub nupvals: u8,
+    pub nparams: u8,
+    pub isvararg: c_char,
+    pub userdata: *mut c_void,
+    pub ssbuf: [c_char; LUA_IDSIZE],
+}
+
+//
+// Callbacks that can be used to reconfigure behavior of the VM dynamically.
+// These are shared between all coroutines.
+//
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct lua_Callbacks {
+    /// arbitrary userdata pointer that is never overwritten by Luau
+    pub userdata: *mut c_void,
+
+    /// gets called at safepoints (loop back edges, call/ret, gc) if set
+    pub interrupt: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, gc: c_int)>,
+    /// gets called when an unprotected error is raised (if longjmp is used)
+    pub panic: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, errcode: c_int)>,
+
+    /// gets called when L is created (LP == parent) or destroyed (LP == NULL)
+    pub userthread: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(LP: *mut lua_State, L: *mut lua_State)>,
+    /// gets called when a string is created; returned atom can be retrieved via tostringatom
+    pub useratom: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(s: *const c_char, l: usize) -> i16>,
+
+    /// gets called when BREAK instruction is encountered
+    pub debugbreak: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *mut lua_Debug)>,
+    /// gets called after each instruction in single step mode
+    pub debugstep: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *mut lua_Debug)>,
+    /// gets called when thread execution is interrupted by break in another thread
+    pub debuginterrupt: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State, ar: *mut lua_Debug)>,
+    /// gets called when protected call results in an error
+    pub debugprotectederror: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(L: *mut lua_State)>,
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn lua_callbacks(L: *mut lua_State) -> *mut lua_Callbacks;
+}

src/ffi/luau/luacode.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `luacode.h`.
+
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_void};
+use std::slice;
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct lua_CompileOptions {
+    pub optimizationLevel: c_int,
+    pub debugLevel: c_int,
+    pub coverageLevel: c_int,
+    pub vectorLib: *const c_char,
+    pub vectorCtor: *const c_char,
+    pub mutableGlobals: *mut *const c_char,
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+    #[link_name = "luau_compile"]
+    pub fn luau_compile_(
+        source: *const c_char,
+        size: usize,
+        options: *mut lua_CompileOptions,
+        outsize: *mut usize,
+    ) -> *mut c_char;
+
+    fn free(p: *mut c_void);
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn luau_compile(source: &[u8], mut options: lua_CompileOptions) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut outsize = 0;
+    let data_ptr = luau_compile_(
+        source.as_ptr() as *const c_char,
+        source.len(),
+        &mut options,
+        &mut outsize,
+    );
+    let data = slice::from_raw_parts(data_ptr as *mut u8, outsize).to_vec();
+    free(data_ptr as *mut c_void);
+    data
+}

src/ffi/luau/lualib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//! Contains definitions from `lualib.h`.
+
+use std::os::raw::c_int;
+
+use super::lua::lua_State;
+
+pub const LUA_COLIBNAME: &str = "coroutine";
+pub const LUA_TABLIBNAME: &str = "table";
+pub const LUA_OSLIBNAME: &str = "os";
+pub const LUA_STRLIBNAME: &str = "string";
+pub const LUA_BITLIBNAME: &str = "bit32";
+pub const LUA_UTF8LIBNAME: &str = "utf8";
+pub const LUA_MATHLIBNAME: &str = "math";
+pub const LUA_DBLIBNAME: &str = "debug";
+
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn luaopen_base(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_coroutine(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_table(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_os(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_string(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_bit32(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_utf8(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_math(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+    pub fn luaopen_debug(L: *mut lua_State) -> c_int;
+
+    // open all builtin libraries
+    pub fn luaL_openlibs(L: *mut lua_State);
+}

src/ffi/luau/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//! Low level bindings to Luau.
+
+pub use compat::*;
+pub use lauxlib::*;
+pub use lua::*;
+pub use luacode::*;
+pub use lualib::*;
+
+pub mod compat;
+pub mod lauxlib;
+pub mod lua;
+pub mod luacode;
+pub mod lualib;

src/ffi/mod.rs

@@ -1,252 +1,103 @@
-// The MIT License (MIT)
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2019 A. Orlenko
-// Copyright (c) 2014 J.C. Moyer
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
-// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
-// THE SOFTWARE.
-
-//! Low level bindings to Lua.
+//! Low level bindings to Lua 5.4/5.3/5.2/5.1 including LuaJIT.
 
 #![allow(non_camel_case_types, non_snake_case, dead_code)]
 
 use std::os::raw::c_int;
 
-// This is more or less in the order it appears in the Lua manual, with the
-// exception of constants, which appear scattered throughout the manual text.
-
-// C API types
-pub use self::lua::{
-    lua_Alloc, lua_CFunction, lua_Debug, lua_Hook, lua_Integer, lua_Number, lua_Reader, lua_State,
-    lua_Unsigned, lua_Writer,
-};
+#[cfg(feature = "lua54")]
+pub use lua54::*;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-pub use self::lua::{lua_KContext, lua_KFunction};
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub use self::lua::lua_setfenv;
-
-// C API functions
-pub use self::lua::{
-    lua_absindex,
-    lua_arith,
-    lua_atpanic,
-    lua_call,
-    lua_checkstack,
-    lua_close,
-    lua_compare,
-    lua_concat,
-    lua_copy,
-    lua_createtable,
-    lua_dump,
-    lua_error,
-    lua_gc,
-    lua_getallocf,
-    lua_getextraspace,
-    lua_getfield,
-    lua_getglobal,
-    lua_gethook,
-    lua_gethookcount,
-    lua_gethookmask,
-    lua_geti,
-    lua_getinfo,
-    lua_getlocal,
-    lua_getmetatable,
-    lua_getstack,
-    lua_gettable,
-    lua_gettop,
-    lua_getupvalue,
-    lua_getuservalue,
-    lua_insert,
-    lua_isboolean,
-    lua_iscfunction,
-    lua_isfunction,
-    lua_isinteger,
-    lua_islightuserdata,
-    lua_isnil,
-    lua_isnone,
-    lua_isnoneornil,
-    lua_isnumber,
-    lua_isstring,
-    lua_istable,
-    lua_isthread,
-    lua_isuserdata,
-    lua_len,
-    lua_load,
-    lua_newstate,
-    lua_newtable,
-    lua_newthread,
-    lua_newuserdata,
-    lua_next,
-    lua_pcall,
-    lua_pop,
-    lua_pushboolean,
-    lua_pushcclosure,
-    lua_pushcfunction,
-    lua_pushfstring,
-    lua_pushglobaltable,
-    lua_pushinteger,
-    lua_pushlightuserdata,
-    lua_pushliteral,
-    lua_pushlstring,
-    lua_pushnil,
-    lua_pushnumber,
-    lua_pushstring,
-    lua_pushthread,
-    lua_pushvalue,
-    // omitted: lua_pushvfstring
-    lua_rawequal,
-    lua_rawget,
-    lua_rawgeti,
-    lua_rawgetp,
-    lua_rawlen,
-    lua_rawset,
-    lua_rawseti,
-    lua_rawsetp,
-    lua_register,
-    lua_remove,
-    lua_replace,
-    lua_resume,
-    lua_rotate,
-    lua_setallocf,
-    lua_setfield,
-    lua_setglobal,
-    lua_sethook,
-    lua_seti,
-    lua_setlocal,
-    lua_setmetatable,
-    lua_settable,
-    lua_settop,
-    lua_setupvalue,
-    lua_setuservalue,
-    lua_status,
-    lua_stringtonumber,
-    lua_toboolean,
-    lua_tocfunction,
-    lua_tointeger,
-    lua_tointegerx,
-    lua_tolstring,
-    lua_tonumber,
-    lua_tonumberx,
-    lua_topointer,
-    lua_tostring,
-    lua_tothread,
-    lua_touserdata,
-    lua_type,
-    lua_typename,
-    lua_upvalueindex,
-    lua_xmove,
-    lua_yield,
-};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-pub use self::lua::{lua_isyieldable, lua_version};
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-pub use self::lua::{lua_callk, lua_pcallk, lua_upvalueid, lua_upvaluejoin, lua_yieldk};
-
-// auxiliary library types
-pub use self::lauxlib::luaL_Reg;
-
-// auxiliary library functions
-pub use self::lauxlib::{
-    luaL_argcheck, luaL_argerror, luaL_callmeta, luaL_checkany, luaL_checkint, luaL_checkinteger,
-    luaL_checklong, luaL_checklstring, luaL_checknumber, luaL_checkoption, luaL_checkstack,
-    luaL_checkstring, luaL_checktype, luaL_checkudata, luaL_checkversion, luaL_dofile,
-    luaL_dostring, luaL_error, luaL_getmetafield, luaL_getmetatable, luaL_getsubtable, luaL_gsub,
-    luaL_len, luaL_loadbuffer, luaL_loadbufferx, luaL_loadfile, luaL_loadstring, luaL_newlib,
-    luaL_newlibtable, luaL_newmetatable, luaL_newstate, luaL_optint, luaL_optinteger, luaL_optlong,
-    luaL_optlstring, luaL_optnumber, luaL_optstring, luaL_ref, luaL_requiref, luaL_setfuncs,
-    luaL_setmetatable, luaL_testudata, luaL_tolstring, luaL_traceback, luaL_typename, luaL_unref,
-    luaL_where,
-};
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-pub use self::lauxlib::{luaL_execresult, luaL_fileresult, luaL_loadfilex};
-
-// lualib.h functions
-pub use self::lualib::{
-    luaL_openlibs, luaopen_base, luaopen_debug, luaopen_io, luaopen_math, luaopen_os,
-    luaopen_package, luaopen_string, luaopen_table,
-};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-pub use self::lualib::{luaopen_coroutine, luaopen_utf8};
+pub use lua53::*;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
-pub use self::lualib::{luaopen_bit32, luaopen_coroutine};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
-pub use self::lualib::{luaopen_bit, luaopen_ffi, luaopen_jit};
-
-// constants from lua.h
-pub use self::lua::{
-    LUA_ERRERR, LUA_ERRMEM, LUA_ERRRUN, LUA_ERRSYNTAX, LUA_GCCOLLECT, LUA_GCCOUNT, LUA_GCCOUNTB,
-    LUA_GCRESTART, LUA_GCSETPAUSE, LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL, LUA_GCSTEP, LUA_GCSTOP, LUA_HOOKCALL,
-    LUA_HOOKCOUNT, LUA_HOOKLINE, LUA_HOOKRET, LUA_HOOKTAILCALL, LUA_MASKCALL, LUA_MASKCOUNT,
-    LUA_MASKLINE, LUA_MASKRET, LUA_MINSTACK, LUA_MULTRET, LUA_OK, LUA_OPADD, LUA_OPDIV, LUA_OPEQ,
-    LUA_OPLE, LUA_OPLT, LUA_OPMOD, LUA_OPMUL, LUA_OPPOW, LUA_OPSUB, LUA_OPUNM, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX,
-    LUA_TBOOLEAN, LUA_TFUNCTION, LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA, LUA_TNIL, LUA_TNONE, LUA_TNUMBER, LUA_TSTRING,
-    LUA_TTABLE, LUA_TTHREAD, LUA_TUSERDATA, LUA_YIELD,
-};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-pub use self::lua::{
-    LUA_OPBAND, LUA_OPBNOT, LUA_OPBOR, LUA_OPBXOR, LUA_OPIDIV, LUA_OPSHL, LUA_OPSHR,
-};
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-pub use self::lua::{LUA_ERRGCMM, LUA_GCISRUNNING, LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS, LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD};
+pub use lua52::*;
 
 #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub use self::lua::{LUA_ENVIRONINDEX, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX};
+pub use lua51::*;
 
-// constants from lauxlib.h
-pub use self::lauxlib::{LUA_ERRFILE, LUA_NOREF, LUA_REFNIL};
+#[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+pub use luau::*;
 
-// constants from lualib.h
-pub use self::lualib::{
-    LUA_COLIBNAME, LUA_DBLIBNAME, LUA_IOLIBNAME, LUA_LOADLIBNAME, LUA_MATHLIBNAME, LUA_OSLIBNAME,
-    LUA_STRLIBNAME, LUA_TABLIBNAME,
-};
-
-#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
-pub use self::lualib::LUA_UTF8LIBNAME;
-
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "luajit"))]
-pub use self::lualib::LUA_BITLIBNAME;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
-pub use self::lualib::{LUA_FFILIBNAME, LUA_JITLIBNAME};
-
-// Not actually defined in lua.h / luaconf.h
+#[cfg(any(feature = "lua54", feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
 pub const LUA_MAX_UPVALUES: c_int = 255;
 
-#[allow(unused_imports, dead_code, non_camel_case_types)]
-mod glue {
-    include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/glue.rs"));
+#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", all(feature = "luajit", not(feature = "vendored"))))]
+pub const LUA_MAX_UPVALUES: c_int = 60;
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "luajit", feature = "vendored"))]
+pub const LUA_MAX_UPVALUES: c_int = 120;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+pub const LUA_MAX_UPVALUES: c_int = 200;
+
+// I believe `luaL_traceback` < 5.4 requires this much free stack to not error.
+// 5.4 uses `luaL_Buffer`
+pub const LUA_TRACEBACK_STACK: c_int = 11;
+
+// The minimum alignment guaranteed by the architecture. This value is used to
+// add fast paths for low alignment values.
+// Copied from https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/library/std/src/sys/common/alloc.rs
+#[cfg(all(any(
+    target_arch = "x86",
+    target_arch = "arm",
+    target_arch = "mips",
+    target_arch = "powerpc",
+    target_arch = "powerpc64",
+    target_arch = "sparc",
+    target_arch = "asmjs",
+    target_arch = "wasm32",
+    target_arch = "hexagon",
+    all(target_arch = "riscv32", not(target_os = "espidf")),
+    all(target_arch = "xtensa", not(target_os = "espidf")),
+)))]
+pub const SYS_MIN_ALIGN: usize = 8;
+#[cfg(all(any(
+    target_arch = "x86_64",
+    target_arch = "aarch64",
+    target_arch = "mips64",
+    target_arch = "s390x",
+    target_arch = "sparc64",
+    target_arch = "riscv64",
+    target_arch = "wasm64",
+)))]
+pub const SYS_MIN_ALIGN: usize = 16;
+// The allocator on the esp-idf platform guarentees 4 byte alignment.
+#[cfg(all(any(
+    all(target_arch = "riscv32", target_os = "espidf"),
+    all(target_arch = "xtensa", target_os = "espidf"),
+)))]
+pub const SYS_MIN_ALIGN: usize = 4;
+
+// Hack to avoid stripping a few unused Lua symbols that could be imported
+// by C modules in unsafe mode
+#[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+pub(crate) fn keep_lua_symbols() {
+    let mut symbols: Vec<*const extern "C" fn()> = Vec::new();
+    symbols.push(lua_atpanic as _);
+    symbols.push(lua_isuserdata as _);
+    symbols.push(lua_tocfunction as _);
+    symbols.push(luaL_loadstring as _);
+    symbols.push(luaL_openlibs as _);
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua54", feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
+    {
+        symbols.push(lua_getglobal as _);
+        symbols.push(lua_setglobal as _);
+        symbols.push(luaL_setfuncs as _);
+    }
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
-mod compat53;
+#[cfg(feature = "lua54")]
+pub mod lua54;
 
-mod lauxlib;
-mod lua;
-mod luaconf;
-mod lualib;
+#[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
+pub mod lua53;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "lua52")]
+pub mod lua52;
+
+#[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
+pub mod lua51;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+pub mod luau;

src/function.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
-use std::os::raw::c_int;
+use std::mem;
+use std::os::raw::{c_int, c_void};
 use std::ptr;
+use std::slice;
 
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use crate::ffi;
 use crate::types::LuaRef;
 use crate::util::{
-    assert_stack, check_stack, error_traceback, pop_error, protect_lua_closure, StackGuard,
+    assert_stack, check_stack, error_traceback, pop_error, ptr_to_cstr_bytes, StackGuard,
 };
-use crate::value::{FromLuaMulti, MultiValue, ToLuaMulti};
+use crate::value::{FromLuaMulti, ToLuaMulti};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
 use {futures_core::future::LocalBoxFuture, futures_util::future};
@@ -16,6 +18,29 @@ use {futures_core::future::LocalBoxFuture, futures_util::future};
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Function<'lua>(pub(crate) LuaRef<'lua>);
 
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct FunctionInfo {
+    pub name: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub name_what: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub what: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub source: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub short_src: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub line_defined: i32,
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+    pub last_line_defined: i32,
+}
+
+/// Luau function coverage snapshot.
+#[cfg(any(feature = "luau", doc))]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "luau")))]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct CoverageInfo {
+    pub function: Option<std::string::String>,
+    pub line_defined: i32,
+    pub depth: i32,
+    pub hits: Vec<i32>,
+}
+
 impl<'lua> Function<'lua> {
     /// Calls the function, passing `args` as function arguments.
     ///
@@ -60,7 +85,7 @@ impl<'lua> Function<'lua> {
     pub fn call<A: ToLuaMulti<'lua>, R: FromLuaMulti<'lua>>(&self, args: A) -> Result<R> {
         let lua = self.0.lua;
 
-        let args = args.to_lua_multi(lua)?;
+        let mut args = args.to_lua_multi(lua)?;
         let nargs = args.len() as c_int;
 
         let results = unsafe {
@@ -70,7 +95,7 @@ impl<'lua> Function<'lua> {
             ffi::lua_pushcfunction(lua.state, error_traceback);
             let stack_start = ffi::lua_gettop(lua.state);
             lua.push_ref(&self.0);
-            for arg in args {
+            for arg in args.drain_all() {
                 lua.push_value(arg)?;
             }
             let ret = ffi::lua_pcall(lua.state, nargs, ffi::LUA_MULTRET, stack_start);
@@ -78,7 +103,7 @@ impl<'lua> Function<'lua> {
                 return Err(pop_error(lua.state, ret));
             }
             let nresults = ffi::lua_gettop(lua.state) - stack_start;
-            let mut results = MultiValue::new();
+            let mut results = args; // Reuse MultiValue container
             assert_stack(lua.state, 2);
             for _ in 0..nresults {
                 results.push_front(lua.pop_value());
@@ -89,10 +114,12 @@ impl<'lua> Function<'lua> {
         R::from_lua_multi(results, lua)
     }
 
-    /// Returns a Feature that, when polled, calls `self`, passing `args` as function arguments,
+    /// Returns a future that, when polled, calls `self`, passing `args` as function arguments,
     /// and drives the execution.
     ///
-    /// Internaly it wraps the function to an [`AsyncThread`].
+    /// Internally it wraps the function to an [`AsyncThread`].
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "async"`
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
@@ -115,8 +142,9 @@ impl<'lua> Function<'lua> {
     /// # }
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`AsyncThread`]: struct.AsyncThread.html
+    /// [`AsyncThread`]: crate::AsyncThread
     #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
     pub fn call_async<'fut, A, R>(&self, args: A) -> LocalBoxFuture<'fut, Result<R>>
     where
         'lua: 'fut,
@@ -124,8 +152,12 @@ impl<'lua> Function<'lua> {
         R: FromLuaMulti<'lua> + 'fut,
     {
         let lua = self.0.lua;
-        match lua.create_thread(self.clone()) {
-            Ok(t) => Box::pin(t.into_async(args)),
+        match lua.create_recycled_thread(self.clone()) {
+            Ok(t) => {
+                let mut t = t.into_async(args);
+                t.set_recyclable(true);
+                Box::pin(t)
+            }
             Err(e) => Box::pin(future::err(e)),
         }
     }
@@ -158,24 +190,19 @@ impl<'lua> Function<'lua> {
     /// # }
     /// ```
     pub fn bind<A: ToLuaMulti<'lua>>(&self, args: A) -> Result<Function<'lua>> {
-        unsafe extern "C" fn bind_call_impl(state: *mut ffi::lua_State) -> c_int {
+        unsafe extern "C" fn args_wrapper_impl(state: *mut ffi::lua_State) -> c_int {
             let nargs = ffi::lua_gettop(state);
-            let nbinds = ffi::lua_tointeger(state, ffi::lua_upvalueindex(2)) as c_int;
-            ffi::luaL_checkstack(state, nbinds + 2, ptr::null());
-
-            ffi::lua_settop(state, nargs + nbinds + 1);
-            ffi::lua_rotate(state, -(nargs + nbinds + 1), nbinds + 1);
-
-            ffi::lua_pushvalue(state, ffi::lua_upvalueindex(1));
-            ffi::lua_replace(state, 1);
+            let nbinds = ffi::lua_tointeger(state, ffi::lua_upvalueindex(1)) as c_int;
+            ffi::luaL_checkstack(state, nbinds, ptr::null());
 
             for i in 0..nbinds {
-                ffi::lua_pushvalue(state, ffi::lua_upvalueindex(i + 3));
-                ffi::lua_replace(state, i + 2);
+                ffi::lua_pushvalue(state, ffi::lua_upvalueindex(i + 2));
+            }
+            if nargs > 0 {
+                ffi::lua_rotate(state, 1, nbinds);
             }
 
-            ffi::lua_call(state, nargs + nbinds, ffi::LUA_MULTRET);
-            ffi::lua_gettop(state)
+            nargs + nbinds
         }
 
         let lua = self.0.lua;
@@ -183,24 +210,167 @@ impl<'lua> Function<'lua> {
         let args = args.to_lua_multi(lua)?;
         let nargs = args.len() as c_int;
 
-        if nargs + 2 > ffi::LUA_MAX_UPVALUES {
+        if nargs == 0 {
+            return Ok(self.clone());
+        }
+
+        if nargs + 1 > ffi::LUA_MAX_UPVALUES {
             return Err(Error::BindError);
         }
 
-        unsafe {
+        let args_wrapper = unsafe {
             let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            check_stack(lua.state, nargs + 5)?;
-            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
+            check_stack(lua.state, nargs + 3)?;
+
             ffi::lua_pushinteger(lua.state, nargs as ffi::lua_Integer);
             for arg in args {
                 lua.push_value(arg)?;
             }
-
-            protect_lua_closure(lua.state, nargs + 2, 1, |state| {
-                ffi::lua_pushcclosure(state, bind_call_impl, nargs + 2);
+            protect_lua!(lua.state, nargs + 1, 1, fn(state) {
+                ffi::lua_pushcclosure(state, args_wrapper_impl, ffi::lua_gettop(state));
             })?;
 
-            Ok(Function(lua.pop_ref()))
+            Function(lua.pop_ref())
+        };
+
+        lua.load(
+            r#"
+            local func, args_wrapper = ...
+            return function(...)
+                return func(args_wrapper(...))
+            end
+            "#,
+        )
+        .try_cache()
+        .set_name("_mlua_bind")?
+        .call((self.clone(), args_wrapper))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns information about the function.
+    ///
+    /// Corresponds to the `>Sn` what mask for [`lua_getinfo`] when applied to the function.
+    ///
+    /// [`lua_getinfo`]: https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#lua_getinfo
+    pub fn info(&self) -> FunctionInfo {
+        let lua = self.0.lua;
+        unsafe {
+            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+            assert_stack(lua.state, 1);
+
+            let mut ar: ffi::lua_Debug = mem::zeroed();
+            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+            let res = ffi::lua_getinfo(lua.state, cstr!(">Sn"), &mut ar);
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            let res = ffi::lua_getinfo(lua.state, -1, cstr!("sn"), &mut ar);
+            mlua_assert!(res != 0, "lua_getinfo failed with `>Sn`");
+
+            FunctionInfo {
+                name: ptr_to_cstr_bytes(ar.name).map(|s| s.to_vec()),
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+                name_what: ptr_to_cstr_bytes(ar.namewhat).map(|s| s.to_vec()),
+                #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+                name_what: None,
+                what: ptr_to_cstr_bytes(ar.what).map(|s| s.to_vec()),
+                source: ptr_to_cstr_bytes(ar.source).map(|s| s.to_vec()),
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+                short_src: ptr_to_cstr_bytes(ar.short_src.as_ptr()).map(|s| s.to_vec()),
+                #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+                short_src: ptr_to_cstr_bytes(ar.short_src).map(|s| s.to_vec()),
+                line_defined: ar.linedefined,
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+                last_line_defined: ar.lastlinedefined,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Dumps the function as a binary chunk.
+    ///
+    /// If `strip` is true, the binary representation may not include all debug information
+    /// about the function, to save space.
+    ///
+    /// For Luau a [Compiler] can be used to compile Lua chunks to bytecode.
+    ///
+    /// [Compiler]: crate::chunk::Compiler
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(not(feature = "luau"))))]
+    pub fn dump(&self, strip: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+        unsafe extern "C" fn writer(
+            _state: *mut ffi::lua_State,
+            buf: *const c_void,
+            buf_len: usize,
+            data: *mut c_void,
+        ) -> c_int {
+            let data = &mut *(data as *mut Vec<u8>);
+            let buf = slice::from_raw_parts(buf as *const u8, buf_len);
+            data.extend_from_slice(buf);
+            0
+        }
+
+        let lua = self.0.lua;
+        let mut data: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+        unsafe {
+            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+            assert_stack(lua.state, 1);
+
+            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
+            let data_ptr = &mut data as *mut Vec<u8> as *mut c_void;
+            ffi::lua_dump(lua.state, writer, data_ptr, strip as i32);
+            ffi::lua_pop(lua.state, 1);
+        }
+
+        data
+    }
+
+    /// Retrieves recorded coverage information about this Lua function including inner calls.
+    ///
+    /// This function takes a callback as an argument and calls it providing [`CoverageInfo`] snapshot
+    /// per each executed inner function.
+    ///
+    /// Recording of coverage information is controlled by [`Compiler::set_coverage_level`] option.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "luau"`
+    ///
+    /// [`Compiler::set_coverage_level`]: crate::chunk::Compiler::set_coverage_level
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "luau", docsrs))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "luau")))]
+    pub fn coverage<F>(&self, mut func: F)
+    where
+        F: FnMut(CoverageInfo),
+    {
+        use std::ffi::CStr;
+        use std::os::raw::c_char;
+
+        unsafe extern "C" fn callback<F: FnMut(CoverageInfo)>(
+            data: *mut c_void,
+            function: *const c_char,
+            line_defined: c_int,
+            depth: c_int,
+            hits: *const c_int,
+            size: usize,
+        ) {
+            let function = if !function.is_null() {
+                Some(CStr::from_ptr(function).to_string_lossy().to_string())
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+            let rust_callback = &mut *(data as *mut F);
+            rust_callback(CoverageInfo {
+                function,
+                line_defined,
+                depth,
+                hits: slice::from_raw_parts(hits, size).to_vec(),
+            });
+        }
+
+        let lua = self.0.lua;
+        unsafe {
+            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+            assert_stack(lua.state, 1);
+
+            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
+            let func_ptr = &mut func as *mut F as *mut c_void;
+            ffi::lua_getcoverage(lua.state, -1, func_ptr, callback::<F>);
         }
     }
 }

src/hook.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
+#[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+use std::ops::{BitOr, BitOrAssign};
+use std::os::raw::c_int;
+
+use crate::ffi::{self, lua_Debug};
+use crate::lua::Lua;
+use crate::util::ptr_to_cstr_bytes;
+
+/// Contains information about currently executing Lua code.
+///
+/// The `Debug` structure is provided as a parameter to the hook function set with
+/// [`Lua::set_hook`]. You may call the methods on this structure to retrieve information about the
+/// Lua code executing at the time that the hook function was called. Further information can be
+/// found in the Lua [documentation][lua_doc].
+///
+/// [lua_doc]: https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#lua_Debug
+/// [`Lua::set_hook`]: crate::Lua::set_hook
+pub struct Debug<'lua> {
+    lua: &'lua Lua,
+    ar: ActivationRecord,
+    #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+    level: c_int,
+}
+
+impl<'lua> Debug<'lua> {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+    pub(crate) fn new(lua: &'lua Lua, ar: *mut lua_Debug) -> Self {
+        Debug {
+            lua,
+            ar: ActivationRecord::Borrowed(ar),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn new_owned(lua: &'lua Lua, _level: c_int, ar: lua_Debug) -> Self {
+        Debug {
+            lua,
+            ar: ActivationRecord::Owned(UnsafeCell::new(ar)),
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            level: _level,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the specific event that triggered the hook.
+    ///
+    /// For [Lua 5.1] `DebugEvent::TailCall` is used for return events to indicate a return
+    /// from a function that did a tail call.
+    ///
+    /// [Lua 5.1]: https://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#pdf-LUA_HOOKTAILRET
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(not(feature = "luau"))))]
+    pub fn event(&self) -> DebugEvent {
+        unsafe {
+            match (*self.ar.get()).event {
+                ffi::LUA_HOOKCALL => DebugEvent::Call,
+                ffi::LUA_HOOKRET => DebugEvent::Ret,
+                ffi::LUA_HOOKTAILCALL => DebugEvent::TailCall,
+                ffi::LUA_HOOKLINE => DebugEvent::Line,
+                ffi::LUA_HOOKCOUNT => DebugEvent::Count,
+                event => DebugEvent::Unknown(event),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Corresponds to the `n` what mask.
+    pub fn names(&self) -> DebugNames {
+        unsafe {
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+            mlua_assert!(
+                ffi::lua_getinfo(self.lua.state, cstr!("n"), self.ar.get()) != 0,
+                "lua_getinfo failed with `n`"
+            );
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            mlua_assert!(
+                ffi::lua_getinfo(self.lua.state, self.level, cstr!("n"), self.ar.get()) != 0,
+                "lua_getinfo failed with `n`"
+            );
+
+            DebugNames {
+                name: ptr_to_cstr_bytes((*self.ar.get()).name),
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+                name_what: ptr_to_cstr_bytes((*self.ar.get()).namewhat),
+                #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+                name_what: None,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Corresponds to the `S` what mask.
+    pub fn source(&self) -> DebugSource {
+        unsafe {
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+            mlua_assert!(
+                ffi::lua_getinfo(self.lua.state, cstr!("S"), self.ar.get()) != 0,
+                "lua_getinfo failed with `S`"
+            );
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            mlua_assert!(
+                ffi::lua_getinfo(self.lua.state, self.level, cstr!("s"), self.ar.get()) != 0,
+                "lua_getinfo failed with `s`"
+            );
+
+            DebugSource {
+                source: ptr_to_cstr_bytes((*self.ar.get()).source),
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+                short_src: ptr_to_cstr_bytes((*self.ar.get()).short_src.as_ptr()),
+                #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+                short_src: ptr_to_cstr_bytes((*self.ar.get()).short_src),
+                line_defined: (*self.ar.get()).linedefined,
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+                last_line_defined: (*self.ar.get()).lastlinedefined,
+                what: ptr_to_cstr_bytes((*self.ar.get()).what),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Corresponds to the `l` what mask. Returns the current line.
+    pub fn curr_line(&self) -> i32 {
+        unsafe {
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+            mlua_assert!(
+                ffi::lua_getinfo(self.lua.state, cstr!("l"), self.ar.get()) != 0,
+                "lua_getinfo failed with `l`"
+            );
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            mlua_assert!(
+                ffi::lua_getinfo(self.lua.state, self.level, cstr!("l"), self.ar.get()) != 0,
+                "lua_getinfo failed with `l`"
+            );
+
+            (*self.ar.get()).currentline
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Corresponds to the `t` what mask. Returns true if the hook is in a function tail call, false
+    /// otherwise.
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(not(feature = "luau"))))]
+    pub fn is_tail_call(&self) -> bool {
+        unsafe {
+            mlua_assert!(
+                ffi::lua_getinfo(self.lua.state, cstr!("t"), self.ar.get()) != 0,
+                "lua_getinfo failed with `t`"
+            );
+            (*self.ar.get()).currentline != 0
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Corresponds to the `u` what mask.
+    pub fn stack(&self) -> DebugStack {
+        unsafe {
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+            mlua_assert!(
+                ffi::lua_getinfo(self.lua.state, cstr!("u"), self.ar.get()) != 0,
+                "lua_getinfo failed with `u`"
+            );
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            mlua_assert!(
+                ffi::lua_getinfo(self.lua.state, self.level, cstr!("a"), self.ar.get()) != 0,
+                "lua_getinfo failed with `a`"
+            );
+
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+            let stack = DebugStack {
+                num_ups: (*self.ar.get()).nups as i32,
+                #[cfg(any(feature = "lua54", feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
+                num_params: (*self.ar.get()).nparams as i32,
+                #[cfg(any(feature = "lua54", feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
+                is_vararg: (*self.ar.get()).isvararg != 0,
+            };
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            let stack = DebugStack {
+                num_ups: (*self.ar.get()).nupvals as i32,
+                num_params: (*self.ar.get()).nparams as i32,
+                is_vararg: (*self.ar.get()).isvararg != 0,
+            };
+            stack
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum ActivationRecord {
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+    Borrowed(*mut lua_Debug),
+    Owned(UnsafeCell<lua_Debug>),
+}
+
+impl ActivationRecord {
+    #[inline]
+    fn get(&self) -> *mut lua_Debug {
+        match self {
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+            ActivationRecord::Borrowed(x) => *x,
+            ActivationRecord::Owned(x) => x.get(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a specific event that triggered the hook.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum DebugEvent {
+    Call,
+    Ret,
+    TailCall,
+    Line,
+    Count,
+    Unknown(c_int),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct DebugNames<'a> {
+    pub name: Option<&'a [u8]>,
+    pub name_what: Option<&'a [u8]>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct DebugSource<'a> {
+    pub source: Option<&'a [u8]>,
+    pub short_src: Option<&'a [u8]>,
+    pub line_defined: i32,
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+    pub last_line_defined: i32,
+    pub what: Option<&'a [u8]>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct DebugStack {
+    pub num_ups: i32,
+    /// Requires `feature = "lua54/lua53/lua52/luau"`
+    #[cfg(any(
+        feature = "lua54",
+        feature = "lua53",
+        feature = "lua52",
+        feature = "luau"
+    ))]
+    pub num_params: i32,
+    /// Requires `feature = "lua54/lua53/lua52/luau"`
+    #[cfg(any(
+        feature = "lua54",
+        feature = "lua53",
+        feature = "lua52",
+        feature = "luau"
+    ))]
+    pub is_vararg: bool,
+}
+
+/// Determines when a hook function will be called by Lua.
+#[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(not(feature = "luau"))))]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct HookTriggers {
+    /// Before a function call.
+    pub on_calls: bool,
+    /// When Lua returns from a function.
+    pub on_returns: bool,
+    /// Before executing a new line, or returning from a function call.
+    pub every_line: bool,
+    /// After a certain number of VM instructions have been executed. When set to `Some(count)`,
+    /// `count` is the number of VM instructions to execute before calling the hook.
+    ///
+    /// # Performance
+    ///
+    /// Setting this option to a low value can incur a very high overhead.
+    pub every_nth_instruction: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+impl HookTriggers {
+    /// Returns a new instance of `HookTriggers` with [`on_calls`] trigger set.
+    ///
+    /// [`on_calls`]: #structfield.on_calls
+    pub fn on_calls() -> Self {
+        HookTriggers {
+            on_calls: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a new instance of `HookTriggers` with [`on_returns`] trigger set.
+    ///
+    /// [`on_returns`]: #structfield.on_returns
+    pub fn on_returns() -> Self {
+        HookTriggers {
+            on_returns: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a new instance of `HookTriggers` with [`every_line`] trigger set.
+    ///
+    /// [`every_line`]: #structfield.every_line
+    pub fn every_line() -> Self {
+        HookTriggers {
+            every_line: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a new instance of `HookTriggers` with [`every_nth_instruction`] trigger set.
+    ///
+    /// [`every_nth_instruction`]: #structfield.every_nth_instruction
+    pub fn every_nth_instruction(n: u32) -> Self {
+        HookTriggers {
+            every_nth_instruction: Some(n),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Compute the mask to pass to `lua_sethook`.
+    pub(crate) fn mask(&self) -> c_int {
+        let mut mask: c_int = 0;
+        if self.on_calls {
+            mask |= ffi::LUA_MASKCALL
+        }
+        if self.on_returns {
+            mask |= ffi::LUA_MASKRET
+        }
+        if self.every_line {
+            mask |= ffi::LUA_MASKLINE
+        }
+        if self.every_nth_instruction.is_some() {
+            mask |= ffi::LUA_MASKCOUNT
+        }
+        mask
+    }
+
+    // Returns the `count` parameter to pass to `lua_sethook`, if applicable. Otherwise, zero is
+    // returned.
+    pub(crate) fn count(&self) -> c_int {
+        self.every_nth_instruction.unwrap_or(0) as c_int
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+impl BitOr for HookTriggers {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn bitor(mut self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        self.on_calls |= rhs.on_calls;
+        self.on_returns |= rhs.on_returns;
+        self.every_line |= rhs.every_line;
+        if self.every_nth_instruction.is_none() && rhs.every_nth_instruction.is_some() {
+            self.every_nth_instruction = rhs.every_nth_instruction;
+        }
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+impl BitOrAssign for HookTriggers {
+    fn bitor_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+        *self = *self | rhs;
+    }
+}

src/lib.rs

@@ -23,6 +23,19 @@
 //!
 //! The [`UserData`] trait can be implemented by user-defined types to make them available to Lua.
 //! Methods and operators to be used from Lua can be added using the [`UserDataMethods`] API.
+//! Fields are supported using the [`UserDataFields`] API.
+//!
+//! # Serde support
+//!
+//! The [`LuaSerdeExt`] trait implemented for [`Lua`] allows conversion from Rust types to Lua values
+//! and vice versa using serde. Any user defined data type that implements [`serde::Serialize`] or
+//! [`serde::Deserialize`] can be converted.
+//! For convenience, additional functionality to handle `NULL` values and arrays is provided.
+//!
+//! The [`Value`] enum implements [`serde::Serialize`] trait to support serializing Lua values
+//! (including [`UserData`]) into Rust values.
+//!
+//! Requires `feature = "serialize"`.
 //!
 //! # Async/await support
 //!
@@ -30,59 +43,182 @@
 //! Lua code with async capabilities can be executed by [`call_async`] family of functions or polling
 //! [`AsyncThread`] using any runtime (eg. Tokio).
 //!
+//! Requires `feature = "async"`.
+//!
+//! # `Send` requirement
+//! By default `mlua` is `!Send`. This can be changed by enabling `feature = "send"` that adds `Send` requirement
+//! to [`Function`]s and [`UserData`].
+//!
 //! [Lua programming language]: https://www.lua.org/
-//! [`Lua`]: struct.Lua.html
-//! [executing]: struct.Lua.html#method.exec
-//! [evaluating]: struct.Lua.html#method.eval
-//! [globals]: struct.Lua.html#method.globals
-//! [`ToLua`]: trait.ToLua.html
-//! [`FromLua`]: trait.FromLua.html
-//! [`ToLuaMulti`]: trait.ToLuaMulti.html
-//! [`FromLuaMulti`]: trait.FromLuaMulti.html
-//! [`UserData`]: trait.UserData.html
-//! [`UserDataMethods`]: trait.UserDataMethods.html
-//! [`create_async_function`]: struct.Lua.html#method.create_async_function
-//! [`call_async`]: struct.Function.html#method.call_async
-//! [`AsyncThread`]: struct.AsyncThread.html
-//! [`Future`]: ../futures_core/future/trait.Future.html
+//! [`Lua`]: crate::Lua
+//! [executing]: crate::Chunk::exec
+//! [evaluating]: crate::Chunk::eval
+//! [globals]: crate::Lua::globals
+//! [`ToLua`]: crate::ToLua
+//! [`FromLua`]: crate::FromLua
+//! [`ToLuaMulti`]: crate::ToLuaMulti
+//! [`FromLuaMulti`]: crate::FromLuaMulti
+//! [`Function`]: crate::Function
+//! [`UserData`]: crate::UserData
+//! [`UserDataFields`]: crate::UserDataFields
+//! [`UserDataMethods`]: crate::UserDataMethods
+//! [`LuaSerdeExt`]: crate::LuaSerdeExt
+//! [`Value`]: crate::Value
+//! [`create_async_function`]: crate::Lua::create_async_function
+//! [`call_async`]: crate::Function::call_async
+//! [`AsyncThread`]: crate::AsyncThread
+//! [`Future`]: std::future::Future
+//! [`serde::Serialize`]: https://docs.serde.rs/serde/ser/trait.Serialize.html
+//! [`serde::Deserialize`]: https://docs.serde.rs/serde/de/trait.Deserialize.html
 
 // Deny warnings inside doc tests / examples. When this isn't present, rustdoc doesn't show *any*
 // warnings at all.
 #![doc(test(attr(deny(warnings))))]
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg))]
 
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 
+mod chunk;
 mod conversion;
 mod error;
 mod ffi;
 mod function;
+mod hook;
 mod lua;
+#[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+mod luau;
 mod multi;
+mod scope;
 mod stdlib;
 mod string;
 mod table;
 mod thread;
 mod types;
 mod userdata;
+mod userdata_impl;
 mod util;
 mod value;
 
-pub use crate::ffi::lua_State;
+pub mod prelude;
 
+pub use crate::{ffi::lua_CFunction, ffi::lua_State};
+
+pub use crate::chunk::{AsChunk, Chunk, ChunkMode};
 pub use crate::error::{Error, ExternalError, ExternalResult, Result};
-pub use crate::function::Function;
-pub use crate::lua::{Chunk, Lua};
+pub use crate::function::{Function, FunctionInfo};
+pub use crate::hook::{Debug, DebugEvent, DebugNames, DebugSource, DebugStack};
+pub use crate::lua::{GCMode, Lua, LuaOptions};
 pub use crate::multi::Variadic;
+pub use crate::scope::Scope;
 pub use crate::stdlib::StdLib;
 pub use crate::string::String;
 pub use crate::table::{Table, TableExt, TablePairs, TableSequence};
 pub use crate::thread::{Thread, ThreadStatus};
 pub use crate::types::{Integer, LightUserData, Number, RegistryKey};
-pub use crate::userdata::{AnyUserData, MetaMethod, UserData, UserDataMethods};
+pub use crate::userdata::{
+    AnyUserData, MetaMethod, UserData, UserDataFields, UserDataMetatable, UserDataMethods,
+};
 pub use crate::value::{FromLua, FromLuaMulti, MultiValue, Nil, ToLua, ToLuaMulti, Value};
 
+#[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+pub use crate::hook::HookTriggers;
+
+#[cfg(any(feature = "luau", doc))]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "luau")))]
+pub use crate::{chunk::Compiler, function::CoverageInfo, types::VmState};
+
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
 pub use crate::thread::AsyncThread;
 
-pub mod prelude;
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use crate::serde::{
+    de::Options as DeserializeOptions, ser::Options as SerializeOptions, LuaSerdeExt,
+};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "serialize")))]
+pub mod serde;
+
+#[cfg(any(feature = "mlua_derive"))]
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate mlua_derive;
+
+/// Create a type that implements [`AsChunk`] and can capture Rust variables.
+///
+/// This macro allows to write Lua code directly in Rust code.
+///
+/// Rust variables can be referenced from Lua using `$` prefix, as shown in the example below.
+/// User's Rust types needs to implement [`UserData`] or [`ToLua`] traits.
+///
+/// Captured variables are **moved** into the chunk.
+///
+/// ```
+/// use mlua::{Lua, Result, chunk};
+///
+/// fn main() -> Result<()> {
+///     let lua = Lua::new();
+///     let name = "Rustacean";
+///     lua.load(chunk! {
+///         print("hello, " .. $name)
+///     }).exec()
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## Syntax issues
+///
+/// Since the Rust tokenizer will tokenize Lua code, this imposes some restrictions.
+/// The main thing to remember is:
+///
+/// - Use double quoted strings (`""`) instead of single quoted strings (`''`).
+///
+///   (Single quoted strings only work if they contain a single character, since in Rust,
+///   `'a'` is a character literal).
+///
+/// - Using Lua comments `--` is not desirable in **stable** Rust and can have bad side effects.
+///
+///   This is because procedural macros have Line/Column information available only in
+///   **nightly** Rust. Instead, Lua chunks represented as a big single line of code in stable Rust.
+///
+///   As workaround, Rust comments `//` can be used.
+///
+/// Other minor limitations:
+///
+/// - Certain escape codes in string literals don't work.
+///   (Specifically: `\a`, `\b`, `\f`, `\v`, `\123` (octal escape codes), `\u`, and `\U`).
+///
+///   These are accepted: : `\\`, `\n`, `\t`, `\r`, `\xAB` (hex escape codes), and `\0`.
+///
+/// - The `//` (floor division) operator is unusable, as its start a comment.
+///
+/// Everything else should work.
+///
+/// [`AsChunk`]: crate::AsChunk
+/// [`UserData`]: crate::UserData
+/// [`ToLua`]: crate::ToLua
+#[cfg(any(feature = "macros"))]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "macros")))]
+pub use mlua_derive::chunk;
+
+/// Registers Lua module entrypoint.
+///
+/// You can register multiple entrypoints as required.
+///
+/// ```
+/// use mlua::{Lua, Result, Table};
+///
+/// #[mlua::lua_module]
+/// fn my_module(lua: &Lua) -> Result<Table> {
+///     let exports = lua.create_table()?;
+///     exports.set("hello", "world")?;
+///     Ok(exports)
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Internally in the code above the compiler defines C function `luaopen_my_module`.
+///
+#[cfg(any(feature = "module", docsrs))]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "module")))]
+pub use mlua_derive::lua_module;

src/luau.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+use std::ffi::CStr;
+use std::os::raw::{c_float, c_int};
+
+use crate::chunk::ChunkMode;
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+use crate::ffi;
+use crate::lua::Lua;
+use crate::table::Table;
+use crate::util::{check_stack, StackGuard};
+use crate::value::Value;
+
+// Since Luau has some missing standard function, we re-implement them here
+
+impl Lua {
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn prepare_luau_state(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let globals = self.globals();
+
+        globals.raw_set(
+            "collectgarbage",
+            self.create_c_function(lua_collectgarbage)?,
+        )?;
+        globals.raw_set("require", self.create_function(lua_require)?)?;
+        globals.raw_set("vector", self.create_c_function(lua_vector)?)?;
+
+        // Set `_VERSION` global to include version number
+        // The environment variable `LUAU_VERSION` set by the build script
+        if let Some(version) = option_env!("LUAU_VERSION") {
+            globals.raw_set("_VERSION", format!("Luau {version}"))?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe extern "C" fn lua_collectgarbage(state: *mut ffi::lua_State) -> c_int {
+    let option = ffi::luaL_optstring(state, 1, cstr!("collect"));
+    let option = CStr::from_ptr(option);
+    let arg = ffi::luaL_optinteger(state, 2, 0);
+    match option.to_str() {
+        Ok("collect") => {
+            ffi::lua_gc(state, ffi::LUA_GCCOLLECT, 0);
+            0
+        }
+        Ok("stop") => {
+            ffi::lua_gc(state, ffi::LUA_GCSTOP, 0);
+            0
+        }
+        Ok("restart") => {
+            ffi::lua_gc(state, ffi::LUA_GCRESTART, 0);
+            0
+        }
+        Ok("count") => {
+            let kbytes = ffi::lua_gc(state, ffi::LUA_GCCOUNT, 0) as ffi::lua_Number;
+            let kbytes_rem = ffi::lua_gc(state, ffi::LUA_GCCOUNTB, 0) as ffi::lua_Number;
+            ffi::lua_pushnumber(state, kbytes + kbytes_rem / 1024.0);
+            1
+        }
+        Ok("step") => {
+            let res = ffi::lua_gc(state, ffi::LUA_GCSTEP, arg);
+            ffi::lua_pushboolean(state, res);
+            1
+        }
+        Ok("isrunning") => {
+            let res = ffi::lua_gc(state, ffi::LUA_GCISRUNNING, 0);
+            ffi::lua_pushboolean(state, res);
+            1
+        }
+        _ => ffi::luaL_error(state, cstr!("collectgarbage called with invalid option")),
+    }
+}
+
+fn lua_require(lua: &Lua, name: Option<std::string::String>) -> Result<Value> {
+    let name = name.ok_or_else(|| Error::RuntimeError("invalid module name".into()))?;
+
+    // Find module in the cache
+    let loaded = unsafe {
+        let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+        check_stack(lua.state, 2)?;
+        protect_lua!(lua.state, 0, 1, fn(state) {
+            ffi::luaL_getsubtable(state, ffi::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, cstr!("_LOADED"));
+        })?;
+        Table(lua.pop_ref())
+    };
+    if let Some(v) = loaded.raw_get(name.clone())? {
+        return Ok(v);
+    }
+
+    // Load file from filesystem
+    let mut search_path = std::env::var("LUAU_PATH").unwrap_or_default();
+    if search_path.is_empty() {
+        search_path = "?.luau;?.lua".into();
+    }
+
+    let (mut source, mut source_name) = (None, String::new());
+    for path in search_path.split(';') {
+        let file_path = path.replacen('?', &name, 1);
+        if let Ok(buf) = std::fs::read(&file_path) {
+            source = Some(buf);
+            source_name = file_path;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    let source = source.ok_or_else(|| Error::RuntimeError(format!("cannot find '{}'", name)))?;
+
+    let value = lua
+        .load(&source)
+        .set_name(&format!("={}", source_name))?
+        .set_mode(ChunkMode::Text)
+        .call::<_, Value>(())?;
+
+    // Save in the cache
+    loaded.raw_set(
+        name,
+        match value.clone() {
+            Value::Nil => Value::Boolean(true),
+            v => v,
+        },
+    )?;
+
+    Ok(value)
+}
+
+// Luau vector datatype constructor
+unsafe extern "C" fn lua_vector(state: *mut ffi::lua_State) -> c_int {
+    let x = ffi::luaL_checknumber(state, 1) as c_float;
+    let y = ffi::luaL_checknumber(state, 2) as c_float;
+    let z = ffi::luaL_checknumber(state, 3) as c_float;
+    ffi::lua_pushvector(state, x, y, z);
+    1
+}

src/macros.rs

@@ -17,19 +17,19 @@ macro_rules! cstr {
 
 macro_rules! mlua_panic {
     ($msg:expr) => {
-        panic!(bug_msg!($msg));
+        panic!(bug_msg!($msg))
     };
 
     ($msg:expr,) => {
-        mlua_panic!($msg);
+        mlua_panic!($msg)
     };
 
     ($msg:expr, $($arg:expr),+) => {
-        panic!(bug_msg!($msg), $($arg),+);
+        panic!(bug_msg!($msg), $($arg),+)
     };
 
     ($msg:expr, $($arg:expr),+,) => {
-        mlua_panic!($msg, $($arg),+);
+        mlua_panic!($msg, $($arg),+)
     };
 }
 
@@ -78,3 +78,34 @@ macro_rules! mlua_expect {
         mlua_expect!($res, $msg)
     };
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "module")]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! require_module_feature {
+    () => {};
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "module"))]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! require_module_feature {
+    () => {
+        compile_error!("Feature `module` must be enabled in the `mlua` crate");
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! protect_lua {
+    ($state:expr, $nargs:expr, $nresults:expr, $f:expr) => {
+        crate::util::protect_lua_closure($state, $nargs, $nresults, $f)
+    };
+
+    ($state:expr, $nargs:expr, $nresults:expr, fn($state_inner:ident) $code:expr) => {{
+        unsafe extern "C" fn do_call($state_inner: *mut ffi::lua_State) -> ::std::os::raw::c_int {
+            $code;
+            $nresults
+        }
+
+        crate::util::protect_lua_call($state, $nargs, do_call)
+    }};
+}

src/multi.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
+
 use std::iter::FromIterator;
 use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
 use std::result::Result as StdResult;
@@ -9,9 +11,9 @@ use crate::value::{FromLua, FromLuaMulti, MultiValue, Nil, ToLua, ToLuaMulti};
 /// Result is convertible to `MultiValue` following the common Lua idiom of returning the result
 /// on success, or in the case of an error, returning `nil` and an error message.
 impl<'lua, T: ToLua<'lua>, E: ToLua<'lua>> ToLuaMulti<'lua> for StdResult<T, E> {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua_multi(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<MultiValue<'lua>> {
-        let mut result = MultiValue::new();
-
+        let mut result = MultiValue::new_or_cached(lua);
         match self {
             Ok(v) => result.push_front(v.to_lua(lua)?),
             Err(e) => {
@@ -19,32 +21,37 @@ impl<'lua, T: ToLua<'lua>, E: ToLua<'lua>> ToLuaMulti<'lua> for StdResult<T, E>
                 result.push_front(Nil);
             }
         }
-
         Ok(result)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua, T: ToLua<'lua>> ToLuaMulti<'lua> for T {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua_multi(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<MultiValue<'lua>> {
-        let mut v = MultiValue::new();
+        let mut v = MultiValue::new_or_cached(lua);
         v.push_front(self.to_lua(lua)?);
         Ok(v)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua, T: FromLua<'lua>> FromLuaMulti<'lua> for T {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua_multi(mut values: MultiValue<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(T::from_lua(values.pop_front().unwrap_or(Nil), lua)?)
+        let res = T::from_lua(values.pop_front().unwrap_or(Nil), lua);
+        lua.cache_multivalue(values);
+        res
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> ToLuaMulti<'lua> for MultiValue<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua_multi(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<MultiValue<'lua>> {
         Ok(self)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromLuaMulti<'lua> for MultiValue<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_lua_multi(values: MultiValue<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
         Ok(values)
     }
@@ -74,14 +81,14 @@ impl<'lua> FromLuaMulti<'lua> for MultiValue<'lua> {
 /// # }
 /// ```
 ///
-/// [`FromLua`]: trait.FromLua.html
-/// [`MultiValue`]: struct.MultiValue.html
+/// [`FromLua`]: crate::FromLua
+/// [`MultiValue`]: crate::MultiValue
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Variadic<T>(Vec<T>);
 
 impl<T> Variadic<T> {
     /// Creates an empty `Variadic` wrapper containing no values.
-    pub fn new() -> Variadic<T> {
+    pub const fn new() -> Variadic<T> {
         Variadic(Vec::new())
     }
 }
@@ -122,31 +129,40 @@ impl<T> DerefMut for Variadic<T> {
 }
 
 impl<'lua, T: ToLua<'lua>> ToLuaMulti<'lua> for Variadic<T> {
+    #[inline]
     fn to_lua_multi(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<MultiValue<'lua>> {
-        self.0.into_iter().map(|e| e.to_lua(lua)).collect()
+        let mut values = MultiValue::new_or_cached(lua);
+        values.refill(self.0.into_iter().map(|e| e.to_lua(lua)))?;
+        Ok(values)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua, T: FromLua<'lua>> FromLuaMulti<'lua> for Variadic<T> {
-    fn from_lua_multi(values: MultiValue<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
-        values
-            .into_iter()
+    #[inline]
+    fn from_lua_multi(mut values: MultiValue<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
+        let res = values
+            .drain_all()
             .map(|e| T::from_lua(e, lua))
             .collect::<Result<Vec<T>>>()
-            .map(Variadic)
+            .map(Variadic);
+        lua.cache_multivalue(values);
+        res
     }
 }
 
 macro_rules! impl_tuple {
     () => (
         impl<'lua> ToLuaMulti<'lua> for () {
-            fn to_lua_multi(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<MultiValue<'lua>> {
-                Ok(MultiValue::new())
+            #[inline]
+            fn to_lua_multi(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<MultiValue<'lua>> {
+                Ok(MultiValue::new_or_cached(lua))
             }
         }
 
         impl<'lua> FromLuaMulti<'lua> for () {
-            fn from_lua_multi(_: MultiValue<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
+            #[inline]
+            fn from_lua_multi(values: MultiValue<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
+                lua.cache_multivalue(values);
                 Ok(())
             }
         }
@@ -159,6 +175,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_tuple {
         {
             #[allow(unused_mut)]
             #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+            #[inline]
             fn to_lua_multi(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<MultiValue<'lua>> {
                 let ($($name,)* $last,) = self;
 
@@ -174,6 +191,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_tuple {
         {
             #[allow(unused_mut)]
             #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+            #[inline]
             fn from_lua_multi(mut values: MultiValue<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
                 $(let $name = values.pop_front().unwrap_or(Nil);)*
                 let $last = FromLuaMulti::from_lua_multi(values, lua)?;

src/prelude.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,35 @@
 //! Re-exports most types with an extra `Lua*` prefix to prevent name clashes.
 
+#[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use crate::{
     AnyUserData as LuaAnyUserData, Chunk as LuaChunk, Error as LuaError,
     ExternalError as LuaExternalError, ExternalResult as LuaExternalResult, FromLua, FromLuaMulti,
-    Function as LuaFunction, Integer as LuaInteger, LightUserData as LuaLightUserData, Lua,
+    Function as LuaFunction, FunctionInfo as LuaFunctionInfo, GCMode as LuaGCMode,
+    Integer as LuaInteger, LightUserData as LuaLightUserData, Lua, LuaOptions,
     MetaMethod as LuaMetaMethod, MultiValue as LuaMultiValue, Nil as LuaNil, Number as LuaNumber,
-    RegistryKey as LuaRegistryKey, Result as LuaResult, String as LuaString, Table as LuaTable,
-    TableExt as LuaTableExt, TablePairs as LuaTablePairs, TableSequence as LuaTableSequence,
-    Thread as LuaThread, ThreadStatus as LuaThreadStatus, ToLua, ToLuaMulti,
-    UserData as LuaUserData, UserDataMethods as LuaUserDataMethods, Value as LuaValue,
+    RegistryKey as LuaRegistryKey, Result as LuaResult, StdLib as LuaStdLib, String as LuaString,
+    Table as LuaTable, TableExt as LuaTableExt, TablePairs as LuaTablePairs,
+    TableSequence as LuaTableSequence, Thread as LuaThread, ThreadStatus as LuaThreadStatus, ToLua,
+    ToLuaMulti, UserData as LuaUserData, UserDataFields as LuaUserDataFields,
+    UserDataMetatable as LuaUserDataMetatable, UserDataMethods as LuaUserDataMethods,
+    Value as LuaValue,
 };
 
+#[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use crate::HookTriggers as LuaHookTriggers;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use crate::{CoverageInfo as LuaCoverageInfo, VmState as LuaVmState};
+
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+#[doc(no_inline)]
 pub use crate::AsyncThread as LuaAsyncThread;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use crate::{
+    DeserializeOptions as LuaDeserializeOptions, LuaSerdeExt,
+    SerializeOptions as LuaSerializeOptions,
+};

src/scope.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,904 @@
+use std::any::Any;
+use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::mem;
+use std::os::raw::{c_int, c_void};
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+use crate::ffi;
+use crate::function::Function;
+use crate::lua::Lua;
+use crate::types::{Callback, CallbackUpvalue, LuaRef, MaybeSend};
+use crate::userdata::{
+    AnyUserData, MetaMethod, UserData, UserDataCell, UserDataFields, UserDataMethods,
+};
+use crate::util::{
+    assert_stack, check_stack, get_userdata, init_userdata_metatable, push_table, rawset_field,
+    take_userdata, StackGuard,
+};
+use crate::value::{FromLua, FromLuaMulti, MultiValue, ToLua, ToLuaMulti, Value};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "lua54")]
+use crate::userdata::USER_VALUE_MAXSLOT;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "async")]
+use {
+    crate::types::{AsyncCallback, AsyncCallbackUpvalue, AsyncPollUpvalue},
+    futures_core::future::Future,
+    futures_util::future::{self, TryFutureExt},
+};
+
+/// Constructed by the [`Lua::scope`] method, allows temporarily creating Lua userdata and
+/// callbacks that are not required to be Send or 'static.
+///
+/// See [`Lua::scope`] for more details.
+///
+/// [`Lua::scope`]: crate::Lua.html::scope
+pub struct Scope<'lua, 'scope> {
+    lua: &'lua Lua,
+    destructors: RefCell<Vec<(LuaRef<'lua>, DestructorCallback<'lua>)>>,
+    _scope_invariant: PhantomData<Cell<&'scope ()>>,
+}
+
+type DestructorCallback<'lua> = Box<dyn Fn(LuaRef<'lua>) -> Vec<Box<dyn Any>> + 'lua>;
+
+impl<'lua, 'scope> Scope<'lua, 'scope> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(lua: &'lua Lua) -> Scope<'lua, 'scope> {
+        Scope {
+            lua,
+            destructors: RefCell::new(Vec::new()),
+            _scope_invariant: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Wraps a Rust function or closure, creating a callable Lua function handle to it.
+    ///
+    /// This is a version of [`Lua::create_function`] that creates a callback which expires on
+    /// scope drop. See [`Lua::scope`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// [`Lua::create_function`]: crate::Lua::create_function
+    /// [`Lua::scope`]: crate::Lua::scope
+    pub fn create_function<'callback, A, R, F>(&'callback self, func: F) -> Result<Function<'lua>>
+    where
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'callback>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'callback>,
+        F: 'scope + Fn(&'callback Lua, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        // Safe, because 'scope must outlive 'callback (due to Self containing 'scope), however the
+        // callback itself must be 'scope lifetime, so the function should not be able to capture
+        // anything of 'callback lifetime. 'scope can't be shortened due to being invariant, and
+        // the 'callback lifetime here can't be enlarged due to coming from a universal
+        // quantification in Lua::scope.
+        //
+        // I hope I got this explanation right, but in any case this is tested with compiletest_rs
+        // to make sure callbacks can't capture handles with lifetime outside the scope, inside the
+        // scope, and owned inside the callback itself.
+        unsafe {
+            self.create_callback(Box::new(move |lua, args| {
+                func(lua, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+            }))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Wraps a Rust mutable closure, creating a callable Lua function handle to it.
+    ///
+    /// This is a version of [`Lua::create_function_mut`] that creates a callback which expires
+    /// on scope drop. See [`Lua::scope`] and [`Scope::create_function`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// [`Lua::create_function_mut`]: crate::Lua::create_function_mut
+    /// [`Lua::scope`]: crate::Lua::scope
+    /// [`Scope::create_function`]: #method.create_function
+    pub fn create_function_mut<'callback, A, R, F>(
+        &'callback self,
+        func: F,
+    ) -> Result<Function<'lua>>
+    where
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'callback>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'callback>,
+        F: 'scope + FnMut(&'callback Lua, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        let func = RefCell::new(func);
+        self.create_function(move |lua, args| {
+            (*func
+                .try_borrow_mut()
+                .map_err(|_| Error::RecursiveMutCallback)?)(lua, args)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Wraps a Rust async function or closure, creating a callable Lua function handle to it.
+    ///
+    /// This is a version of [`Lua::create_async_function`] that creates a callback which expires on
+    /// scope drop. See [`Lua::scope`] and [`Lua::async_scope`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "async"`
+    ///
+    /// [`Lua::create_async_function`]: crate::Lua::create_async_function
+    /// [`Lua::scope`]: crate::Lua::scope
+    /// [`Lua::async_scope`]: crate::Lua::async_scope
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
+    pub fn create_async_function<'callback, A, R, F, FR>(
+        &'callback self,
+        func: F,
+    ) -> Result<Function<'lua>>
+    where
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'callback>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'callback>,
+        F: 'scope + Fn(&'callback Lua, A) -> FR,
+        FR: 'callback + Future<Output = Result<R>>,
+    {
+        unsafe {
+            self.create_async_callback(Box::new(move |lua, args| {
+                let args = match A::from_lua_multi(args, lua) {
+                    Ok(args) => args,
+                    Err(e) => return Box::pin(future::err(e)),
+                };
+                Box::pin(func(lua, args).and_then(move |ret| future::ready(ret.to_lua_multi(lua))))
+            }))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a Lua userdata object from a custom userdata type.
+    ///
+    /// This is a version of [`Lua::create_userdata`] that creates a userdata which expires on
+    /// scope drop, and does not require that the userdata type be Send (but still requires that the
+    /// UserData be 'static).
+    /// See [`Lua::scope`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// [`Lua::create_userdata`]: crate::Lua::create_userdata
+    /// [`Lua::scope`]: crate::Lua::scope
+    pub fn create_userdata<T>(&self, data: T) -> Result<AnyUserData<'lua>>
+    where
+        T: 'static + UserData,
+    {
+        self.create_userdata_inner(UserDataCell::new(data))
+    }
+
+    /// Create a Lua userdata object from a custom serializable userdata type.
+    ///
+    /// This is a version of [`Lua::create_ser_userdata`] that creates a userdata which expires on
+    /// scope drop, and does not require that the userdata type be Send (but still requires that the
+    /// UserData be 'static).
+    /// See [`Lua::scope`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "serialize"`
+    ///
+    /// [`Lua::create_ser_userdata`]: crate::Lua::create_ser_userdata
+    /// [`Lua::scope`]: crate::Lua::scope
+    #[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "serialize")))]
+    pub fn create_ser_userdata<T>(&self, data: T) -> Result<AnyUserData<'lua>>
+    where
+        T: 'static + UserData + Serialize,
+    {
+        self.create_userdata_inner(UserDataCell::new_ser(data))
+    }
+
+    fn create_userdata_inner<T>(&self, data: UserDataCell<T>) -> Result<AnyUserData<'lua>>
+    where
+        T: 'static + UserData,
+    {
+        // Safe even though T may not be Send, because the parent Lua cannot be sent to another
+        // thread while the Scope is alive (or the returned AnyUserData handle even).
+        unsafe {
+            let ud = self.lua.make_userdata(data)?;
+
+            #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
+            let newtable = self.lua.create_table()?;
+            let destructor: DestructorCallback = Box::new(move |ud| {
+                let state = ud.lua.state;
+                let _sg = StackGuard::new(state);
+                assert_stack(state, 2);
+
+                // Check that userdata is not destructed (via `take()` call)
+                if ud.lua.push_userdata_ref(&ud).is_err() {
+                    return vec![];
+                }
+
+                // Clear associated user values
+                #[cfg(feature = "lua54")]
+                for i in 1..=USER_VALUE_MAXSLOT {
+                    ffi::lua_pushnil(state);
+                    ffi::lua_setiuservalue(state, -2, i as c_int);
+                }
+                #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52", feature = "luau"))]
+                {
+                    ffi::lua_pushnil(state);
+                    ffi::lua_setuservalue(state, -2);
+                }
+                #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
+                {
+                    ud.lua.push_ref(&newtable.0);
+                    ffi::lua_setuservalue(state, -2);
+                }
+
+                vec![Box::new(take_userdata::<UserDataCell<T>>(state))]
+            });
+            self.destructors
+                .borrow_mut()
+                .push((ud.0.clone(), destructor));
+
+            Ok(ud)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a Lua userdata object from a custom userdata type.
+    ///
+    /// This is a version of [`Lua::create_userdata`] that creates a userdata which expires on
+    /// scope drop, and does not require that the userdata type be Send or 'static. See
+    /// [`Lua::scope`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// Lifting the requirement that the UserData type be 'static comes with some important
+    /// limitations, so if you only need to eliminate the Send requirement, it is probably better to
+    /// use [`Scope::create_userdata`] instead.
+    ///
+    /// The main limitation that comes from using non-'static userdata is that the produced userdata
+    /// will no longer have a `TypeId` associated with it, because `TypeId` can only work for
+    /// 'static types. This means that it is impossible, once the userdata is created, to get a
+    /// reference to it back *out* of an `AnyUserData` handle. This also implies that the
+    /// "function" type methods that can be added via [`UserDataMethods`] (the ones that accept
+    /// `AnyUserData` as a first parameter) are vastly less useful. Also, there is no way to re-use
+    /// a single metatable for multiple non-'static types, so there is a higher cost associated with
+    /// creating the userdata metatable each time a new userdata is created.
+    ///
+    /// [`Scope::create_userdata`]: #method.create_userdata
+    /// [`Lua::create_userdata`]: crate::Lua::create_userdata
+    /// [`Lua::scope`]:crate::Lua::scope
+    /// [`UserDataMethods`]: crate::UserDataMethods
+    pub fn create_nonstatic_userdata<T>(&self, data: T) -> Result<AnyUserData<'lua>>
+    where
+        T: 'scope + UserData,
+    {
+        let data = Rc::new(RefCell::new(data));
+
+        // 'callback outliving 'scope is a lie to make the types work out, required due to the
+        // inability to work with the more correct callback type that is universally quantified over
+        // 'lua. This is safe though, because `UserData::add_methods` does not get to pick the 'lua
+        // lifetime, so none of the static methods UserData types can add can possibly capture
+        // parameters.
+        fn wrap_method<'scope, 'lua, 'callback: 'scope, T: 'scope>(
+            scope: &Scope<'lua, 'scope>,
+            data: Rc<RefCell<T>>,
+            ud_ptr: *const c_void,
+            method: NonStaticMethod<'callback, T>,
+        ) -> Result<Function<'lua>> {
+            // On methods that actually receive the userdata, we fake a type check on the passed in
+            // userdata, where we pretend there is a unique type per call to
+            // `Scope::create_nonstatic_userdata`. You can grab a method from a userdata and call
+            // it on a mismatched userdata type, which when using normal 'static userdata will fail
+            // with a type mismatch, but here without this check would proceed as though you had
+            // called the method on the original value (since we otherwise completely ignore the
+            // first argument).
+            let check_ud_type = move |lua: &'callback Lua, value| {
+                if let Some(Value::UserData(ud)) = value {
+                    unsafe {
+                        let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+                        check_stack(lua.state, 2)?;
+                        lua.push_userdata_ref(&ud.0)?;
+                        if get_userdata(lua.state, -1) as *const _ == ud_ptr {
+                            return Ok(());
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+                Err(Error::UserDataTypeMismatch)
+            };
+
+            match method {
+                NonStaticMethod::Method(method) => {
+                    let f = Box::new(move |lua, mut args: MultiValue<'callback>| {
+                        check_ud_type(lua, args.pop_front())?;
+                        let data = data.try_borrow().map_err(|_| Error::UserDataBorrowError)?;
+                        method(lua, &*data, args)
+                    });
+                    unsafe { scope.create_callback(f) }
+                }
+                NonStaticMethod::MethodMut(method) => {
+                    let method = RefCell::new(method);
+                    let f = Box::new(move |lua, mut args: MultiValue<'callback>| {
+                        check_ud_type(lua, args.pop_front())?;
+                        let mut method = method
+                            .try_borrow_mut()
+                            .map_err(|_| Error::RecursiveMutCallback)?;
+                        let mut data = data
+                            .try_borrow_mut()
+                            .map_err(|_| Error::UserDataBorrowMutError)?;
+                        (*method)(lua, &mut *data, args)
+                    });
+                    unsafe { scope.create_callback(f) }
+                }
+                NonStaticMethod::Function(function) => unsafe { scope.create_callback(function) },
+                NonStaticMethod::FunctionMut(function) => {
+                    let function = RefCell::new(function);
+                    let f = Box::new(move |lua, args| {
+                        (*function
+                            .try_borrow_mut()
+                            .map_err(|_| Error::RecursiveMutCallback)?)(
+                            lua, args
+                        )
+                    });
+                    unsafe { scope.create_callback(f) }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut ud_fields = NonStaticUserDataFields::default();
+        let mut ud_methods = NonStaticUserDataMethods::default();
+        T::add_fields(&mut ud_fields);
+        T::add_methods(&mut ud_methods);
+
+        unsafe {
+            let lua = self.lua;
+            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+            check_stack(lua.state, 13)?;
+
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+            #[allow(clippy::let_and_return)]
+            let ud_ptr = protect_lua!(lua.state, 0, 1, |state| {
+                let ud =
+                    ffi::lua_newuserdata(state, mem::size_of::<UserDataCell<Rc<RefCell<T>>>>());
+
+                // Set empty environment for Lua 5.1
+                #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
+                {
+                    ffi::lua_newtable(state);
+                    ffi::lua_setuservalue(state, -2);
+                }
+
+                ud
+            })?;
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            let ud_ptr = {
+                crate::util::push_userdata::<UserDataCell<Rc<RefCell<T>>>>(
+                    lua.state,
+                    UserDataCell::new(data.clone()),
+                    true,
+                )?;
+                ffi::lua_touserdata(lua.state, -1)
+            };
+
+            // Prepare metatable, add meta methods first and then meta fields
+            let meta_methods_nrec = ud_methods.meta_methods.len() + ud_fields.meta_fields.len() + 1;
+            push_table(lua.state, 0, meta_methods_nrec as c_int, true)?;
+
+            for (k, m) in ud_methods.meta_methods {
+                let data = data.clone();
+                lua.push_value(Value::Function(wrap_method(self, data, ud_ptr, m)?))?;
+                rawset_field(lua.state, -2, k.validate()?.name())?;
+            }
+            for (k, f) in ud_fields.meta_fields {
+                lua.push_value(f(mem::transmute(lua))?)?;
+                rawset_field(lua.state, -2, k.validate()?.name())?;
+            }
+            let metatable_index = ffi::lua_absindex(lua.state, -1);
+
+            let mut field_getters_index = None;
+            let field_getters_nrec = ud_fields.field_getters.len();
+            if field_getters_nrec > 0 {
+                push_table(lua.state, 0, field_getters_nrec as c_int, true)?;
+                for (k, m) in ud_fields.field_getters {
+                    let data = data.clone();
+                    lua.push_value(Value::Function(wrap_method(self, data, ud_ptr, m)?))?;
+                    rawset_field(lua.state, -2, &k)?;
+                }
+                field_getters_index = Some(ffi::lua_absindex(lua.state, -1));
+            }
+
+            let mut field_setters_index = None;
+            let field_setters_nrec = ud_fields.field_setters.len();
+            if field_setters_nrec > 0 {
+                push_table(lua.state, 0, field_setters_nrec as c_int, true)?;
+                for (k, m) in ud_fields.field_setters {
+                    let data = data.clone();
+                    lua.push_value(Value::Function(wrap_method(self, data, ud_ptr, m)?))?;
+                    rawset_field(lua.state, -2, &k)?;
+                }
+                field_setters_index = Some(ffi::lua_absindex(lua.state, -1));
+            }
+
+            let mut methods_index = None;
+            let methods_nrec = ud_methods.methods.len();
+            if methods_nrec > 0 {
+                // Create table used for methods lookup
+                push_table(lua.state, 0, methods_nrec as c_int, true)?;
+                for (k, m) in ud_methods.methods {
+                    let data = data.clone();
+                    lua.push_value(Value::Function(wrap_method(self, data, ud_ptr, m)?))?;
+                    rawset_field(lua.state, -2, &k)?;
+                }
+                methods_index = Some(ffi::lua_absindex(lua.state, -1));
+            }
+
+            init_userdata_metatable::<UserDataCell<Rc<RefCell<T>>>>(
+                lua.state,
+                metatable_index,
+                field_getters_index,
+                field_setters_index,
+                methods_index,
+            )?;
+
+            let count = field_getters_index.map(|_| 1).unwrap_or(0)
+                + field_setters_index.map(|_| 1).unwrap_or(0)
+                + methods_index.map(|_| 1).unwrap_or(0);
+            ffi::lua_pop(lua.state, count);
+
+            let mt_ptr = ffi::lua_topointer(lua.state, -1);
+            // Write userdata just before attaching metatable with `__gc` metamethod
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+            std::ptr::write(ud_ptr as _, UserDataCell::new(data));
+            ffi::lua_setmetatable(lua.state, -2);
+            let ud = AnyUserData(lua.pop_ref());
+            lua.register_userdata_metatable(mt_ptr, None);
+
+            #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
+            let newtable = lua.create_table()?;
+            let destructor: DestructorCallback = Box::new(move |ud| {
+                let state = ud.lua.state;
+                let _sg = StackGuard::new(state);
+                assert_stack(state, 2);
+
+                // Check that userdata is valid (very likely)
+                if ud.lua.push_userdata_ref(&ud).is_err() {
+                    return vec![];
+                }
+
+                // Deregister metatable
+                ffi::lua_getmetatable(state, -1);
+                let mt_ptr = ffi::lua_topointer(state, -1);
+                ffi::lua_pop(state, 1);
+                ud.lua.deregister_userdata_metatable(mt_ptr);
+
+                // Clear associated user values
+                #[cfg(feature = "lua54")]
+                for i in 1..=USER_VALUE_MAXSLOT {
+                    ffi::lua_pushnil(state);
+                    ffi::lua_setiuservalue(state, -2, i as c_int);
+                }
+                #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52", feature = "luau"))]
+                {
+                    ffi::lua_pushnil(state);
+                    ffi::lua_setuservalue(state, -2);
+                }
+                #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit"))]
+                {
+                    ud.lua.push_ref(&newtable.0);
+                    ffi::lua_setuservalue(state, -2);
+                }
+
+                // A hack to drop non-static `T`
+                unsafe fn seal<T>(t: T) -> Box<dyn FnOnce() + 'static> {
+                    let f: Box<dyn FnOnce()> = Box::new(move || drop(t));
+                    mem::transmute(f)
+                }
+
+                let ud = Box::new(seal(take_userdata::<UserDataCell<Rc<RefCell<T>>>>(state)));
+                vec![ud]
+            });
+            self.destructors
+                .borrow_mut()
+                .push((ud.0.clone(), destructor));
+
+            Ok(ud)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Unsafe, because the callback can improperly capture any value with 'callback scope, such as
+    // improperly capturing an argument. Since the 'callback lifetime is chosen by the user and the
+    // lifetime of the callback itself is 'scope (non-'static), the borrow checker will happily pick
+    // a 'callback that outlives 'scope to allow this. In order for this to be safe, the callback
+    // must NOT capture any parameters.
+    unsafe fn create_callback<'callback>(
+        &self,
+        f: Callback<'callback, 'scope>,
+    ) -> Result<Function<'lua>> {
+        let f = mem::transmute::<Callback<'callback, 'scope>, Callback<'lua, 'static>>(f);
+        let f = self.lua.create_callback(f)?;
+
+        let destructor: DestructorCallback = Box::new(|f| {
+            let state = f.lua.state;
+            let _sg = StackGuard::new(state);
+            assert_stack(state, 3);
+
+            f.lua.push_ref(&f);
+
+            // We know the destructor has not run yet because we hold a reference to the callback.
+
+            ffi::lua_getupvalue(state, -1, 1);
+            let ud = take_userdata::<CallbackUpvalue>(state);
+            ffi::lua_pushnil(state);
+            ffi::lua_setupvalue(state, -2, 1);
+
+            vec![Box::new(ud)]
+        });
+        self.destructors
+            .borrow_mut()
+            .push((f.0.clone(), destructor));
+
+        Ok(f)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    unsafe fn create_async_callback<'callback>(
+        &self,
+        f: AsyncCallback<'callback, 'scope>,
+    ) -> Result<Function<'lua>> {
+        let f = mem::transmute::<AsyncCallback<'callback, 'scope>, AsyncCallback<'lua, 'static>>(f);
+        let f = self.lua.create_async_callback(f)?;
+
+        // We need to pre-allocate strings to avoid failures in destructor.
+        let get_poll_str = self.lua.create_string("get_poll")?;
+        let poll_str = self.lua.create_string("poll")?;
+        let destructor: DestructorCallback = Box::new(move |f| {
+            let state = f.lua.state;
+            let _sg = StackGuard::new(state);
+            assert_stack(state, 5);
+
+            f.lua.push_ref(&f);
+
+            // We know the destructor has not run yet because we hold a reference to the callback.
+
+            // First, get the environment table
+            #[cfg(any(feature = "lua54", feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
+            ffi::lua_getupvalue(state, -1, 1);
+            #[cfg(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luajit", feature = "luau"))]
+            ffi::lua_getfenv(state, -1);
+
+            // Second, get the `get_poll()` closure using the corresponding key
+            f.lua.push_ref(&get_poll_str.0);
+            ffi::lua_rawget(state, -2);
+
+            // Destroy all upvalues
+            ffi::lua_getupvalue(state, -1, 1);
+            let upvalue1 = take_userdata::<AsyncCallbackUpvalue>(state);
+            ffi::lua_pushnil(state);
+            ffi::lua_setupvalue(state, -2, 1);
+
+            ffi::lua_pop(state, 1);
+            let mut data: Vec<Box<dyn Any>> = vec![Box::new(upvalue1)];
+
+            // Finally, get polled future and destroy it
+            f.lua.push_ref(&poll_str.0);
+            if ffi::lua_rawget(state, -2) == ffi::LUA_TFUNCTION {
+                ffi::lua_getupvalue(state, -1, 1);
+                let upvalue2 = take_userdata::<AsyncPollUpvalue>(state);
+                ffi::lua_pushnil(state);
+                ffi::lua_setupvalue(state, -2, 1);
+                data.push(Box::new(upvalue2));
+            }
+
+            data
+        });
+        self.destructors
+            .borrow_mut()
+            .push((f.0.clone(), destructor));
+
+        Ok(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua, 'scope> Drop for Scope<'lua, 'scope> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // We separate the action of invalidating the userdata in Lua and actually dropping the
+        // userdata type into two phases. This is so that, in the event a userdata drop panics, we
+        // can be sure that all of the userdata in Lua is actually invalidated.
+
+        // All destructors are non-panicking, so this is fine
+        let to_drop = self
+            .destructors
+            .get_mut()
+            .drain(..)
+            .flat_map(|(r, dest)| dest(r))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        drop(to_drop);
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+enum NonStaticMethod<'lua, T> {
+    Method(Box<dyn Fn(&'lua Lua, &T, MultiValue<'lua>) -> Result<MultiValue<'lua>>>),
+    MethodMut(Box<dyn FnMut(&'lua Lua, &mut T, MultiValue<'lua>) -> Result<MultiValue<'lua>>>),
+    Function(Box<dyn Fn(&'lua Lua, MultiValue<'lua>) -> Result<MultiValue<'lua>>>),
+    FunctionMut(Box<dyn FnMut(&'lua Lua, MultiValue<'lua>) -> Result<MultiValue<'lua>>>),
+}
+
+struct NonStaticUserDataMethods<'lua, T: UserData> {
+    methods: Vec<(Vec<u8>, NonStaticMethod<'lua, T>)>,
+    meta_methods: Vec<(MetaMethod, NonStaticMethod<'lua, T>)>,
+}
+
+impl<'lua, T: UserData> Default for NonStaticUserDataMethods<'lua, T> {
+    fn default() -> NonStaticUserDataMethods<'lua, T> {
+        NonStaticUserDataMethods {
+            methods: Vec::new(),
+            meta_methods: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua, T: UserData> UserDataMethods<'lua, T> for NonStaticUserDataMethods<'lua, T> {
+    fn add_method<S, A, R, M>(&mut self, name: &S, method: M)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, &T, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.methods.push((
+            name.as_ref().to_vec(),
+            NonStaticMethod::Method(Box::new(move |lua, ud, args| {
+                method(lua, ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+            })),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn add_method_mut<S, A, R, M>(&mut self, name: &S, mut method: M)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + FnMut(&'lua Lua, &mut T, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.methods.push((
+            name.as_ref().to_vec(),
+            NonStaticMethod::MethodMut(Box::new(move |lua, ud, args| {
+                method(lua, ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+            })),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    fn add_async_method<S, A, R, M, MR>(&mut self, _name: &S, _method: M)
+    where
+        T: Clone,
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, T, A) -> MR,
+        MR: 'lua + Future<Output = Result<R>>,
+    {
+        // The panic should never happen as async non-static code wouldn't compile
+        // Non-static lifetime must be bounded to 'lua lifetime
+        mlua_panic!("asynchronous methods are not supported for non-static userdata")
+    }
+
+    fn add_function<S, A, R, F>(&mut self, name: &S, function: F)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.methods.push((
+            name.as_ref().to_vec(),
+            NonStaticMethod::Function(Box::new(move |lua, args| {
+                function(lua, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+            })),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn add_function_mut<S, A, R, F>(&mut self, name: &S, mut function: F)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + FnMut(&'lua Lua, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.methods.push((
+            name.as_ref().to_vec(),
+            NonStaticMethod::FunctionMut(Box::new(move |lua, args| {
+                function(lua, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+            })),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    fn add_async_function<S, A, R, F, FR>(&mut self, _name: &S, _function: F)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, A) -> FR,
+        FR: 'lua + Future<Output = Result<R>>,
+    {
+        // The panic should never happen as async non-static code wouldn't compile
+        // Non-static lifetime must be bounded to 'lua lifetime
+        mlua_panic!("asynchronous functions are not supported for non-static userdata")
+    }
+
+    fn add_meta_method<S, A, R, M>(&mut self, meta: S, method: M)
+    where
+        S: Into<MetaMethod>,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, &T, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.meta_methods.push((
+            meta.into(),
+            NonStaticMethod::Method(Box::new(move |lua, ud, args| {
+                method(lua, ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+            })),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn add_meta_method_mut<S, A, R, M>(&mut self, meta: S, mut method: M)
+    where
+        S: Into<MetaMethod>,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + FnMut(&'lua Lua, &mut T, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.meta_methods.push((
+            meta.into(),
+            NonStaticMethod::MethodMut(Box::new(move |lua, ud, args| {
+                method(lua, ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+            })),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "async", not(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luau"))))]
+    fn add_async_meta_method<S, A, R, M, MR>(&mut self, _meta: S, _method: M)
+    where
+        T: Clone,
+        S: Into<MetaMethod>,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, T, A) -> MR,
+        MR: 'lua + Future<Output = Result<R>>,
+    {
+        // The panic should never happen as async non-static code wouldn't compile
+        // Non-static lifetime must be bounded to 'lua lifetime
+        mlua_panic!("asynchronous meta methods are not supported for non-static userdata")
+    }
+
+    fn add_meta_function<S, A, R, F>(&mut self, meta: S, function: F)
+    where
+        S: Into<MetaMethod>,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.meta_methods.push((
+            meta.into(),
+            NonStaticMethod::Function(Box::new(move |lua, args| {
+                function(lua, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+            })),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn add_meta_function_mut<S, A, R, F>(&mut self, meta: S, mut function: F)
+    where
+        S: Into<MetaMethod>,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + FnMut(&'lua Lua, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.meta_methods.push((
+            meta.into(),
+            NonStaticMethod::FunctionMut(Box::new(move |lua, args| {
+                function(lua, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+            })),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "async", not(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luau"))))]
+    fn add_async_meta_function<S, A, R, F, FR>(&mut self, _meta: S, _function: F)
+    where
+        S: Into<MetaMethod>,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, A) -> FR,
+        FR: 'lua + Future<Output = Result<R>>,
+    {
+        // The panic should never happen as async non-static code wouldn't compile
+        // Non-static lifetime must be bounded to 'lua lifetime
+        mlua_panic!("asynchronous meta functions are not supported for non-static userdata")
+    }
+}
+
+struct NonStaticUserDataFields<'lua, T: UserData> {
+    field_getters: Vec<(Vec<u8>, NonStaticMethod<'lua, T>)>,
+    field_setters: Vec<(Vec<u8>, NonStaticMethod<'lua, T>)>,
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+    meta_fields: Vec<(MetaMethod, Box<dyn Fn(&'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>>>)>,
+}
+
+impl<'lua, T: UserData> Default for NonStaticUserDataFields<'lua, T> {
+    fn default() -> NonStaticUserDataFields<'lua, T> {
+        NonStaticUserDataFields {
+            field_getters: Vec::new(),
+            field_setters: Vec::new(),
+            meta_fields: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua, T: UserData> UserDataFields<'lua, T> for NonStaticUserDataFields<'lua, T> {
+    fn add_field_method_get<S, R, M>(&mut self, name: &S, method: M)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        R: ToLua<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, &T) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.field_getters.push((
+            name.as_ref().to_vec(),
+            NonStaticMethod::Method(Box::new(move |lua, ud, _| {
+                method(lua, ud)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+            })),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn add_field_method_set<S, A, M>(&mut self, name: &S, mut method: M)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLua<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + FnMut(&'lua Lua, &mut T, A) -> Result<()>,
+    {
+        self.field_setters.push((
+            name.as_ref().to_vec(),
+            NonStaticMethod::MethodMut(Box::new(move |lua, ud, args| {
+                method(lua, ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+            })),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn add_field_function_get<S, R, F>(&mut self, name: &S, function: F)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        R: ToLua<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, AnyUserData<'lua>) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.field_getters.push((
+            name.as_ref().to_vec(),
+            NonStaticMethod::Function(Box::new(move |lua, args| {
+                function(lua, AnyUserData::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+            })),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn add_field_function_set<S, A, F>(&mut self, name: &S, mut function: F)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLua<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + FnMut(&'lua Lua, AnyUserData<'lua>, A) -> Result<()>,
+    {
+        self.field_setters.push((
+            name.as_ref().to_vec(),
+            NonStaticMethod::FunctionMut(Box::new(move |lua, args| {
+                let (ud, val) = <_>::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?;
+                function(lua, ud, val)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+            })),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn add_meta_field_with<S, R, F>(&mut self, meta: S, f: F)
+    where
+        S: Into<MetaMethod>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua) -> Result<R>,
+        R: ToLua<'lua>,
+    {
+        let meta = meta.into();
+        self.meta_fields.push((
+            meta.clone(),
+            Box::new(move |lua| {
+                let value = f(lua)?.to_lua(lua)?;
+                if meta == MetaMethod::Index || meta == MetaMethod::NewIndex {
+                    match value {
+                        Value::Nil | Value::Table(_) | Value::Function(_) => {}
+                        _ => {
+                            return Err(Error::MetaMethodTypeError {
+                                method: meta.to_string(),
+                                type_name: value.type_name(),
+                                message: Some("expected nil, table or function".to_string()),
+                            })
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(value)
+            }),
+        ));
+    }
+}

src/serde/de.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,627 @@
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::convert::TryInto;
+use std::os::raw::c_void;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::string::String as StdString;
+
+use rustc_hash::FxHashSet;
+use serde::de::{self, IntoDeserializer};
+
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+use crate::table::{Table, TablePairs, TableSequence};
+use crate::value::Value;
+
+/// A struct for deserializing Lua values into Rust values.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Deserializer<'lua> {
+    value: Value<'lua>,
+    options: Options,
+    visited: Rc<RefCell<FxHashSet<*const c_void>>>,
+}
+
+/// A struct with options to change default deserializer behavior.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct Options {
+    /// If true, an attempt to serialize types such as [`Thread`], [`UserData`], [`LightUserData`]
+    /// and [`Error`] will cause an error.
+    /// Otherwise these types skipped when iterating or serialized as unit type.
+    ///
+    /// Default: **true**
+    ///
+    /// [`Thread`]: crate::Thread
+    /// [`UserData`]: crate::UserData
+    /// [`LightUserData`]: crate::LightUserData
+    /// [`Error`]: crate::Error
+    pub deny_unsupported_types: bool,
+
+    /// If true, an attempt to serialize a recursive table (table that refers to itself)
+    /// will cause an error.
+    /// Otherwise subsequent attempts to serialize the same table will be ignored.
+    ///
+    /// Default: **true**
+    pub deny_recursive_tables: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for Options {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Options {
+    /// Returns a new instance of `Options` with default parameters.
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Options {
+            deny_unsupported_types: true,
+            deny_recursive_tables: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets [`deny_unsupported_types`] option.
+    ///
+    /// [`deny_unsupported_types`]: #structfield.deny_unsupported_types
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn deny_unsupported_types(mut self, enabled: bool) -> Self {
+        self.deny_unsupported_types = enabled;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets [`deny_recursive_tables`] option.
+    ///
+    /// [`deny_recursive_tables`]: #structfield.deny_recursive_tables
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn deny_recursive_tables(mut self, enabled: bool) -> Self {
+        self.deny_recursive_tables = enabled;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> Deserializer<'lua> {
+    /// Creates a new Lua Deserializer for the `Value`.
+    pub fn new(value: Value<'lua>) -> Self {
+        Self::new_with_options(value, Options::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new Lua Deserializer for the `Value` with custom options.
+    pub fn new_with_options(value: Value<'lua>, options: Options) -> Self {
+        Deserializer {
+            value,
+            options,
+            visited: Rc::new(RefCell::new(FxHashSet::default())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_parts(
+        value: Value<'lua>,
+        options: Options,
+        visited: Rc<RefCell<FxHashSet<*const c_void>>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Deserializer {
+            value,
+            options,
+            visited,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua, 'de> serde::Deserializer<'de> for Deserializer<'lua> {
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deserialize_any<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
+    where
+        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
+    {
+        match self.value {
+            Value::Nil => visitor.visit_unit(),
+            Value::Boolean(b) => visitor.visit_bool(b),
+            #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
+            Value::Integer(i) => {
+                visitor.visit_i64(i.try_into().expect("cannot convert lua_Integer to i64"))
+            }
+            #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
+            Value::Number(n) => visitor.visit_f64(n.into()),
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            Value::Vector(_, _, _) => self.deserialize_seq(visitor),
+            Value::String(s) => match s.to_str() {
+                Ok(s) => visitor.visit_str(s),
+                Err(_) => visitor.visit_bytes(s.as_bytes()),
+            },
+            Value::Table(ref t) if t.raw_len() > 0 || t.is_array() => self.deserialize_seq(visitor),
+            Value::Table(_) => self.deserialize_map(visitor),
+            Value::LightUserData(ud) if ud.0.is_null() => visitor.visit_none(),
+            Value::Function(_)
+            | Value::Thread(_)
+            | Value::UserData(_)
+            | Value::LightUserData(_)
+            | Value::Error(_) => {
+                if self.options.deny_unsupported_types {
+                    Err(de::Error::custom(format!(
+                        "unsupported value type `{}`",
+                        self.value.type_name()
+                    )))
+                } else {
+                    visitor.visit_unit()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deserialize_option<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
+    where
+        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
+    {
+        match self.value {
+            Value::Nil => visitor.visit_none(),
+            Value::LightUserData(ud) if ud.0.is_null() => visitor.visit_none(),
+            _ => visitor.visit_some(self),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deserialize_enum<V>(
+        self,
+        _name: &str,
+        _variants: &'static [&'static str],
+        visitor: V,
+    ) -> Result<V::Value>
+    where
+        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
+    {
+        let (variant, value, _guard) = match self.value {
+            Value::Table(table) => {
+                let _guard = RecursionGuard::new(&table, &self.visited);
+
+                let mut iter = table.pairs::<StdString, Value>();
+                let (variant, value) = match iter.next() {
+                    Some(v) => v?,
+                    None => {
+                        return Err(de::Error::invalid_value(
+                            de::Unexpected::Map,
+                            &"map with a single key",
+                        ))
+                    }
+                };
+
+                if iter.next().is_some() {
+                    return Err(de::Error::invalid_value(
+                        de::Unexpected::Map,
+                        &"map with a single key",
+                    ));
+                }
+                if check_value_if_skip(&value, self.options, &self.visited)? {
+                    return Err(de::Error::custom("bad enum value"));
+                }
+
+                (variant, Some(value), Some(_guard))
+            }
+            Value::String(variant) => (variant.to_str()?.to_owned(), None, None),
+            _ => return Err(de::Error::custom("bad enum value")),
+        };
+
+        visitor.visit_enum(EnumDeserializer {
+            variant,
+            value,
+            options: self.options,
+            visited: self.visited,
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deserialize_seq<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
+    where
+        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
+    {
+        match self.value {
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            Value::Vector(x, y, z) => {
+                let mut deserializer = VecDeserializer {
+                    vec: [x, y, z],
+                    next: 0,
+                    options: self.options,
+                    visited: self.visited,
+                };
+                visitor.visit_seq(&mut deserializer)
+            }
+            Value::Table(t) => {
+                let _guard = RecursionGuard::new(&t, &self.visited);
+
+                let len = t.raw_len() as usize;
+                let mut deserializer = SeqDeserializer {
+                    seq: t.raw_sequence_values(),
+                    options: self.options,
+                    visited: self.visited,
+                };
+                let seq = visitor.visit_seq(&mut deserializer)?;
+                if deserializer.seq.count() == 0 {
+                    Ok(seq)
+                } else {
+                    Err(de::Error::invalid_length(
+                        len,
+                        &"fewer elements in the table",
+                    ))
+                }
+            }
+            value => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
+                de::Unexpected::Other(value.type_name()),
+                &"table",
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deserialize_tuple<V>(self, _len: usize, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
+    where
+        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
+    {
+        self.deserialize_seq(visitor)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deserialize_tuple_struct<V>(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+        visitor: V,
+    ) -> Result<V::Value>
+    where
+        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
+    {
+        self.deserialize_seq(visitor)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deserialize_map<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
+    where
+        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
+    {
+        match self.value {
+            Value::Table(t) => {
+                let _guard = RecursionGuard::new(&t, &self.visited);
+
+                let mut deserializer = MapDeserializer {
+                    pairs: t.pairs(),
+                    value: None,
+                    options: self.options,
+                    visited: self.visited,
+                    processed: 0,
+                };
+                let map = visitor.visit_map(&mut deserializer)?;
+                let count = deserializer.pairs.count();
+                if count == 0 {
+                    Ok(map)
+                } else {
+                    Err(de::Error::invalid_length(
+                        deserializer.processed + count,
+                        &"fewer elements in the table",
+                    ))
+                }
+            }
+            value => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
+                de::Unexpected::Other(value.type_name()),
+                &"table",
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deserialize_struct<V>(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _fields: &'static [&'static str],
+        visitor: V,
+    ) -> Result<V::Value>
+    where
+        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
+    {
+        self.deserialize_map(visitor)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deserialize_newtype_struct<V>(self, _name: &'static str, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
+    where
+        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
+    {
+        visitor.visit_newtype_struct(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deserialize_unit<V>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
+    where
+        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
+    {
+        match self.value {
+            Value::LightUserData(ud) if ud.0.is_null() => visitor.visit_unit(),
+            _ => self.deserialize_any(visitor),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deserialize_unit_struct<V>(self, _name: &'static str, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
+    where
+        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
+    {
+        match self.value {
+            Value::LightUserData(ud) if ud.0.is_null() => visitor.visit_unit(),
+            _ => self.deserialize_any(visitor),
+        }
+    }
+
+    serde::forward_to_deserialize_any! {
+        bool i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 u8 u16 u32 u64 u128 f32 f64 char str string bytes
+        byte_buf identifier ignored_any
+    }
+}
+
+struct SeqDeserializer<'lua> {
+    seq: TableSequence<'lua, Value<'lua>>,
+    options: Options,
+    visited: Rc<RefCell<FxHashSet<*const c_void>>>,
+}
+
+impl<'lua, 'de> de::SeqAccess<'de> for SeqDeserializer<'lua> {
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn next_element_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<Option<T::Value>>
+    where
+        T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
+    {
+        loop {
+            match self.seq.next() {
+                Some(value) => {
+                    let value = value?;
+                    if check_value_if_skip(&value, self.options, &self.visited)? {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let visited = Rc::clone(&self.visited);
+                    let deserializer = Deserializer::from_parts(value, self.options, visited);
+                    return seed.deserialize(deserializer).map(Some);
+                }
+                None => return Ok(None),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        match self.seq.size_hint() {
+            (lower, Some(upper)) if lower == upper => Some(upper),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+struct VecDeserializer {
+    vec: [f32; 3],
+    next: usize,
+    options: Options,
+    visited: Rc<RefCell<FxHashSet<*const c_void>>>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+impl<'de> de::SeqAccess<'de> for VecDeserializer {
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn next_element_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<Option<T::Value>>
+    where
+        T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
+    {
+        match self.vec.get(self.next) {
+            Some(&n) => {
+                self.next += 1;
+                let visited = Rc::clone(&self.visited);
+                let deserializer =
+                    Deserializer::from_parts(Value::Number(n as _), self.options, visited);
+                seed.deserialize(deserializer).map(Some)
+            }
+            None => Ok(None),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        Some(3)
+    }
+}
+
+struct MapDeserializer<'lua> {
+    pairs: TablePairs<'lua, Value<'lua>, Value<'lua>>,
+    value: Option<Value<'lua>>,
+    options: Options,
+    visited: Rc<RefCell<FxHashSet<*const c_void>>>,
+    processed: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'lua, 'de> de::MapAccess<'de> for MapDeserializer<'lua> {
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn next_key_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<Option<T::Value>>
+    where
+        T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
+    {
+        loop {
+            match self.pairs.next() {
+                Some(item) => {
+                    let (key, value) = item?;
+                    if check_value_if_skip(&key, self.options, &self.visited)?
+                        || check_value_if_skip(&value, self.options, &self.visited)?
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    self.processed += 1;
+                    self.value = Some(value);
+                    let visited = Rc::clone(&self.visited);
+                    let key_de = Deserializer::from_parts(key, self.options, visited);
+                    return seed.deserialize(key_de).map(Some);
+                }
+                None => return Ok(None),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn next_value_seed<T>(&mut self, seed: T) -> Result<T::Value>
+    where
+        T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
+    {
+        match self.value.take() {
+            Some(value) => {
+                let visited = Rc::clone(&self.visited);
+                seed.deserialize(Deserializer::from_parts(value, self.options, visited))
+            }
+            None => Err(de::Error::custom("value is missing")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        match self.pairs.size_hint() {
+            (lower, Some(upper)) if lower == upper => Some(upper),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct EnumDeserializer<'lua> {
+    variant: StdString,
+    value: Option<Value<'lua>>,
+    options: Options,
+    visited: Rc<RefCell<FxHashSet<*const c_void>>>,
+}
+
+impl<'lua, 'de> de::EnumAccess<'de> for EnumDeserializer<'lua> {
+    type Error = Error;
+    type Variant = VariantDeserializer<'lua>;
+
+    fn variant_seed<T>(self, seed: T) -> Result<(T::Value, Self::Variant)>
+    where
+        T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
+    {
+        let variant = self.variant.into_deserializer();
+        let variant_access = VariantDeserializer {
+            value: self.value,
+            options: self.options,
+            visited: self.visited,
+        };
+        seed.deserialize(variant).map(|v| (v, variant_access))
+    }
+}
+
+struct VariantDeserializer<'lua> {
+    value: Option<Value<'lua>>,
+    options: Options,
+    visited: Rc<RefCell<FxHashSet<*const c_void>>>,
+}
+
+impl<'lua, 'de> de::VariantAccess<'de> for VariantDeserializer<'lua> {
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn unit_variant(self) -> Result<()> {
+        match self.value {
+            Some(_) => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
+                de::Unexpected::NewtypeVariant,
+                &"unit variant",
+            )),
+            None => Ok(()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn newtype_variant_seed<T>(self, seed: T) -> Result<T::Value>
+    where
+        T: de::DeserializeSeed<'de>,
+    {
+        match self.value {
+            Some(value) => {
+                seed.deserialize(Deserializer::from_parts(value, self.options, self.visited))
+            }
+            None => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
+                de::Unexpected::UnitVariant,
+                &"newtype variant",
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn tuple_variant<V>(self, _len: usize, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
+    where
+        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
+    {
+        match self.value {
+            Some(value) => serde::Deserializer::deserialize_seq(
+                Deserializer::from_parts(value, self.options, self.visited),
+                visitor,
+            ),
+            None => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
+                de::Unexpected::UnitVariant,
+                &"tuple variant",
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn struct_variant<V>(self, _fields: &'static [&'static str], visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value>
+    where
+        V: de::Visitor<'de>,
+    {
+        match self.value {
+            Some(value) => serde::Deserializer::deserialize_map(
+                Deserializer::from_parts(value, self.options, self.visited),
+                visitor,
+            ),
+            None => Err(de::Error::invalid_type(
+                de::Unexpected::UnitVariant,
+                &"struct variant",
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Adds `ptr` to the `visited` map and removes on drop
+// Used to track recursive tables but allow to traverse same tables multiple times
+struct RecursionGuard {
+    ptr: *const c_void,
+    visited: Rc<RefCell<FxHashSet<*const c_void>>>,
+}
+
+impl RecursionGuard {
+    #[inline]
+    fn new(table: &Table, visited: &Rc<RefCell<FxHashSet<*const c_void>>>) -> Self {
+        let visited = Rc::clone(visited);
+        let ptr = table.to_pointer();
+        visited.borrow_mut().insert(ptr);
+        RecursionGuard { ptr, visited }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for RecursionGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.visited.borrow_mut().remove(&self.ptr);
+    }
+}
+
+// Checks `options` and decides should we emit an error or skip next element
+fn check_value_if_skip(
+    value: &Value,
+    options: Options,
+    visited: &RefCell<FxHashSet<*const c_void>>,
+) -> Result<bool> {
+    match value {
+        Value::Table(table) => {
+            let ptr = table.to_pointer();
+            if visited.borrow().contains(&ptr) {
+                if options.deny_recursive_tables {
+                    return Err(de::Error::custom("recursive table detected"));
+                }
+                return Ok(true); // skip
+            }
+        }
+        Value::Function(_)
+        | Value::Thread(_)
+        | Value::UserData(_)
+        | Value::LightUserData(_)
+        | Value::Error(_)
+            if !options.deny_unsupported_types =>
+        {
+            return Ok(true); // skip
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+    Ok(false) // do not skip
+}

src/serde/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+//! (De)Serialization support using serde.
+
+use std::os::raw::c_void;
+use std::ptr;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::error::Result;
+use crate::ffi;
+use crate::lua::Lua;
+use crate::table::Table;
+use crate::types::LightUserData;
+use crate::util::check_stack;
+use crate::value::Value;
+
+/// Trait for serializing/deserializing Lua values using Serde.
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "serialize")))]
+pub trait LuaSerdeExt<'lua> {
+    /// A special value (lightuserdata) to encode/decode optional (none) values.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "serialize"`
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::collections::HashMap;
+    /// use mlua::{Lua, Result, LuaSerdeExt};
+    ///
+    /// fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    ///     let lua = Lua::new();
+    ///     lua.globals().set("null", lua.null())?;
+    ///
+    ///     let val = lua.load(r#"{a = null}"#).eval()?;
+    ///     let map: HashMap<String, Option<String>> = lua.from_value(val)?;
+    ///     assert_eq!(map["a"], None);
+    ///
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    fn null(&'lua self) -> Value<'lua>;
+
+    /// A metatable attachable to a Lua table to systematically encode it as Array (instead of Map).
+    /// As result, encoded Array will contain only sequence part of the table, with the same length
+    /// as the `#` operator on that table.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "serialize"`
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use mlua::{Lua, Result, LuaSerdeExt};
+    /// use serde_json::Value as JsonValue;
+    ///
+    /// fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    ///     let lua = Lua::new();
+    ///     lua.globals().set("array_mt", lua.array_metatable())?;
+    ///
+    ///     // Encode as an empty array (no sequence part in the lua table)
+    ///     let val = lua.load("setmetatable({a = 5}, array_mt)").eval()?;
+    ///     let j: JsonValue = lua.from_value(val)?;
+    ///     assert_eq!(j.to_string(), "[]");
+    ///
+    ///     // Encode as object
+    ///     let val = lua.load("{a = 5}").eval()?;
+    ///     let j: JsonValue = lua.from_value(val)?;
+    ///     assert_eq!(j.to_string(), r#"{"a":5}"#);
+    ///
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    fn array_metatable(&'lua self) -> Table<'lua>;
+
+    /// Converts `T` into a [`Value`] instance.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "serialize"`
+    ///
+    /// [`Value`]: crate::Value
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use mlua::{Lua, Result, LuaSerdeExt};
+    /// use serde::Serialize;
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Serialize)]
+    /// struct User {
+    ///     name: String,
+    ///     age: u8,
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    ///     let lua = Lua::new();
+    ///     let u = User {
+    ///         name: "John Smith".into(),
+    ///         age: 20,
+    ///     };
+    ///     lua.globals().set("user", lua.to_value(&u)?)?;
+    ///     lua.load(r#"
+    ///         assert(user["name"] == "John Smith")
+    ///         assert(user["age"] == 20)
+    ///     "#).exec()
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    fn to_value<T: Serialize + ?Sized>(&'lua self, t: &T) -> Result<Value<'lua>>;
+
+    /// Converts `T` into a [`Value`] instance with options.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "serialize"`
+    ///
+    /// [`Value`]: crate::Value
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use mlua::{Lua, Result, LuaSerdeExt, SerializeOptions};
+    ///
+    /// fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    ///     let lua = Lua::new();
+    ///     let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
+    ///     let options = SerializeOptions::new().set_array_metatable(false);
+    ///     lua.globals().set("v", lua.to_value_with(&v, options)?)?;
+    ///
+    ///     lua.load(r#"
+    ///         assert(#v == 3 and v[1] == 1 and v[2] == 2 and v[3] == 3)
+    ///         assert(getmetatable(v) == nil)
+    ///     "#).exec()
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    fn to_value_with<T>(&'lua self, t: &T, options: ser::Options) -> Result<Value<'lua>>
+    where
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized;
+
+    /// Deserializes a [`Value`] into any serde deserializable object.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "serialize"`
+    ///
+    /// [`Value`]: crate::Value
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use mlua::{Lua, Result, LuaSerdeExt};
+    /// use serde::Deserialize;
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    /// struct User {
+    ///     name: String,
+    ///     age: u8,
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    ///     let lua = Lua::new();
+    ///     let val = lua.load(r#"{name = "John Smith", age = 20}"#).eval()?;
+    ///     let u: User = lua.from_value(val)?;
+    ///
+    ///     assert_eq!(u, User { name: "John Smith".into(), age: 20 });
+    ///
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
+    fn from_value<T: Deserialize<'lua>>(&'lua self, value: Value<'lua>) -> Result<T>;
+
+    /// Deserializes a [`Value`] into any serde deserializable object with options.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "serialize"`
+    ///
+    /// [`Value`]: crate::Value
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use mlua::{Lua, Result, LuaSerdeExt, DeserializeOptions};
+    /// use serde::Deserialize;
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    /// struct User {
+    ///     name: String,
+    ///     age: u8,
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    ///     let lua = Lua::new();
+    ///     let val = lua.load(r#"{name = "John Smith", age = 20, f = function() end}"#).eval()?;
+    ///     let options = DeserializeOptions::new().deny_unsupported_types(false);
+    ///     let u: User = lua.from_value_with(val, options)?;
+    ///
+    ///     assert_eq!(u, User { name: "John Smith".into(), age: 20 });
+    ///
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
+    fn from_value_with<T: Deserialize<'lua>>(
+        &'lua self,
+        value: Value<'lua>,
+        options: de::Options,
+    ) -> Result<T>;
+}
+
+impl<'lua> LuaSerdeExt<'lua> for Lua {
+    fn null(&'lua self) -> Value<'lua> {
+        Value::LightUserData(LightUserData(ptr::null_mut()))
+    }
+
+    fn array_metatable(&'lua self) -> Table<'lua> {
+        unsafe {
+            push_array_metatable(self.ref_thread());
+            Table(self.pop_ref_thread())
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn to_value<T>(&'lua self, t: &T) -> Result<Value<'lua>>
+    where
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
+    {
+        t.serialize(ser::Serializer::new(self))
+    }
+
+    fn to_value_with<T>(&'lua self, t: &T, options: ser::Options) -> Result<Value<'lua>>
+    where
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
+    {
+        t.serialize(ser::Serializer::new_with_options(self, options))
+    }
+
+    fn from_value<T>(&'lua self, value: Value<'lua>) -> Result<T>
+    where
+        T: Deserialize<'lua>,
+    {
+        T::deserialize(de::Deserializer::new(value))
+    }
+
+    fn from_value_with<T>(&'lua self, value: Value<'lua>, options: de::Options) -> Result<T>
+    where
+        T: Deserialize<'lua>,
+    {
+        T::deserialize(de::Deserializer::new_with_options(value, options))
+    }
+}
+
+// Uses 2 stack spaces and calls checkstack.
+pub(crate) unsafe fn init_metatables(state: *mut ffi::lua_State) -> Result<()> {
+    check_stack(state, 2)?;
+    protect_lua!(state, 0, 0, fn(state) {
+        ffi::lua_createtable(state, 0, 1);
+
+        ffi::lua_pushstring(state, cstr!("__metatable"));
+        ffi::lua_pushboolean(state, 0);
+        ffi::lua_rawset(state, -3);
+
+        let array_metatable_key = &ARRAY_METATABLE_REGISTRY_KEY as *const u8 as *const c_void;
+        ffi::lua_rawsetp(state, ffi::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, array_metatable_key);
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) unsafe fn push_array_metatable(state: *mut ffi::lua_State) {
+    let array_metatable_key = &ARRAY_METATABLE_REGISTRY_KEY as *const u8 as *const c_void;
+    ffi::lua_rawgetp(state, ffi::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, array_metatable_key);
+}
+
+static ARRAY_METATABLE_REGISTRY_KEY: u8 = 0;
+
+pub mod de;
+pub mod ser;
+
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use de::Deserializer;
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use ser::Serializer;

src/serde/ser.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+use std::os::raw::c_int;
+
+use serde::{ser, Serialize};
+
+use super::LuaSerdeExt;
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+use crate::ffi;
+use crate::lua::Lua;
+use crate::string::String;
+use crate::table::Table;
+use crate::types::Integer;
+use crate::util::{check_stack, StackGuard};
+use crate::value::{ToLua, Value};
+
+/// A struct for serializing Rust values into Lua values.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Serializer<'lua> {
+    lua: &'lua Lua,
+    options: Options,
+}
+
+/// A struct with options to change default serializer behavior.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct Options {
+    /// If true, sequence serialization to a Lua table will create table
+    /// with the [`array_metatable`] attached.
+    ///
+    /// Default: **true**
+    ///
+    /// [`array_metatable`]: crate::LuaSerdeExt::array_metatable
+    pub set_array_metatable: bool,
+
+    /// If true, serialize `None` (part of the `Option` type) to [`null`].
+    /// Otherwise it will be set to Lua [`Nil`].
+    ///
+    /// Default: **true**
+    ///
+    /// [`null`]: crate::LuaSerdeExt::null
+    /// [`Nil`]: crate::Value::Nil
+    pub serialize_none_to_null: bool,
+
+    /// If true, serialize `Unit` (type of `()` in Rust) and Unit structs to [`null`].
+    /// Otherwise it will be set to Lua [`Nil`].
+    ///
+    /// Default: **true**
+    ///
+    /// [`null`]: crate::LuaSerdeExt::null
+    /// [`Nil`]: crate::Value::Nil
+    pub serialize_unit_to_null: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for Options {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Options {
+    /// Returns a new instance of [`Options`] with default parameters.
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Options {
+            set_array_metatable: true,
+            serialize_none_to_null: true,
+            serialize_unit_to_null: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets [`set_array_metatable`] option.
+    ///
+    /// [`set_array_metatable`]: #structfield.set_array_metatable
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn set_array_metatable(mut self, enabled: bool) -> Self {
+        self.set_array_metatable = enabled;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets [`serialize_none_to_null`] option.
+    ///
+    /// [`serialize_none_to_null`]: #structfield.serialize_none_to_null
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn serialize_none_to_null(mut self, enabled: bool) -> Self {
+        self.serialize_none_to_null = enabled;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Sets [`serialize_unit_to_null`] option.
+    ///
+    /// [`serialize_unit_to_null`]: #structfield.serialize_unit_to_null
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn serialize_unit_to_null(mut self, enabled: bool) -> Self {
+        self.serialize_unit_to_null = enabled;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> Serializer<'lua> {
+    /// Creates a new Lua Serializer with default options.
+    pub fn new(lua: &'lua Lua) -> Self {
+        Self::new_with_options(lua, Options::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new Lua Serializer with custom options.
+    pub fn new_with_options(lua: &'lua Lua, options: Options) -> Self {
+        Serializer { lua, options }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! lua_serialize_number {
+    ($name:ident, $t:ty) => {
+        #[inline]
+        fn $name(self, value: $t) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+            value.to_lua(self.lua)
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl<'lua> ser::Serializer for Serializer<'lua> {
+    type Ok = Value<'lua>;
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    // Associated types for keeping track of additional state while serializing
+    // compound data structures like sequences and maps.
+    type SerializeSeq = SerializeVec<'lua>;
+    type SerializeTuple = SerializeVec<'lua>;
+    type SerializeTupleStruct = SerializeVec<'lua>;
+    type SerializeTupleVariant = SerializeTupleVariant<'lua>;
+    type SerializeMap = SerializeMap<'lua>;
+    type SerializeStruct = SerializeMap<'lua>;
+    type SerializeStructVariant = SerializeStructVariant<'lua>;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_bool(self, value: bool) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        Ok(Value::Boolean(value))
+    }
+
+    lua_serialize_number!(serialize_i8, i8);
+    lua_serialize_number!(serialize_u8, u8);
+    lua_serialize_number!(serialize_i16, i16);
+    lua_serialize_number!(serialize_u16, u16);
+    lua_serialize_number!(serialize_i32, i32);
+    lua_serialize_number!(serialize_u32, u32);
+    lua_serialize_number!(serialize_i64, i64);
+    lua_serialize_number!(serialize_u64, u64);
+    lua_serialize_number!(serialize_i128, i128);
+    lua_serialize_number!(serialize_u128, u128);
+
+    lua_serialize_number!(serialize_f32, f32);
+    lua_serialize_number!(serialize_f64, f64);
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_char(self, value: char) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        self.serialize_str(&value.to_string())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_str(self, value: &str) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        self.lua.create_string(value).map(Value::String)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_bytes(self, value: &[u8]) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        self.lua.create_string(value).map(Value::String)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_none(self) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        if self.options.serialize_none_to_null {
+            Ok(self.lua.null())
+        } else {
+            Ok(Value::Nil)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_some<T>(self, value: &T) -> Result<Value<'lua>>
+    where
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
+    {
+        value.serialize(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_unit(self) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        if self.options.serialize_unit_to_null {
+            Ok(self.lua.null())
+        } else {
+            Ok(Value::Nil)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_unit_struct(self, _name: &'static str) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        if self.options.serialize_unit_to_null {
+            Ok(self.lua.null())
+        } else {
+            Ok(Value::Nil)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_unit_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        variant: &'static str,
+    ) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        self.serialize_str(variant)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_newtype_struct<T>(self, _name: &'static str, value: &T) -> Result<Value<'lua>>
+    where
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
+    {
+        value.serialize(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_newtype_variant<T>(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        variant: &'static str,
+        value: &T,
+    ) -> Result<Value<'lua>>
+    where
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
+    {
+        let table = self.lua.create_table()?;
+        let variant = self.lua.create_string(variant)?;
+        let value = self.lua.to_value_with(value, self.options)?;
+        table.raw_set(variant, value)?;
+        Ok(Value::Table(table))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_seq(self, len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeSeq> {
+        let len = len.unwrap_or(0) as c_int;
+        let table = self.lua.create_table_with_capacity(len, 0)?;
+        if self.options.set_array_metatable {
+            table.set_metatable(Some(self.lua.array_metatable()));
+        }
+        let options = self.options;
+        Ok(SerializeVec { table, options })
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_tuple(self, len: usize) -> Result<Self::SerializeTuple> {
+        self.serialize_seq(Some(len))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_tuple_struct(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleStruct> {
+        self.serialize_seq(Some(len))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_tuple_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        variant: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleVariant> {
+        Ok(SerializeTupleVariant {
+            name: self.lua.create_string(variant)?,
+            table: self.lua.create_table()?,
+            options: self.options,
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_map(self, len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeMap> {
+        let len = len.unwrap_or(0) as c_int;
+        Ok(SerializeMap {
+            key: None,
+            table: self.lua.create_table_with_capacity(0, len)?,
+            options: self.options,
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_struct(self, _name: &'static str, len: usize) -> Result<Self::SerializeStruct> {
+        self.serialize_map(Some(len))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn serialize_struct_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        variant: &'static str,
+        len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStructVariant> {
+        Ok(SerializeStructVariant {
+            name: self.lua.create_string(variant)?,
+            table: self.lua.create_table_with_capacity(0, len as c_int)?,
+            options: self.options,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub struct SerializeVec<'lua> {
+    table: Table<'lua>,
+    options: Options,
+}
+
+impl<'lua> ser::SerializeSeq for SerializeVec<'lua> {
+    type Ok = Value<'lua>;
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn serialize_element<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
+    {
+        let lua = self.table.0.lua;
+        let value = lua.to_value_with(value, self.options)?;
+        unsafe {
+            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+            check_stack(lua.state, 4)?;
+
+            lua.push_ref(&self.table.0);
+            lua.push_value(value)?;
+            if lua.unlikely_memory_error() {
+                let len = ffi::lua_rawlen(lua.state, -2) as Integer;
+                ffi::lua_rawseti(lua.state, -2, len + 1);
+                ffi::lua_pop(lua.state, 1);
+                Ok(())
+            } else {
+                protect_lua!(lua.state, 2, 0, fn(state) {
+                    let len = ffi::lua_rawlen(state, -2) as Integer;
+                    ffi::lua_rawseti(state, -2, len + 1);
+                })
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        Ok(Value::Table(self.table))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> ser::SerializeTuple for SerializeVec<'lua> {
+    type Ok = Value<'lua>;
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn serialize_element<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
+    {
+        ser::SerializeSeq::serialize_element(self, value)
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        ser::SerializeSeq::end(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> ser::SerializeTupleStruct for SerializeVec<'lua> {
+    type Ok = Value<'lua>;
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn serialize_field<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
+    {
+        ser::SerializeSeq::serialize_element(self, value)
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        ser::SerializeSeq::end(self)
+    }
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub struct SerializeTupleVariant<'lua> {
+    name: String<'lua>,
+    table: Table<'lua>,
+    options: Options,
+}
+
+impl<'lua> ser::SerializeTupleVariant for SerializeTupleVariant<'lua> {
+    type Ok = Value<'lua>;
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn serialize_field<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
+    {
+        let lua = self.table.0.lua;
+        let idx = self.table.raw_len() + 1;
+        self.table
+            .raw_insert(idx, lua.to_value_with(value, self.options)?)
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        let lua = self.table.0.lua;
+        let table = lua.create_table()?;
+        table.raw_set(self.name, self.table)?;
+        Ok(Value::Table(table))
+    }
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub struct SerializeMap<'lua> {
+    table: Table<'lua>,
+    key: Option<Value<'lua>>,
+    options: Options,
+}
+
+impl<'lua> ser::SerializeMap for SerializeMap<'lua> {
+    type Ok = Value<'lua>;
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn serialize_key<T>(&mut self, key: &T) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
+    {
+        let lua = self.table.0.lua;
+        self.key = Some(lua.to_value_with(key, self.options)?);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_value<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
+    {
+        let lua = self.table.0.lua;
+        let key = mlua_expect!(
+            self.key.take(),
+            "serialize_value called before serialize_key"
+        );
+        let value = lua.to_value_with(value, self.options)?;
+        self.table.raw_set(key, value)
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        Ok(Value::Table(self.table))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> ser::SerializeStruct for SerializeMap<'lua> {
+    type Ok = Value<'lua>;
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn serialize_field<T>(&mut self, key: &'static str, value: &T) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
+    {
+        ser::SerializeMap::serialize_key(self, key)?;
+        ser::SerializeMap::serialize_value(self, value)
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        ser::SerializeMap::end(self)
+    }
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub struct SerializeStructVariant<'lua> {
+    name: String<'lua>,
+    table: Table<'lua>,
+    options: Options,
+}
+
+impl<'lua> ser::SerializeStructVariant for SerializeStructVariant<'lua> {
+    type Ok = Value<'lua>;
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn serialize_field<T>(&mut self, key: &'static str, value: &T) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
+    {
+        let lua = self.table.0.lua;
+        self.table
+            .raw_set(key, lua.to_value_with(value, self.options)?)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        let lua = self.table.0.lua;
+        let table = lua.create_table()?;
+        table.raw_set(self.name, self.table)?;
+        Ok(Value::Table(table))
+    }
+}

src/stdlib.rs

@@ -1,31 +1,72 @@
 use std::ops::{BitAnd, BitAndAssign, BitOr, BitOrAssign, BitXor, BitXorAssign};
 use std::u32;
 
-/// Flags describing the set of lua modules to load.
+/// Flags describing the set of lua standard libraries to load.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
 pub struct StdLib(u32);
 
 impl StdLib {
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua53", feature = "lua52"))]
-    pub const COROUTINE: StdLib = StdLib(1 << 0);
+    /// [`coroutine`](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#6.2) library
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "lua54/lua53/lua52/luau"`
+    #[cfg(any(
+        feature = "lua54",
+        feature = "lua53",
+        feature = "lua52",
+        feature = "luau"
+    ))]
+    pub const COROUTINE: StdLib = StdLib(1);
+    /// [`table`](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#6.6) library
     pub const TABLE: StdLib = StdLib(1 << 1);
+    /// [`io`](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#6.8) library
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(not(feature = "luau"))))]
     pub const IO: StdLib = StdLib(1 << 2);
+    /// [`os`](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#6.9) library
     pub const OS: StdLib = StdLib(1 << 3);
+    /// [`string`](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#6.4) library
     pub const STRING: StdLib = StdLib(1 << 4);
-    #[cfg(feature = "lua53")]
+    /// [`utf8`](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#6.5) library
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "lua54/lua53/luau"`
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua54", feature = "lua53", feature = "luau"))]
     pub const UTF8: StdLib = StdLib(1 << 5);
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "luajit"))]
+    /// [`bit`](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.2/manual.html#6.7) library
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "lua52/luajit/luau"`
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "lua52", feature = "luajit", feature = "luau", doc))]
     pub const BIT: StdLib = StdLib(1 << 6);
+    /// [`math`](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#6.7) library
     pub const MATH: StdLib = StdLib(1 << 7);
+    /// [`package`](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#6.3) library
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(not(feature = "luau"))))]
     pub const PACKAGE: StdLib = StdLib(1 << 8);
-    #[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
+    /// [`jit`](http://luajit.org/ext_jit.html) library
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "luajit"`
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "luajit", doc))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "luajit")))]
     pub const JIT: StdLib = StdLib(1 << 9);
-    #[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
-    pub const FFI: StdLib = StdLib(1 << 10);
-    pub const DEBUG: StdLib = StdLib(1 << 31); // always highest bit
 
+    /// (**unsafe**) [`ffi`](http://luajit.org/ext_ffi.html) library
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "luajit"`
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "luajit", doc))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "luajit")))]
+    pub const FFI: StdLib = StdLib(1 << 30);
+    /// (**unsafe**) [`debug`](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#6.10) library
+    pub const DEBUG: StdLib = StdLib(1 << 31);
+
+    /// No libraries
+    pub const NONE: StdLib = StdLib(0);
+    /// (**unsafe**) All standard libraries
     pub const ALL: StdLib = StdLib(u32::MAX);
-    pub const ALL_NO_DEBUG: StdLib = StdLib((1 << 31) - 1);
+    /// The safe subset of the standard libraries
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+    pub const ALL_SAFE: StdLib = StdLib((1 << 30) - 1);
+    #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+    pub const ALL_SAFE: StdLib = StdLib(u32::MAX);
 
     pub fn contains(self, lib: Self) -> bool {
         (self & lib).0 != 0

src/string.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,18 @@
+use std::borrow::{Borrow, Cow};
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use std::os::raw::c_void;
+use std::string::String as StdString;
 use std::{slice, str};
 
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+use {
+    serde::ser::{Serialize, Serializer},
+    std::result::Result as StdResult,
+};
+
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use crate::ffi;
 use crate::types::LuaRef;
-use crate::util::{assert_stack, StackGuard};
 
 /// Handle to an internal Lua string.
 ///
@@ -30,6 +39,7 @@ impl<'lua> String<'lua> {
     /// # Ok(())
     /// # }
     /// ```
+    #[inline]
     pub fn to_str(&self) -> Result<&str> {
         str::from_utf8(self.as_bytes()).map_err(|e| Error::FromLuaConversionError {
             from: "string",
@@ -38,6 +48,29 @@ impl<'lua> String<'lua> {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Converts this string to a [`Cow<str>`].
+    ///
+    /// Any non-Unicode sequences are replaced with [`U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER`][U+FFFD].
+    ///
+    /// [U+FFFD]: std::char::REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use mlua::{Lua, Result};
+    /// # fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    /// let lua = Lua::new();
+    ///
+    /// let s = lua.create_string(b"test\xff")?;
+    /// assert_eq!(s.to_string_lossy(), "test\u{fffd}");
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_string_lossy(&self) -> Cow<'_, str> {
+        StdString::from_utf8_lossy(self.as_bytes())
+    }
+
     /// Get the bytes that make up this string.
     ///
     /// The returned slice will not contain the terminating nul byte, but will contain any nul
@@ -55,6 +88,7 @@ impl<'lua> String<'lua> {
     /// # Ok(())
     /// # }
     /// ```
+    #[inline]
     pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
         let nulled = self.as_bytes_with_nul();
         &nulled[..nulled.len() - 1]
@@ -62,25 +96,32 @@ impl<'lua> String<'lua> {
 
     /// Get the bytes that make up this string, including the trailing nul byte.
     pub fn as_bytes_with_nul(&self) -> &[u8] {
-        let lua = self.0.lua;
+        let ref_thread = self.0.lua.ref_thread();
         unsafe {
-            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 1);
-
-            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
             mlua_debug_assert!(
-                ffi::lua_type(lua.state, -1) == ffi::LUA_TSTRING,
+                ffi::lua_type(ref_thread, self.0.index) == ffi::LUA_TSTRING,
                 "string ref is not string type"
             );
 
             let mut size = 0;
             // This will not trigger a 'm' error, because the reference is guaranteed to be of
             // string type
-            let data = ffi::lua_tolstring(lua.state, -1, &mut size);
+            let data = ffi::lua_tolstring(ref_thread, self.0.index, &mut size);
 
             slice::from_raw_parts(data as *const u8, size + 1)
         }
     }
+
+    /// Converts the string to a generic C pointer.
+    ///
+    /// There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value.
+    ///
+    /// Typically this function is used only for hashing and debug information.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_pointer(&self) -> *const c_void {
+        let ref_thread = self.0.lua.ref_thread();
+        unsafe { ffi::lua_topointer(ref_thread, self.0.index) }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> AsRef<[u8]> for String<'lua> {
@@ -89,6 +130,12 @@ impl<'lua> AsRef<[u8]> for String<'lua> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'lua> Borrow<[u8]> for String<'lua> {
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.as_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
 // Lua strings are basically &[u8] slices, so implement PartialEq for anything resembling that.
 //
 // This makes our `String` comparable with `Vec<u8>`, `[u8]`, `&str`, `String` and `mlua::String`
@@ -105,3 +152,24 @@ where
         self.as_bytes() == other.as_ref()
     }
 }
+
+impl<'lua> Eq for String<'lua> {}
+
+impl<'lua> Hash for String<'lua> {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.as_bytes().hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+impl<'lua> Serialize for String<'lua> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> StdResult<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        match self.to_str() {
+            Ok(s) => serializer.serialize_str(s),
+            Err(_) => serializer.serialize_bytes(self.as_bytes()),
+        }
+    }
+}

src/table.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
-use std::os::raw::c_int;
+use std::os::raw::c_void;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+use {
+    rustc_hash::FxHashSet,
+    serde::ser::{self, Serialize, SerializeMap, SerializeSeq, Serializer},
+    std::{cell::RefCell, result::Result as StdResult},
+};
 
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use crate::ffi;
 use crate::function::Function;
 use crate::types::{Integer, LuaRef};
-use crate::util::{assert_stack, protect_lua, protect_lua_closure, StackGuard};
+use crate::util::{assert_stack, check_stack, StackGuard};
 use crate::value::{FromLua, FromLuaMulti, Nil, ToLua, ToLuaMulti, Value};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
@@ -15,6 +22,7 @@ use {futures_core::future::LocalBoxFuture, futures_util::future};
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Table<'lua>(pub(crate) LuaRef<'lua>);
 
+#[allow(clippy::len_without_is_empty)]
 impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
     /// Sets a key-value pair in the table.
     ///
@@ -50,22 +58,23 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
     ///
     /// [`raw_set`]: #method.raw_set
     pub fn set<K: ToLua<'lua>, V: ToLua<'lua>>(&self, key: K, value: V) -> Result<()> {
+        // Fast track
+        if !self.has_metatable() {
+            return self.raw_set(key, value);
+        }
+
         let lua = self.0.lua;
         let key = key.to_lua(lua)?;
         let value = value.to_lua(lua)?;
+
         unsafe {
             let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 6);
+            check_stack(lua.state, 5)?;
 
             lua.push_ref(&self.0);
             lua.push_value(key)?;
             lua.push_value(value)?;
-
-            unsafe extern "C" fn set_table(state: *mut ffi::lua_State) -> c_int {
-                ffi::lua_settable(state, -3);
-                1
-            }
-            protect_lua(lua.state, 3, set_table)
+            protect_lua!(lua.state, 3, 0, fn(state) ffi::lua_settable(state, -3))
         }
     }
 
@@ -94,20 +103,22 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
     ///
     /// [`raw_get`]: #method.raw_get
     pub fn get<K: ToLua<'lua>, V: FromLua<'lua>>(&self, key: K) -> Result<V> {
+        // Fast track
+        if !self.has_metatable() {
+            return self.raw_get(key);
+        }
+
         let lua = self.0.lua;
         let key = key.to_lua(lua)?;
+
         let value = unsafe {
             let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 5);
+            check_stack(lua.state, 4)?;
 
             lua.push_ref(&self.0);
             lua.push_value(key)?;
+            protect_lua!(lua.state, 2, 1, fn(state) ffi::lua_gettable(state, -2))?;
 
-            unsafe extern "C" fn get_table(state: *mut ffi::lua_State) -> c_int {
-                ffi::lua_gettable(state, -2);
-                1
-            }
-            protect_lua(lua.state, 2, get_table)?;
             lua.pop_value()
         };
         V::from_lua(value, lua)
@@ -115,47 +126,54 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
 
     /// Checks whether the table contains a non-nil value for `key`.
     pub fn contains_key<K: ToLua<'lua>>(&self, key: K) -> Result<bool> {
-        let lua = self.0.lua;
-        let key = key.to_lua(lua)?;
-
-        unsafe {
-            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 5);
-
-            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
-            lua.push_value(key)?;
-
-            unsafe extern "C" fn get_table(state: *mut ffi::lua_State) -> c_int {
-                ffi::lua_gettable(state, -2);
-                1
-            }
-            protect_lua(lua.state, 2, get_table)?;
-
-            let has = ffi::lua_isnil(lua.state, -1) == 0;
-            Ok(has)
-        }
+        Ok(self.get::<_, Value>(key)? != Value::Nil)
     }
 
-    /// Gets the function associated to `key` from the table and executes it,
-    /// passing the table itself along with `args` as function arguments.
-    ///
-    /// This function is deprecated since 0.3.1 in favor of [`call_method`]
-    /// in the `TableExt` trait.
-    ///
-    /// This might invoke the `__index` metamethod.
-    ///
-    /// [`call_method`]: trait.TableExt.html#tymethod.call_method
-    #[deprecated(since = "0.3.1", note = "Please use `call_method` instead")]
-    pub fn call<K, A, R>(&self, key: K, args: A) -> Result<R>
-    where
-        K: ToLua<'lua>,
-        A: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
-        R: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
-    {
+    /// Appends a value to the back of the table.
+    pub fn push<V: ToLua<'lua>>(&self, value: V) -> Result<()> {
+        // Fast track
+        if !self.has_metatable() {
+            return self.raw_push(value);
+        }
+
         let lua = self.0.lua;
-        let mut args = args.to_lua_multi(lua)?;
-        args.push_front(Value::Table(self.clone()));
-        self.get::<_, Function>(key)?.call(args)
+        let value = value.to_lua(lua)?;
+        unsafe {
+            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+            check_stack(lua.state, 4)?;
+
+            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
+            lua.push_value(value)?;
+            protect_lua!(lua.state, 2, 0, fn(state) {
+                let len = ffi::luaL_len(state, -2) as Integer;
+                ffi::lua_seti(state, -2, len + 1);
+            })?
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the last element from the table and returns it.
+    pub fn pop<V: FromLua<'lua>>(&self) -> Result<V> {
+        // Fast track
+        if !self.has_metatable() {
+            return self.raw_pop();
+        }
+
+        let lua = self.0.lua;
+        let value = unsafe {
+            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+            check_stack(lua.state, 4)?;
+
+            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
+            protect_lua!(lua.state, 1, 1, fn(state) {
+                let len = ffi::luaL_len(state, -1) as Integer;
+                ffi::lua_geti(state, -1, len);
+                ffi::lua_pushnil(state);
+                ffi::lua_seti(state, -3, len);
+            })?;
+            lua.pop_value()
+        };
+        V::from_lua(value, lua)
     }
 
     /// Compares two tables for equality.
@@ -216,25 +234,28 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
 
     /// Sets a key-value pair without invoking metamethods.
     pub fn raw_set<K: ToLua<'lua>, V: ToLua<'lua>>(&self, key: K, value: V) -> Result<()> {
+        #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+        self.check_readonly_write()?;
+
         let lua = self.0.lua;
         let key = key.to_lua(lua)?;
         let value = value.to_lua(lua)?;
 
         unsafe {
             let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 6);
+            check_stack(lua.state, 5)?;
 
             lua.push_ref(&self.0);
             lua.push_value(key)?;
             lua.push_value(value)?;
 
-            unsafe extern "C" fn raw_set(state: *mut ffi::lua_State) -> c_int {
-                ffi::lua_rawset(state, -3);
-                0
+            if lua.unlikely_memory_error() {
+                ffi::lua_rawset(lua.state, -3);
+                ffi::lua_pop(lua.state, 1);
+                Ok(())
+            } else {
+                protect_lua!(lua.state, 3, 0, fn(state) ffi::lua_rawset(state, -3))
             }
-            protect_lua(lua.state, 3, raw_set)?;
-
-            Ok(())
         }
     }
 
@@ -242,13 +263,15 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
     pub fn raw_get<K: ToLua<'lua>, V: FromLua<'lua>>(&self, key: K) -> Result<V> {
         let lua = self.0.lua;
         let key = key.to_lua(lua)?;
+
         let value = unsafe {
             let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 3);
+            check_stack(lua.state, 3)?;
 
             lua.push_ref(&self.0);
             lua.push_value(key)?;
             ffi::lua_rawget(lua.state, -2);
+
             lua.pop_value()
         };
         V::from_lua(value, lua)
@@ -266,29 +289,78 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
         let value = value.to_lua(lua)?;
         unsafe {
             let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 6);
+            check_stack(lua.state, 5)?;
 
             lua.push_ref(&self.0);
             lua.push_value(value)?;
-
-            protect_lua_closure(lua.state, 2, 0, |state| {
-                for i in (idx..size + 1).rev() {
+            protect_lua!(lua.state, 2, 0, |state| {
+                for i in (idx..=size).rev() {
                     // table[i+1] = table[i]
                     ffi::lua_rawgeti(state, -2, i);
                     ffi::lua_rawseti(state, -3, i + 1);
                 }
-                ffi::lua_rawseti(state, -2, idx);
+                ffi::lua_rawseti(state, -2, idx)
             })
         }
     }
 
+    /// Appends a value to the back of the table without invoking metamethods.
+    pub fn raw_push<V: ToLua<'lua>>(&self, value: V) -> Result<()> {
+        #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+        self.check_readonly_write()?;
+
+        let lua = self.0.lua;
+        let value = value.to_lua(lua)?;
+
+        unsafe {
+            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+            check_stack(lua.state, 4)?;
+
+            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
+            lua.push_value(value)?;
+
+            unsafe fn callback(state: *mut ffi::lua_State) {
+                let len = ffi::lua_rawlen(state, -2) as Integer;
+                ffi::lua_rawseti(state, -2, len + 1);
+            }
+
+            if lua.unlikely_memory_error() {
+                callback(lua.state);
+            } else {
+                protect_lua!(lua.state, 2, 0, fn(state) callback(state))?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the last element from the table and returns it, without invoking metamethods.
+    pub fn raw_pop<V: FromLua<'lua>>(&self) -> Result<V> {
+        #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+        self.check_readonly_write()?;
+
+        let lua = self.0.lua;
+        let value = unsafe {
+            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+            check_stack(lua.state, 3)?;
+
+            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
+            let len = ffi::lua_rawlen(lua.state, -1) as Integer;
+            ffi::lua_rawgeti(lua.state, -1, len);
+            // Set slot to nil (it must be safe to do)
+            ffi::lua_pushnil(lua.state);
+            ffi::lua_rawseti(lua.state, -3, len);
+            lua.pop_value()
+        };
+        V::from_lua(value, lua)
+    }
+
     /// Removes a key from the table.
     ///
     /// If `key` is an integer, mlua shifts down the elements from `table[key+1]`,
-    /// and erases element `table[key]`. The complexity is O(n) in worst case,
+    /// and erases element `table[key]`. The complexity is O(n) in the worst case,
     /// where n is the table length.
     ///
-    /// For othey key types this is equivalent to setting `table[key] = nil`.
+    /// For other key types this is equivalent to setting `table[key] = nil`.
     pub fn raw_remove<K: ToLua<'lua>>(&self, key: K) -> Result<()> {
         let lua = self.0.lua;
         let key = key.to_lua(lua)?;
@@ -300,11 +372,10 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
                 }
                 unsafe {
                     let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-                    assert_stack(lua.state, 6);
+                    check_stack(lua.state, 4)?;
 
                     lua.push_ref(&self.0);
-
-                    protect_lua_closure(lua.state, 1, 0, |state| {
+                    protect_lua!(lua.state, 1, 0, |state| {
                         for i in idx..size {
                             ffi::lua_rawgeti(state, -1, i + 1);
                             ffi::lua_rawseti(state, -2, i);
@@ -324,25 +395,25 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
     ///
     /// [`raw_len`]: #method.raw_len
     pub fn len(&self) -> Result<Integer> {
+        // Fast track
+        if !self.has_metatable() {
+            return Ok(self.raw_len());
+        }
+
         let lua = self.0.lua;
         unsafe {
             let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 4);
+            check_stack(lua.state, 4)?;
+
             lua.push_ref(&self.0);
-            protect_lua_closure(lua.state, 1, 0, |state| ffi::luaL_len(state, -1))
+            protect_lua!(lua.state, 1, 0, |state| ffi::luaL_len(state, -1))
         }
     }
 
     /// Returns the result of the Lua `#` operator, without invoking the `__len` metamethod.
     pub fn raw_len(&self) -> Integer {
-        let lua = self.0.lua;
-        unsafe {
-            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 1);
-            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
-            let len = ffi::lua_rawlen(lua.state, -1);
-            len as Integer
-        }
+        let ref_thread = self.0.lua.ref_thread();
+        unsafe { ffi::lua_rawlen(ref_thread, self.0.index) as Integer }
     }
 
     /// Returns a reference to the metatable of this table, or `None` if no metatable is set.
@@ -352,13 +423,13 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
         let lua = self.0.lua;
         unsafe {
             let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 1);
+            assert_stack(lua.state, 2);
+
             lua.push_ref(&self.0);
             if ffi::lua_getmetatable(lua.state, -1) == 0 {
                 None
             } else {
-                let table = Table(lua.pop_ref());
-                Some(table)
+                Some(Table(lua.pop_ref()))
             }
         }
     }
@@ -368,10 +439,17 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
     /// If `metatable` is `None`, the metatable is removed (if no metatable is set, this does
     /// nothing).
     pub fn set_metatable(&self, metatable: Option<Table<'lua>>) {
+        // Workaround to throw readonly error without returning Result
+        #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+        if self.is_readonly() {
+            panic!("attempt to modify a readonly table");
+        }
+
         let lua = self.0.lua;
         unsafe {
             let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 1);
+            assert_stack(lua.state, 2);
+
             lua.push_ref(&self.0);
             if let Some(metatable) = metatable {
                 lua.push_ref(&metatable.0);
@@ -382,6 +460,58 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Returns true if the table has metatable attached.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn has_metatable(&self) -> bool {
+        let ref_thread = self.0.lua.ref_thread();
+        unsafe {
+            if ffi::lua_getmetatable(ref_thread, self.0.index) != 0 {
+                ffi::lua_pop(ref_thread, 1);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    /// Sets `readonly` attribute on the table.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "luau"`
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "luau", doc))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "luau")))]
+    pub fn set_readonly(&self, enabled: bool) {
+        let ref_thread = self.0.lua.ref_thread();
+        unsafe {
+            ffi::lua_setreadonly(ref_thread, self.0.index, enabled as _);
+            if !enabled {
+                // Reset "safeenv" flag
+                ffi::lua_setsafeenv(ref_thread, self.0.index, 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `readonly` attribute of the table.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "luau"`
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "luau", doc))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "luau")))]
+    pub fn is_readonly(&self) -> bool {
+        let ref_thread = self.0.lua.ref_thread();
+        unsafe { ffi::lua_getreadonly(ref_thread, self.0.index) != 0 }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts the table to a generic C pointer.
+    ///
+    /// Different tables will give different pointers.
+    /// There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value.
+    ///
+    /// Typically this function is used only for hashing and debug information.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_pointer(&self) -> *const c_void {
+        let ref_thread = self.0.lua.ref_thread();
+        unsafe { ffi::lua_topointer(ref_thread, self.0.index) }
+    }
+
     /// Consume this table and return an iterator over the pairs of the table.
     ///
     /// This works like the Lua `pairs` function, but does not invoke the `__pairs` metamethod.
@@ -413,12 +543,12 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
     /// # }
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// [`Result`]: type.Result.html
-    /// [Lua manual]: http://www.lua.org/manual/5.3/manual.html#pdf-next
+    /// [`Result`]: crate::Result
+    /// [Lua manual]: http://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#pdf-next
     pub fn pairs<K: FromLua<'lua>, V: FromLua<'lua>>(self) -> TablePairs<'lua, K, V> {
         TablePairs {
             table: self.0,
-            next_key: Some(Nil),
+            key: Some(Nil),
             _phantom: PhantomData,
         }
     }
@@ -426,7 +556,7 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
     /// Consume this table and return an iterator over all values in the sequence part of the table.
     ///
     /// The iterator will yield all values `t[1]`, `t[2]`, and so on, until a `nil` value is
-    /// encountered. This mirrors the behaviour of Lua's `ipairs` function and will invoke the
+    /// encountered. This mirrors the behavior of Lua's `ipairs` function and will invoke the
     /// `__index` metamethod according to the usual rules. However, the deprecated `__ipairs`
     /// metatable will not be called.
     ///
@@ -462,15 +592,73 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
     /// ```
     ///
     /// [`pairs`]: #method.pairs
-    /// [`Result`]: type.Result.html
-    /// [Lua manual]: http://www.lua.org/manual/5.3/manual.html#pdf-next
+    /// [`Result`]: crate::Result
+    /// [Lua manual]: http://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#pdf-next
     pub fn sequence_values<V: FromLua<'lua>>(self) -> TableSequence<'lua, V> {
         TableSequence {
             table: self.0,
             index: Some(1),
+            len: None,
+            raw: false,
             _phantom: PhantomData,
         }
     }
+
+    /// Consume this table and return an iterator over all values in the sequence part of the table.
+    ///
+    /// Unlike the `sequence_values`, does not invoke `__index` metamethod when iterating.
+    ///
+    /// [`sequence_values`]: #method.sequence_values
+    pub fn raw_sequence_values<V: FromLua<'lua>>(self) -> TableSequence<'lua, V> {
+        TableSequence {
+            table: self.0,
+            index: Some(1),
+            len: None,
+            raw: true,
+            _phantom: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "serialize"))]
+    pub(crate) fn raw_sequence_values_by_len<V: FromLua<'lua>>(
+        self,
+        len: Option<Integer>,
+    ) -> TableSequence<'lua, V> {
+        let len = len.unwrap_or_else(|| self.raw_len());
+        TableSequence {
+            table: self.0,
+            index: Some(1),
+            len: Some(len),
+            raw: true,
+            _phantom: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+    pub(crate) fn is_array(&self) -> bool {
+        let lua = self.0.lua;
+        unsafe {
+            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+            assert_stack(lua.state, 3);
+
+            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
+            if ffi::lua_getmetatable(lua.state, -1) == 0 {
+                return false;
+            }
+            crate::serde::push_array_metatable(lua.state);
+            ffi::lua_rawequal(lua.state, -1, -2) != 0
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub(crate) fn check_readonly_write(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.is_readonly() {
+            let err = "attempt to modify a readonly table".to_string();
+            return Err(Error::RuntimeError(err));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> PartialEq for Table<'lua> {
@@ -488,6 +676,25 @@ impl<'lua> AsRef<Table<'lua>> for Table<'lua> {
 
 /// An extension trait for `Table`s that provides a variety of convenient functionality.
 pub trait TableExt<'lua> {
+    /// Calls the table as function assuming it has `__call` metamethod.
+    ///
+    /// The metamethod is called with the table as its first argument, followed by the passed arguments.
+    fn call<A, R>(&self, args: A) -> Result<R>
+    where
+        A: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: FromLuaMulti<'lua>;
+
+    /// Asynchronously calls the table as function assuming it has `__call` metamethod.
+    ///
+    /// The metamethod is called with the table as its first argument, followed by the passed arguments.
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
+    fn call_async<'fut, A, R>(&self, args: A) -> LocalBoxFuture<'fut, Result<R>>
+    where
+        'lua: 'fut,
+        A: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: FromLuaMulti<'lua> + 'fut;
+
     /// Gets the function associated to `key` from the table and executes it,
     /// passing the table itself along with `args` as function arguments.
     ///
@@ -517,8 +724,11 @@ pub trait TableExt<'lua> {
     /// Gets the function associated to `key` from the table and asynchronously executes it,
     /// passing the table itself along with `args` as function arguments and returning Future.
     ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "async"`
+    ///
     /// This might invoke the `__index` metamethod.
     #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
     fn call_async_method<'fut, K, A, R>(&self, key: K, args: A) -> LocalBoxFuture<'fut, Result<R>>
     where
         'lua: 'fut,
@@ -529,8 +739,11 @@ pub trait TableExt<'lua> {
     /// Gets the function associated to `key` from the table and asynchronously executes it,
     /// passing `args` as function arguments and returning Future.
     ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "async"`
+    ///
     /// This might invoke the `__index` metamethod.
     #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
     fn call_async_function<'fut, K, A, R>(
         &self,
         key: K,
@@ -544,6 +757,25 @@ pub trait TableExt<'lua> {
 }
 
 impl<'lua> TableExt<'lua> for Table<'lua> {
+    fn call<A, R>(&self, args: A) -> Result<R>
+    where
+        A: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+    {
+        // Convert table to a function and call via pcall that respects the `__call` metamethod.
+        Function(self.0.clone()).call(args)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    fn call_async<'fut, A, R>(&self, args: A) -> LocalBoxFuture<'fut, Result<R>>
+    where
+        'lua: 'fut,
+        A: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: FromLuaMulti<'lua> + 'fut,
+    {
+        Function(self.0.clone()).call_async(args)
+    }
+
     fn call_method<K, A, R>(&self, key: K, args: A) -> Result<R>
     where
         K: ToLua<'lua>,
@@ -597,14 +829,58 @@ impl<'lua> TableExt<'lua> for Table<'lua> {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+impl<'lua> Serialize for Table<'lua> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> StdResult<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        thread_local! {
+            static VISITED: RefCell<FxHashSet<*const c_void>> = RefCell::new(FxHashSet::default());
+        }
+
+        let ptr = self.to_pointer();
+        let res = VISITED.with(|visited| {
+            {
+                let mut visited = visited.borrow_mut();
+                if visited.contains(&ptr) {
+                    return Err(ser::Error::custom("recursive table detected"));
+                }
+                visited.insert(ptr);
+            }
+
+            let len = self.raw_len() as usize;
+            if len > 0 || self.is_array() {
+                let mut seq = serializer.serialize_seq(Some(len))?;
+                for v in self.clone().raw_sequence_values_by_len::<Value>(None) {
+                    let v = v.map_err(serde::ser::Error::custom)?;
+                    seq.serialize_element(&v)?;
+                }
+                return seq.end();
+            }
+
+            let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(None)?;
+            for kv in self.clone().pairs::<Value, Value>() {
+                let (k, v) = kv.map_err(serde::ser::Error::custom)?;
+                map.serialize_entry(&k, &v)?;
+            }
+            map.end()
+        });
+        VISITED.with(|visited| {
+            visited.borrow_mut().remove(&ptr);
+        });
+        res
+    }
+}
+
 /// An iterator over the pairs of a Lua table.
 ///
 /// This struct is created by the [`Table::pairs`] method.
 ///
-/// [`Table::pairs`]: struct.Table.html#method.pairs
+/// [`Table::pairs`]: crate::Table::pairs
 pub struct TablePairs<'lua, K, V> {
     table: LuaRef<'lua>,
-    next_key: Option<Value<'lua>>,
+    key: Option<Value<'lua>>,
     _phantom: PhantomData<(K, V)>,
 }
 
@@ -616,40 +892,37 @@ where
     type Item = Result<(K, V)>;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        if let Some(next_key) = self.next_key.take() {
+        if let Some(prev_key) = self.key.take() {
             let lua = self.table.lua;
 
-            let res = (|| {
-                let res = unsafe {
-                    let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-                    assert_stack(lua.state, 6);
+            let res = (|| unsafe {
+                let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+                check_stack(lua.state, 5)?;
 
-                    lua.push_ref(&self.table);
-                    lua.push_value(next_key)?;
+                lua.push_ref(&self.table);
+                lua.push_value(prev_key)?;
 
-                    if protect_lua_closure(lua.state, 2, ffi::LUA_MULTRET, |state| {
-                        ffi::lua_next(state, -2) != 0
-                    })? {
-                        ffi::lua_pushvalue(lua.state, -2);
-                        let key = lua.pop_value();
-                        let value = lua.pop_value();
-                        self.next_key = Some(lua.pop_value());
-
-                        Some((key, value))
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                };
-
-                Ok(if let Some((key, value)) = res {
-                    Some((K::from_lua(key, lua)?, V::from_lua(value, lua)?))
+                let next = protect_lua!(lua.state, 2, ffi::LUA_MULTRET, |state| {
+                    ffi::lua_next(state, -2)
+                })?;
+                if next != 0 {
+                    let value = lua.pop_value();
+                    let key = lua.pop_value();
+                    Ok(Some((
+                        key.clone(),
+                        K::from_lua(key, lua)?,
+                        V::from_lua(value, lua)?,
+                    )))
                 } else {
-                    None
-                })
+                    Ok(None)
+                }
             })();
 
             match res {
-                Ok(Some((key, value))) => Some(Ok((key, value))),
+                Ok(Some((key, ret_key, value))) => {
+                    self.key = Some(key);
+                    Some(Ok((ret_key, value)))
+                }
                 Ok(None) => None,
                 Err(e) => Some(Err(e)),
             }
@@ -663,10 +936,12 @@ where
 ///
 /// This struct is created by the [`Table::sequence_values`] method.
 ///
-/// [`Table::sequence_values`]: struct.Table.html#method.sequence_values
+/// [`Table::sequence_values`]: crate::Table::sequence_values
 pub struct TableSequence<'lua, V> {
     table: LuaRef<'lua>,
     index: Option<Integer>,
+    len: Option<Integer>,
+    raw: bool,
     _phantom: PhantomData<V>,
 }
 
@@ -680,27 +955,29 @@ where
         if let Some(index) = self.index.take() {
             let lua = self.table.lua;
 
-            let res = unsafe {
+            let res = (|| unsafe {
                 let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-                assert_stack(lua.state, 5);
+                check_stack(lua.state, 1 + if self.raw { 0 } else { 3 })?;
 
                 lua.push_ref(&self.table);
-                match protect_lua_closure(lua.state, 1, 1, |state| ffi::lua_geti(state, -1, index))
-                {
-                    Ok(ffi::LUA_TNIL) => None,
-                    Ok(_) => {
-                        let value = lua.pop_value();
-                        self.index = Some(index + 1);
-                        Some(Ok(value))
-                    }
-                    Err(err) => Some(Err(err)),
+                let res = if self.raw {
+                    ffi::lua_rawgeti(lua.state, -1, index)
+                } else {
+                    protect_lua!(lua.state, 1, 1, |state| ffi::lua_geti(state, -1, index))?
+                };
+                match res {
+                    ffi::LUA_TNIL if index > self.len.unwrap_or(0) => Ok(None),
+                    _ => Ok(Some((index, lua.pop_value()))),
                 }
-            };
+            })();
 
             match res {
-                Some(Ok(r)) => Some(V::from_lua(r, lua)),
-                Some(Err(err)) => Some(Err(err)),
-                None => None,
+                Ok(Some((index, r))) => {
+                    self.index = Some(index + 1);
+                    Some(V::from_lua(r, lua))
+                }
+                Ok(None) => None,
+                Err(err) => Some(Err(err)),
             }
         } else {
             None

src/thread.rs

@@ -1,26 +1,29 @@
+use std::cmp;
 use std::os::raw::c_int;
 
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use crate::ffi;
 use crate::types::LuaRef;
-use crate::util::{
-    assert_stack, check_stack, error_traceback, pop_error, protect_lua_closure, StackGuard,
-};
-use crate::value::{FromLuaMulti, MultiValue, ToLuaMulti};
+use crate::util::{check_stack, error_traceback_thread, pop_error, StackGuard};
+use crate::value::{FromLuaMulti, ToLuaMulti};
+
+#[cfg(any(
+    feature = "lua54",
+    all(feature = "luajit", feature = "vendored"),
+    feature = "luau",
+))]
+use crate::function::Function;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
 use {
     crate::{
-        error::ExternalError,
-        lua::{AsyncPollPending, Lua, WAKER_REGISTRY_KEY},
-        util::{get_gc_userdata, push_gc_userdata},
-        value::Value,
+        lua::{Lua, ASYNC_POLL_PENDING},
+        value::{MultiValue, Value},
     },
     futures_core::{future::Future, stream::Stream},
     std::{
         cell::RefCell,
         marker::PhantomData,
-        os::raw::c_void,
         pin::Pin,
         task::{Context, Poll, Waker},
     },
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ pub enum ThreadStatus {
     ///
     /// If a thread is in this state, it can be resumed by calling [`Thread::resume`].
     ///
-    /// [`Thread::resume`]: struct.Thread.html#method.resume
+    /// [`Thread::resume`]: crate::Thread::resume
     Resumable,
     /// Either the thread has finished executing, or the thread is currently running.
     Unresumable,
@@ -47,14 +50,18 @@ pub struct Thread<'lua>(pub(crate) LuaRef<'lua>);
 
 /// Thread (coroutine) representation as an async [`Future`] or [`Stream`].
 ///
-/// [`Future`]: ../futures_core/future/trait.Future.html
-/// [`Stream`]: ../futures_core/stream/trait.Stream.html
+/// Requires `feature = "async"`
+///
+/// [`Future`]: futures_core::future::Future
+/// [`Stream`]: futures_core::stream::Stream
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct AsyncThread<'lua, R> {
     thread: Thread<'lua>,
     args0: RefCell<Option<Result<MultiValue<'lua>>>>,
     ret: PhantomData<R>,
+    recycle: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'lua> Thread<'lua> {
@@ -105,44 +112,41 @@ impl<'lua> Thread<'lua> {
         R: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
     {
         let lua = self.0.lua;
-        let args = args.to_lua_multi(lua)?;
+        let mut args = args.to_lua_multi(lua)?;
+        let nargs = args.len() as c_int;
         let results = unsafe {
             let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 3);
+            check_stack(lua.state, cmp::max(nargs + 1, 3))?;
 
-            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
-            let thread_state = ffi::lua_tothread(lua.state, -1);
+            let thread_state = ffi::lua_tothread(lua.ref_thread(), self.0.index);
 
             let status = ffi::lua_status(thread_state);
             if status != ffi::LUA_YIELD && ffi::lua_gettop(thread_state) == 0 {
                 return Err(Error::CoroutineInactive);
             }
 
-            ffi::lua_pop(lua.state, 1);
-
-            let nargs = args.len() as c_int;
-            check_stack(lua.state, nargs)?;
-            check_stack(thread_state, nargs + 1)?;
-
-            for arg in args {
+            check_stack(thread_state, nargs)?;
+            for arg in args.drain_all() {
                 lua.push_value(arg)?;
             }
             ffi::lua_xmove(lua.state, thread_state, nargs);
 
-            let ret = ffi::lua_resume(thread_state, lua.state, nargs);
+            let mut nresults = 0;
+
+            let ret = ffi::lua_resume(thread_state, lua.state, nargs, &mut nresults as *mut c_int);
             if ret != ffi::LUA_OK && ret != ffi::LUA_YIELD {
-                protect_lua_closure(lua.state, 0, 0, |_| {
-                    error_traceback(thread_state);
-                    0
-                })?;
-                return Err(pop_error(thread_state, ret));
+                check_stack(lua.state, 3)?;
+                protect_lua!(lua.state, 0, 1, |state| error_traceback_thread(
+                    state,
+                    thread_state
+                ))?;
+                return Err(pop_error(lua.state, ret));
             }
 
-            let nresults = ffi::lua_gettop(thread_state);
-            let mut results = MultiValue::new();
+            let mut results = args; // Reuse MultiValue container
+            check_stack(lua.state, nresults + 2)?; // 2 is extra for `lua.pop_value()` below
             ffi::lua_xmove(thread_state, lua.state, nresults);
 
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 2);
             for _ in 0..nresults {
                 results.push_front(lua.pop_value());
             }
@@ -155,12 +159,7 @@ impl<'lua> Thread<'lua> {
     pub fn status(&self) -> ThreadStatus {
         let lua = self.0.lua;
         unsafe {
-            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 1);
-
-            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
-            let thread_state = ffi::lua_tothread(lua.state, -1);
-            ffi::lua_pop(lua.state, 1);
+            let thread_state = ffi::lua_tothread(lua.ref_thread(), self.0.index);
 
             let status = ffi::lua_status(thread_state);
             if status != ffi::LUA_OK && status != ffi::LUA_YIELD {
@@ -173,16 +172,78 @@ impl<'lua> Thread<'lua> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Converts Thread to an AsyncThread which implements Future and Stream traits.
+    /// Resets a thread
+    ///
+    /// In [Lua 5.4]: cleans its call stack and closes all pending to-be-closed variables.
+    /// Returns a error in case of either the original error that stopped the thread or errors
+    /// in closing methods.
+    ///
+    /// In [LuaJIT] and Luau: resets to the initial state of a newly created Lua thread.
+    /// Lua threads in arbitrary states (like yielded or errored) can be reset properly.
+    ///
+    /// Sets a Lua function for the thread afterwards.
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "lua54"` OR `feature = "luajit,vendored"` OR `feature = "luau"`
+    ///
+    /// [Lua 5.4]: https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#lua_resetthread
+    /// [LuaJIT]: https://github.com/openresty/luajit2#lua_resetthread
+    #[cfg(any(
+        feature = "lua54",
+        all(feature = "luajit", feature = "vendored"),
+        feature = "luau",
+    ))]
+    pub fn reset(&self, func: Function<'lua>) -> Result<()> {
+        let lua = self.0.lua;
+        unsafe {
+            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+            check_stack(lua.state, 2)?;
+
+            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
+            let thread_state = ffi::lua_tothread(lua.state, -1);
+
+            #[cfg(all(feature = "lua54", not(feature = "vendored")))]
+            let status = ffi::lua_resetthread(thread_state);
+            #[cfg(all(feature = "lua54", feature = "vendored"))]
+            let status = ffi::lua_closethread(thread_state, lua.state);
+            #[cfg(feature = "lua54")]
+            if status != ffi::LUA_OK {
+                return Err(pop_error(thread_state, status));
+            }
+            #[cfg(all(feature = "luajit", feature = "vendored"))]
+            ffi::lua_resetthread(lua.state, thread_state);
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            ffi::lua_resetthread(thread_state);
+
+            lua.push_ref(&func.0);
+            ffi::lua_xmove(lua.state, thread_state, 1);
+
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            {
+                // Inherit `LUA_GLOBALSINDEX` from the caller
+                ffi::lua_xpush(lua.state, thread_state, ffi::LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
+                ffi::lua_replace(thread_state, ffi::LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
+            }
+
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts Thread to an AsyncThread which implements [`Future`] and [`Stream`] traits.
     ///
     /// `args` are passed as arguments to the thread function for first call.
-    /// The object call `resume()` while polling and also allows to run rust futures
+    /// The object calls [`resume()`] while polling and also allows to run rust futures
     /// to completion using an executor.
     ///
     /// Using AsyncThread as a Stream allows to iterate through `coroutine.yield()`
     /// values whereas Future version discards that values and poll until the final
     /// one (returned from the thread function).
     ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "async"`
+    ///
+    /// [`Future`]: futures_core::future::Future
+    /// [`Stream`]: futures_core::stream::Stream
+    /// [`resume()`]: https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#lua_resume
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -213,16 +274,65 @@ impl<'lua> Thread<'lua> {
     /// # }
     /// ```
     #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
     pub fn into_async<A, R>(self, args: A) -> AsyncThread<'lua, R>
     where
         A: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
         R: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
     {
-        let args = args.to_lua_multi(&self.0.lua);
+        let args = args.to_lua_multi(self.0.lua);
         AsyncThread {
             thread: self,
             args0: RefCell::new(Some(args)),
             ret: PhantomData,
+            recycle: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Enables sandbox mode on this thread.
+    ///
+    /// Under the hood replaces the global environment table with a new table,
+    /// that performs writes locally and proxies reads to caller's global environment.
+    ///
+    /// This mode ideally should be used together with the global sandbox mode [`Lua::sandbox()`].
+    ///
+    /// Please note that Luau links environment table with chunk when loading it into Lua state.
+    /// Therefore you need to load chunks into a thread to link with the thread environment.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use mlua::{Lua, Result};
+    /// # fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    /// let lua = Lua::new();
+    /// let thread = lua.create_thread(lua.create_function(|lua2, ()| {
+    ///     lua2.load("var = 123").exec()?;
+    ///     assert_eq!(lua2.globals().get::<_, u32>("var")?, 123);
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// })?)?;
+    /// thread.sandbox()?;
+    /// thread.resume(())?;
+    ///
+    /// // The global environment should be unchanged
+    /// assert_eq!(lua.globals().get::<_, Option<u32>>("var")?, None);
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Requires `feature = "luau"`
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "luau", docsrs))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "luau")))]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn sandbox(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let lua = self.0.lua;
+        unsafe {
+            let thread = ffi::lua_tothread(lua.ref_thread(), self.0.index);
+            check_stack(thread, 1)?;
+            check_stack(lua.state, 3)?;
+            // Inherit `LUA_GLOBALSINDEX` from the caller
+            ffi::lua_xpush(lua.state, thread, ffi::LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
+            ffi::lua_replace(thread, ffi::LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
+            protect_lua!(lua.state, 0, 0, |_| ffi::luaL_sandboxthread(thread))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -233,6 +343,38 @@ impl<'lua> PartialEq for Thread<'lua> {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "async")]
+impl<'lua, R> AsyncThread<'lua, R> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn set_recyclable(&mut self, recyclable: bool) {
+        self.recycle = recyclable;
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "async")]
+#[cfg(any(
+    feature = "lua54",
+    all(feature = "luajit", feature = "vendored"),
+    feature = "luau",
+))]
+impl<'lua, R> Drop for AsyncThread<'lua, R> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if self.recycle {
+            unsafe {
+                let lua = self.thread.0.lua;
+                // For Lua 5.4 this also closes all pending to-be-closed variables
+                if !lua.recycle_thread(&mut self.thread) {
+                    #[cfg(feature = "lua54")]
+                    if self.thread.status() == ThreadStatus::Error {
+                        let thread_state = ffi::lua_tothread(lua.ref_thread(), self.thread.0.index);
+                        ffi::lua_resetthread(thread_state);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
 impl<'lua, R> Stream for AsyncThread<'lua, R>
 where
@@ -248,14 +390,14 @@ where
             _ => return Poll::Ready(None),
         };
 
-        let _wg = WakerGuard::new(lua.state, cx.waker().clone());
+        let _wg = WakerGuard::new(lua, cx.waker().clone());
         let ret: MultiValue = if let Some(args) = self.args0.borrow_mut().take() {
             self.thread.resume(args?)?
         } else {
             self.thread.resume(())?
         };
 
-        if is_poll_pending(lua, &ret) {
+        if is_poll_pending(&ret) {
             return Poll::Pending;
         }
 
@@ -276,17 +418,17 @@ where
 
         match self.thread.status() {
             ThreadStatus::Resumable => {}
-            _ => return Poll::Ready(Err("Thread already finished".to_lua_err())),
+            _ => return Poll::Ready(Err(Error::CoroutineInactive)),
         };
 
-        let _wg = WakerGuard::new(lua.state, cx.waker().clone());
+        let _wg = WakerGuard::new(lua, cx.waker().clone());
         let ret: MultiValue = if let Some(args) = self.args0.borrow_mut().take() {
             self.thread.resume(args?)?
         } else {
             self.thread.resume(())?
         };
 
-        if is_poll_pending(lua, &ret) {
+        if is_poll_pending(&ret) {
             return Poll::Pending;
         }
 
@@ -301,59 +443,38 @@ where
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-fn is_poll_pending(lua: &Lua, val: &MultiValue) -> bool {
-    if val.len() != 1 {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if let Some(Value::UserData(ud)) = val.iter().next() {
-        unsafe {
-            let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
-            assert_stack(lua.state, 3);
-
-            lua.push_ref(&ud.0);
-            let is_pending = get_gc_userdata::<AsyncPollPending>(lua.state, -1)
-                .as_ref()
-                .is_some();
-            ffi::lua_pop(lua.state, 1);
-
-            return is_pending;
+#[inline(always)]
+fn is_poll_pending(val: &MultiValue) -> bool {
+    match val.iter().enumerate().last() {
+        Some((0, Value::LightUserData(ud))) => {
+            std::ptr::eq(ud.0 as *const u8, &ASYNC_POLL_PENDING as *const u8)
         }
+        _ => false,
     }
-
-    false
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-struct WakerGuard(*mut ffi::lua_State);
+struct WakerGuard<'lua> {
+    lua: &'lua Lua,
+    prev: Option<Waker>,
+}
 
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-impl WakerGuard {
-    pub fn new(state: *mut ffi::lua_State, waker: Waker) -> Result<WakerGuard> {
+impl<'lua> WakerGuard<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(lua: &Lua, waker: Waker) -> Result<WakerGuard> {
         unsafe {
-            let _sg = StackGuard::new(state);
-            assert_stack(state, 6);
-
-            ffi::lua_pushlightuserdata(state, &WAKER_REGISTRY_KEY as *const u8 as *mut c_void);
-            push_gc_userdata(state, waker)?;
-            ffi::lua_rawset(state, ffi::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
-
-            Ok(WakerGuard(state))
+            let prev = lua.set_waker(Some(waker));
+            Ok(WakerGuard { lua, prev })
         }
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-impl Drop for WakerGuard {
+impl<'lua> Drop for WakerGuard<'lua> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         unsafe {
-            let state = self.0;
-            let _sg = StackGuard::new(state);
-            assert_stack(state, 2);
-
-            ffi::lua_pushlightuserdata(state, &WAKER_REGISTRY_KEY as *const u8 as *mut c_void);
-            ffi::lua_pushnil(state);
-            ffi::lua_rawset(state, ffi::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
+            self.lua.set_waker(self.prev.take());
         }
     }
 }

src/types.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,21 @@
-use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 use std::os::raw::{c_int, c_void};
-use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 use std::{fmt, mem, ptr};
 
+#[cfg(feature = "lua54")]
+use std::ffi::CStr;
+
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
 use futures_core::future::LocalBoxFuture;
 
 use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::ffi;
-use crate::lua::Lua;
+#[cfg(not(feature = "luau"))]
+use crate::hook::Debug;
+use crate::lua::{ExtraData, Lua};
 use crate::util::{assert_stack, StackGuard};
 use crate::value::MultiValue;
 
@@ -24,28 +31,82 @@ pub struct LightUserData(pub *mut c_void);
 pub(crate) type Callback<'lua, 'a> =
     Box<dyn Fn(&'lua Lua, MultiValue<'lua>) -> Result<MultiValue<'lua>> + 'a>;
 
+pub(crate) struct Upvalue<T> {
+    pub(crate) data: T,
+    pub(crate) extra: Arc<UnsafeCell<ExtraData>>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) type CallbackUpvalue = Upvalue<Callback<'static, 'static>>;
+
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
 pub(crate) type AsyncCallback<'lua, 'a> =
     Box<dyn Fn(&'lua Lua, MultiValue<'lua>) -> LocalBoxFuture<'lua, Result<MultiValue<'lua>>> + 'a>;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "async")]
+pub(crate) type AsyncCallbackUpvalue = Upvalue<AsyncCallback<'static, 'static>>;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "async")]
+pub(crate) type AsyncPollUpvalue = Upvalue<LocalBoxFuture<'static, Result<MultiValue<'static>>>>;
+
+/// Type to set next Luau VM action after executing interrupt function.
+#[cfg(any(feature = "luau", doc))]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "luau")))]
+pub enum VmState {
+    Continue,
+    Yield,
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "send", not(feature = "luau")))]
+pub(crate) type HookCallback = Arc<dyn Fn(&Lua, Debug) -> Result<()> + Send>;
+
+#[cfg(all(not(feature = "send"), not(feature = "luau")))]
+pub(crate) type HookCallback = Arc<dyn Fn(&Lua, Debug) -> Result<()>>;
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "luau", feature = "send"))]
+pub(crate) type InterruptCallback = Arc<dyn Fn() -> Result<VmState> + Send>;
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "luau", not(feature = "send")))]
+pub(crate) type InterruptCallback = Arc<dyn Fn() -> Result<VmState>>;
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "send", feature = "lua54"))]
+pub(crate) type WarnCallback = Box<dyn Fn(&Lua, &CStr, bool) -> Result<()> + Send>;
+
+#[cfg(all(not(feature = "send"), feature = "lua54"))]
+pub(crate) type WarnCallback = Box<dyn Fn(&Lua, &CStr, bool) -> Result<()>>;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "send")]
+pub trait MaybeSend: Send {}
+#[cfg(feature = "send")]
+impl<T: Send> MaybeSend for T {}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "send"))]
+pub trait MaybeSend {}
+#[cfg(not(feature = "send"))]
+impl<T> MaybeSend for T {}
+
+pub(crate) struct DestructedUserdata;
+
 /// An auto generated key into the Lua registry.
 ///
-/// This is a handle to a value stored inside the Lua registry.  It is not automatically
+/// This is a handle to a value stored inside the Lua registry. It is not automatically
 /// garbage collected on Drop, but it can be removed with [`Lua::remove_registry_value`],
 /// and instances not manually removed can be garbage collected with [`Lua::expire_registry_values`].
 ///
-/// Be warned, If you place this into Lua via a `UserData` type or a rust callback, it is *very
+/// Be warned, If you place this into Lua via a [`UserData`] type or a rust callback, it is *very
 /// easy* to accidentally cause reference cycles that the Lua garbage collector cannot resolve.
-/// Instead of placing a `RegistryKey` into a `UserData` type, prefer instead to use
-/// [`UserData::set_user_value`] / [`UserData::get_user_value`].
+/// Instead of placing a [`RegistryKey`] into a [`UserData`] type, prefer instead to use
+/// [`AnyUserData::set_user_value`] / [`AnyUserData::get_user_value`].
 ///
-/// [`Lua::remove_registry_value`]: struct.Lua.html#method.remove_registry_value
-/// [`Lua::expire_registry_values`]: struct.Lua.html#method.expire_registry_values
-/// [`UserData::set_user_value`]: struct.UserData.html#method.set_user_value
-/// [`UserData::get_user_value`]: struct.UserData.html#method.get_user_value
+/// [`UserData`]: crate::UserData
+/// [`RegistryKey`]: crate::RegistryKey
+/// [`Lua::remove_registry_value`]: crate::Lua::remove_registry_value
+/// [`Lua::expire_registry_values`]: crate::Lua::expire_registry_values
+/// [`AnyUserData::set_user_value`]: crate::AnyUserData::set_user_value
+/// [`AnyUserData::get_user_value`]: crate::AnyUserData::get_user_value
 pub struct RegistryKey {
     pub(crate) registry_id: c_int,
-    pub(crate) unref_list: Rc<RefCell<Option<Vec<c_int>>>>,
+    pub(crate) is_nil: AtomicBool,
+    pub(crate) unref_list: Arc<Mutex<Option<Vec<c_int>>>>,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for RegistryKey {
@@ -54,17 +115,43 @@ impl fmt::Debug for RegistryKey {
     }
 }
 
+impl Hash for RegistryKey {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.registry_id.hash(state)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for RegistryKey {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &RegistryKey) -> bool {
+        self.registry_id == other.registry_id && Arc::ptr_eq(&self.unref_list, &other.unref_list)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for RegistryKey {}
+
 impl Drop for RegistryKey {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
-        let mut unref_list = mlua_expect!(self.unref_list.try_borrow_mut(), "unref list borrowed");
-        if let Some(list) = unref_list.as_mut() {
-            list.push(self.registry_id);
+        // We don't need to collect nil slot
+        if self.registry_id > ffi::LUA_REFNIL {
+            let mut unref_list = mlua_expect!(self.unref_list.lock(), "unref list poisoned");
+            if let Some(list) = unref_list.as_mut() {
+                list.push(self.registry_id);
+            }
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl RegistryKey {
-    // Destroys the RegistryKey without adding to the drop list
+    // Creates a new instance of `RegistryKey`
+    pub(crate) const fn new(id: c_int, unref_list: Arc<Mutex<Option<Vec<c_int>>>>) -> Self {
+        RegistryKey {
+            registry_id: id,
+            is_nil: AtomicBool::new(id == ffi::LUA_REFNIL),
+            unref_list,
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Destroys the `RegistryKey` without adding to the unref list
     pub(crate) fn take(self) -> c_int {
         let registry_id = self.registry_id;
         unsafe {
@@ -73,6 +160,21 @@ impl RegistryKey {
         }
         registry_id
     }
+
+    // Returns true if this `RegistryKey` holds a nil value
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub(crate) fn is_nil(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_nil.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    // Marks value of this `RegistryKey` as `Nil`
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub(crate) fn set_nil(&self, enabled: bool) {
+        // We cannot replace previous value with nil in as this will break
+        // Lua mechanism to find free keys.
+        // Instead, we set a special flag to mark value as nil.
+        self.is_nil.store(enabled, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
 }
 
 pub(crate) struct LuaRef<'lua> {
@@ -94,7 +196,9 @@ impl<'lua> Clone for LuaRef<'lua> {
 
 impl<'lua> Drop for LuaRef<'lua> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
-        self.lua.drop_ref(self)
+        if self.index > 0 {
+            self.lua.drop_ref(self);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -104,8 +208,8 @@ impl<'lua> PartialEq for LuaRef<'lua> {
         unsafe {
             let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
             assert_stack(lua.state, 2);
-            lua.push_ref(&self);
-            lua.push_ref(&other);
+            lua.push_ref(self);
+            lua.push_ref(other);
             ffi::lua_rawequal(lua.state, -1, -2) == 1
         }
     }

src/userdata_impl.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,629 @@
+use std::any::TypeId;
+use std::cell::{Ref, RefCell, RefMut};
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, RwLock};
+
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+use crate::ffi;
+use crate::lua::Lua;
+use crate::types::{Callback, MaybeSend};
+use crate::userdata::{
+    AnyUserData, MetaMethod, UserData, UserDataCell, UserDataFields, UserDataMethods,
+};
+use crate::util::{check_stack, get_userdata, StackGuard};
+use crate::value::{FromLua, FromLuaMulti, ToLua, ToLuaMulti, Value};
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "send"))]
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "async")]
+use {
+    crate::types::AsyncCallback,
+    futures_core::future::Future,
+    futures_util::future::{self, TryFutureExt},
+};
+
+pub(crate) struct StaticUserDataMethods<'lua, T: 'static + UserData> {
+    pub(crate) methods: Vec<(Vec<u8>, Callback<'lua, 'static>)>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    pub(crate) async_methods: Vec<(Vec<u8>, AsyncCallback<'lua, 'static>)>,
+    pub(crate) meta_methods: Vec<(MetaMethod, Callback<'lua, 'static>)>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    pub(crate) async_meta_methods: Vec<(MetaMethod, AsyncCallback<'lua, 'static>)>,
+    _type: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<'lua, T: 'static + UserData> Default for StaticUserDataMethods<'lua, T> {
+    fn default() -> StaticUserDataMethods<'lua, T> {
+        StaticUserDataMethods {
+            methods: Vec::new(),
+            #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+            async_methods: Vec::new(),
+            meta_methods: Vec::new(),
+            #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+            async_meta_methods: Vec::new(),
+            _type: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua, T: 'static + UserData> UserDataMethods<'lua, T> for StaticUserDataMethods<'lua, T> {
+    fn add_method<S, A, R, M>(&mut self, name: &S, method: M)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, &T, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.methods
+            .push((name.as_ref().to_vec(), Self::box_method(method)));
+    }
+
+    fn add_method_mut<S, A, R, M>(&mut self, name: &S, method: M)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + FnMut(&'lua Lua, &mut T, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.methods
+            .push((name.as_ref().to_vec(), Self::box_method_mut(method)));
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    fn add_async_method<S, A, R, M, MR>(&mut self, name: &S, method: M)
+    where
+        T: Clone,
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, T, A) -> MR,
+        MR: 'lua + Future<Output = Result<R>>,
+    {
+        self.async_methods
+            .push((name.as_ref().to_vec(), Self::box_async_method(method)));
+    }
+
+    fn add_function<S, A, R, F>(&mut self, name: &S, function: F)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.methods
+            .push((name.as_ref().to_vec(), Self::box_function(function)));
+    }
+
+    fn add_function_mut<S, A, R, F>(&mut self, name: &S, function: F)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + FnMut(&'lua Lua, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.methods
+            .push((name.as_ref().to_vec(), Self::box_function_mut(function)));
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    fn add_async_function<S, A, R, F, FR>(&mut self, name: &S, function: F)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, A) -> FR,
+        FR: 'lua + Future<Output = Result<R>>,
+    {
+        self.async_methods
+            .push((name.as_ref().to_vec(), Self::box_async_function(function)));
+    }
+
+    fn add_meta_method<S, A, R, M>(&mut self, meta: S, method: M)
+    where
+        S: Into<MetaMethod>,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, &T, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.meta_methods
+            .push((meta.into(), Self::box_method(method)));
+    }
+
+    fn add_meta_method_mut<S, A, R, M>(&mut self, meta: S, method: M)
+    where
+        S: Into<MetaMethod>,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + FnMut(&'lua Lua, &mut T, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.meta_methods
+            .push((meta.into(), Self::box_method_mut(method)));
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "async", not(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luau"))))]
+    fn add_async_meta_method<S, A, R, M, MR>(&mut self, meta: S, method: M)
+    where
+        T: Clone,
+        S: Into<MetaMethod>,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, T, A) -> MR,
+        MR: 'lua + Future<Output = Result<R>>,
+    {
+        self.async_meta_methods
+            .push((meta.into(), Self::box_async_method(method)));
+    }
+
+    fn add_meta_function<S, A, R, F>(&mut self, meta: S, function: F)
+    where
+        S: Into<MetaMethod>,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.meta_methods
+            .push((meta.into(), Self::box_function(function)));
+    }
+
+    fn add_meta_function_mut<S, A, R, F>(&mut self, meta: S, function: F)
+    where
+        S: Into<MetaMethod>,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + FnMut(&'lua Lua, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.meta_methods
+            .push((meta.into(), Self::box_function_mut(function)));
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "async", not(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luau"))))]
+    fn add_async_meta_function<S, A, R, F, FR>(&mut self, meta: S, function: F)
+    where
+        S: Into<MetaMethod>,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, A) -> FR,
+        FR: 'lua + Future<Output = Result<R>>,
+    {
+        self.async_meta_methods
+            .push((meta.into(), Self::box_async_function(function)));
+    }
+
+    // Below are internal methods used in generated code
+
+    fn add_callback(&mut self, name: Vec<u8>, callback: Callback<'lua, 'static>) {
+        self.methods.push((name, callback));
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    fn add_async_callback(&mut self, name: Vec<u8>, callback: AsyncCallback<'lua, 'static>) {
+        self.async_methods.push((name, callback));
+    }
+
+    fn add_meta_callback(&mut self, meta: MetaMethod, callback: Callback<'lua, 'static>) {
+        self.meta_methods.push((meta, callback));
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    fn add_async_meta_callback(
+        &mut self,
+        meta: MetaMethod,
+        callback: AsyncCallback<'lua, 'static>,
+    ) {
+        self.async_meta_methods.push((meta, callback))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua, T: 'static + UserData> StaticUserDataMethods<'lua, T> {
+    fn box_method<A, R, M>(method: M) -> Callback<'lua, 'static>
+    where
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, &T, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        Box::new(move |lua, mut args| {
+            if let Some(front) = args.pop_front() {
+                let userdata = AnyUserData::from_lua(front, lua)?;
+                unsafe {
+                    let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+                    check_stack(lua.state, 2)?;
+
+                    let type_id = lua.push_userdata_ref(&userdata.0)?;
+                    match type_id {
+                        Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<T>() => {
+                            let ud = get_userdata_ref::<T>(lua.state)?;
+                            method(lua, &ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+                        }
+                        #[cfg(not(feature = "send"))]
+                        Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Rc<RefCell<T>>>() => {
+                            let ud = get_userdata_ref::<Rc<RefCell<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                            let ud = ud.try_borrow().map_err(|_| Error::UserDataBorrowError)?;
+                            method(lua, &ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+                        }
+                        Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Arc<Mutex<T>>>() => {
+                            let ud = get_userdata_ref::<Arc<Mutex<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                            let ud = ud.try_lock().map_err(|_| Error::UserDataBorrowError)?;
+                            method(lua, &ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+                        }
+                        #[cfg(feature = "parking_lot")]
+                        Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Arc<parking_lot::Mutex<T>>>() => {
+                            let ud = get_userdata_ref::<Arc<parking_lot::Mutex<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                            let ud = ud.try_lock().ok_or(Error::UserDataBorrowError)?;
+                            method(lua, &ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+                        }
+                        Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Arc<RwLock<T>>>() => {
+                            let ud = get_userdata_ref::<Arc<RwLock<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                            let ud = ud.try_read().map_err(|_| Error::UserDataBorrowError)?;
+                            method(lua, &ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+                        }
+                        #[cfg(feature = "parking_lot")]
+                        Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Arc<parking_lot::RwLock<T>>>() => {
+                            let ud = get_userdata_ref::<Arc<parking_lot::RwLock<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                            let ud = ud.try_read().ok_or(Error::UserDataBorrowError)?;
+                            method(lua, &ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+                        }
+                        _ => Err(Error::UserDataTypeMismatch),
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                Err(Error::FromLuaConversionError {
+                    from: "missing argument",
+                    to: "userdata",
+                    message: None,
+                })
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn box_method_mut<A, R, M>(method: M) -> Callback<'lua, 'static>
+    where
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + FnMut(&'lua Lua, &mut T, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        let method = RefCell::new(method);
+        Box::new(move |lua, mut args| {
+            if let Some(front) = args.pop_front() {
+                let userdata = AnyUserData::from_lua(front, lua)?;
+                let mut method = method
+                    .try_borrow_mut()
+                    .map_err(|_| Error::RecursiveMutCallback)?;
+                unsafe {
+                    let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+                    check_stack(lua.state, 2)?;
+
+                    let type_id = lua.push_userdata_ref(&userdata.0)?;
+                    match type_id {
+                        Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<T>() => {
+                            let mut ud = get_userdata_mut::<T>(lua.state)?;
+                            method(lua, &mut ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+                        }
+                        #[cfg(not(feature = "send"))]
+                        Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Rc<RefCell<T>>>() => {
+                            let ud = get_userdata_mut::<Rc<RefCell<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                            let mut ud = ud
+                                .try_borrow_mut()
+                                .map_err(|_| Error::UserDataBorrowMutError)?;
+                            method(lua, &mut ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+                        }
+                        Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Arc<Mutex<T>>>() => {
+                            let ud = get_userdata_mut::<Arc<Mutex<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                            let mut ud =
+                                ud.try_lock().map_err(|_| Error::UserDataBorrowMutError)?;
+                            method(lua, &mut ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+                        }
+                        #[cfg(feature = "parking_lot")]
+                        Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Arc<parking_lot::Mutex<T>>>() => {
+                            let ud = get_userdata_mut::<Arc<parking_lot::Mutex<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                            let mut ud = ud.try_lock().ok_or(Error::UserDataBorrowMutError)?;
+                            method(lua, &mut ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+                        }
+                        Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Arc<RwLock<T>>>() => {
+                            let ud = get_userdata_mut::<Arc<RwLock<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                            let mut ud =
+                                ud.try_write().map_err(|_| Error::UserDataBorrowMutError)?;
+                            method(lua, &mut ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+                        }
+                        #[cfg(feature = "parking_lot")]
+                        Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Arc<parking_lot::RwLock<T>>>() => {
+                            let ud = get_userdata_mut::<Arc<parking_lot::RwLock<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                            let mut ud = ud.try_write().ok_or(Error::UserDataBorrowMutError)?;
+                            method(lua, &mut ud, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+                        }
+                        _ => Err(Error::UserDataTypeMismatch),
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                Err(Error::FromLuaConversionError {
+                    from: "missing argument",
+                    to: "userdata",
+                    message: None,
+                })
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    fn box_async_method<A, R, M, MR>(method: M) -> AsyncCallback<'lua, 'static>
+    where
+        T: Clone,
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, T, A) -> MR,
+        MR: 'lua + Future<Output = Result<R>>,
+    {
+        Box::new(move |lua, mut args| {
+            let fut_res = || {
+                if let Some(front) = args.pop_front() {
+                    let userdata = AnyUserData::from_lua(front, lua)?;
+                    unsafe {
+                        let _sg = StackGuard::new(lua.state);
+                        check_stack(lua.state, 2)?;
+
+                        let type_id = lua.push_userdata_ref(&userdata.0)?;
+                        match type_id {
+                            Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<T>() => {
+                                let ud = get_userdata_ref::<T>(lua.state)?;
+                                Ok(method(lua, ud.clone(), A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?))
+                            }
+                            #[cfg(not(feature = "send"))]
+                            Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Rc<RefCell<T>>>() => {
+                                let ud = get_userdata_ref::<Rc<RefCell<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                                let ud = ud.try_borrow().map_err(|_| Error::UserDataBorrowError)?;
+                                Ok(method(lua, ud.clone(), A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?))
+                            }
+                            Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Arc<Mutex<T>>>() => {
+                                let ud = get_userdata_ref::<Arc<Mutex<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                                let ud = ud.try_lock().map_err(|_| Error::UserDataBorrowError)?;
+                                Ok(method(lua, ud.clone(), A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?))
+                            }
+                            #[cfg(feature = "parking_lot")]
+                            Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Arc<parking_lot::Mutex<T>>>() => {
+                                let ud = get_userdata_ref::<Arc<parking_lot::Mutex<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                                let ud = ud.try_lock().ok_or(Error::UserDataBorrowError)?;
+                                Ok(method(lua, ud.clone(), A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?))
+                            }
+                            Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Arc<RwLock<T>>>() => {
+                                let ud = get_userdata_ref::<Arc<RwLock<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                                let ud = ud.try_read().map_err(|_| Error::UserDataBorrowError)?;
+                                Ok(method(lua, ud.clone(), A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?))
+                            }
+                            #[cfg(feature = "parking_lot")]
+                            Some(id) if id == TypeId::of::<Arc<parking_lot::RwLock<T>>>() => {
+                                let ud =
+                                    get_userdata_ref::<Arc<parking_lot::RwLock<T>>>(lua.state)?;
+                                let ud = ud.try_read().ok_or(Error::UserDataBorrowError)?;
+                                Ok(method(lua, ud.clone(), A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?))
+                            }
+                            _ => Err(Error::UserDataTypeMismatch),
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    Err(Error::FromLuaConversionError {
+                        from: "missing argument",
+                        to: "userdata",
+                        message: None,
+                    })
+                }
+            };
+            match fut_res() {
+                Ok(fut) => Box::pin(fut.and_then(move |ret| future::ready(ret.to_lua_multi(lua)))),
+                Err(e) => Box::pin(future::err(e)),
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn box_function<A, R, F>(function: F) -> Callback<'lua, 'static>
+    where
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        Box::new(move |lua, args| function(lua, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua))
+    }
+
+    fn box_function_mut<A, R, F>(function: F) -> Callback<'lua, 'static>
+    where
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + FnMut(&'lua Lua, A) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        let function = RefCell::new(function);
+        Box::new(move |lua, args| {
+            let function = &mut *function
+                .try_borrow_mut()
+                .map_err(|_| Error::RecursiveMutCallback)?;
+            function(lua, A::from_lua_multi(args, lua)?)?.to_lua_multi(lua)
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    fn box_async_function<A, R, F, FR>(function: F) -> AsyncCallback<'lua, 'static>
+    where
+        A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, A) -> FR,
+        FR: 'lua + Future<Output = Result<R>>,
+    {
+        Box::new(move |lua, args| {
+            let args = match A::from_lua_multi(args, lua) {
+                Ok(args) => args,
+                Err(e) => return Box::pin(future::err(e)),
+            };
+            Box::pin(function(lua, args).and_then(move |ret| future::ready(ret.to_lua_multi(lua))))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct StaticUserDataFields<'lua, T: 'static + UserData> {
+    pub(crate) field_getters: Vec<(Vec<u8>, Callback<'lua, 'static>)>,
+    pub(crate) field_setters: Vec<(Vec<u8>, Callback<'lua, 'static>)>,
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+    pub(crate) meta_fields: Vec<(
+        MetaMethod,
+        Box<dyn Fn(&'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> + 'static>,
+    )>,
+    _type: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<'lua, T: 'static + UserData> Default for StaticUserDataFields<'lua, T> {
+    fn default() -> StaticUserDataFields<'lua, T> {
+        StaticUserDataFields {
+            field_getters: Vec::new(),
+            field_setters: Vec::new(),
+            meta_fields: Vec::new(),
+            _type: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua, T: 'static + UserData> UserDataFields<'lua, T> for StaticUserDataFields<'lua, T> {
+    fn add_field_method_get<S, R, M>(&mut self, name: &S, method: M)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        R: ToLua<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, &T) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.field_getters.push((
+            name.as_ref().to_vec(),
+            StaticUserDataMethods::box_method(move |lua, data, ()| method(lua, data)),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn add_field_method_set<S, A, M>(&mut self, name: &S, method: M)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLua<'lua>,
+        M: 'static + MaybeSend + FnMut(&'lua Lua, &mut T, A) -> Result<()>,
+    {
+        self.field_setters.push((
+            name.as_ref().to_vec(),
+            StaticUserDataMethods::box_method_mut(method),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn add_field_function_get<S, R, F>(&mut self, name: &S, function: F)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        R: ToLua<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, AnyUserData<'lua>) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        self.field_getters.push((
+            name.as_ref().to_vec(),
+            StaticUserDataMethods::<T>::box_function(function),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn add_field_function_set<S, A, F>(&mut self, name: &S, mut function: F)
+    where
+        S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        A: FromLua<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + FnMut(&'lua Lua, AnyUserData<'lua>, A) -> Result<()>,
+    {
+        self.field_setters.push((
+            name.as_ref().to_vec(),
+            StaticUserDataMethods::<T>::box_function_mut(move |lua, (data, val)| {
+                function(lua, data, val)
+            }),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn add_meta_field_with<S, R, F>(&mut self, meta: S, f: F)
+    where
+        S: Into<MetaMethod>,
+        R: ToLua<'lua>,
+        F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua) -> Result<R>,
+    {
+        let meta = meta.into();
+        self.meta_fields.push((
+            meta.clone(),
+            Box::new(move |lua| {
+                let value = f(lua)?.to_lua(lua)?;
+                if meta == MetaMethod::Index || meta == MetaMethod::NewIndex {
+                    match value {
+                        Value::Nil | Value::Table(_) | Value::Function(_) => {}
+                        _ => {
+                            return Err(Error::MetaMethodTypeError {
+                                method: meta.to_string(),
+                                type_name: value.type_name(),
+                                message: Some("expected nil, table or function".to_string()),
+                            })
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(value)
+            }),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    // Below are internal methods
+
+    fn add_field_getter(&mut self, name: Vec<u8>, callback: Callback<'lua, 'static>) {
+        self.field_getters.push((name, callback));
+    }
+
+    fn add_field_setter(&mut self, name: Vec<u8>, callback: Callback<'lua, 'static>) {
+        self.field_setters.push((name, callback));
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+unsafe fn get_userdata_ref<'a, T>(state: *mut ffi::lua_State) -> Result<Ref<'a, T>> {
+    (*get_userdata::<UserDataCell<T>>(state, -1)).try_borrow()
+}
+
+#[inline]
+unsafe fn get_userdata_mut<'a, T>(state: *mut ffi::lua_State) -> Result<RefMut<'a, T>> {
+    (*get_userdata::<UserDataCell<T>>(state, -1)).try_borrow_mut()
+}
+
+macro_rules! lua_userdata_impl {
+    ($type:ty) => {
+        impl<T: 'static + UserData> UserData for $type {
+            fn add_fields<'lua, F: UserDataFields<'lua, Self>>(fields: &mut F) {
+                let mut orig_fields = StaticUserDataFields::default();
+                T::add_fields(&mut orig_fields);
+                for (name, callback) in orig_fields.field_getters {
+                    fields.add_field_getter(name, callback);
+                }
+                for (name, callback) in orig_fields.field_setters {
+                    fields.add_field_setter(name, callback);
+                }
+            }
+
+            fn add_methods<'lua, M: UserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
+                let mut orig_methods = StaticUserDataMethods::default();
+                T::add_methods(&mut orig_methods);
+                for (name, callback) in orig_methods.methods {
+                    methods.add_callback(name, callback);
+                }
+                #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+                for (name, callback) in orig_methods.async_methods {
+                    methods.add_async_callback(name, callback);
+                }
+                for (meta, callback) in orig_methods.meta_methods {
+                    methods.add_meta_callback(meta, callback);
+                }
+                #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+                for (meta, callback) in orig_methods.async_meta_methods {
+                    methods.add_async_meta_callback(meta, callback);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "send"))]
+lua_userdata_impl!(Rc<RefCell<T>>);
+lua_userdata_impl!(Arc<Mutex<T>>);
+lua_userdata_impl!(Arc<RwLock<T>>);
+#[cfg(feature = "parking_lot")]
+lua_userdata_impl!(Arc<parking_lot::Mutex<T>>);
+#[cfg(feature = "parking_lot")]
+lua_userdata_impl!(Arc<parking_lot::RwLock<T>>);
+
+// A special proxy object for UserData
+pub(crate) struct UserDataProxy<T>(pub(crate) PhantomData<T>);
+
+lua_userdata_impl!(UserDataProxy<T>);

src/value.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 use std::iter::{self, FromIterator};
-use std::{slice, str, vec};
+use std::ops::Index;
+use std::os::raw::c_void;
+use std::{ptr, slice, str, vec};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+use {
+    serde::ser::{self, Serialize, Serializer},
+    std::convert::TryInto,
+    std::result::Result as StdResult,
+};
 
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use crate::ffi;
@@ -11,10 +20,9 @@ use crate::thread::Thread;
 use crate::types::{Integer, LightUserData, Number};
 use crate::userdata::AnyUserData;
 
-/// A dynamically typed Lua value.  The `String`, `Table`, `Function`, `Thread`, and `UserData`
-/// variants contain handle types into the internal Lua state.  It is a logic error to mix handle
-/// types between separate `Lua` instances, or between a parent `Lua` instance and one received as a
-/// parameter in a Rust callback, and doing so will result in a panic.
+/// A dynamically typed Lua value. The `String`, `Table`, `Function`, `Thread`, and `UserData`
+/// variants contain handle types into the internal Lua state. It is a logic error to mix handle
+/// types between separate `Lua` instances, and doing so will result in a panic.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum Value<'lua> {
     /// The Lua value `nil`.
@@ -29,6 +37,10 @@ pub enum Value<'lua> {
     Integer(Integer),
     /// A floating point number.
     Number(Number),
+    /// A Luau vector.
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "luau", doc))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "luau")))]
+    Vector(f32, f32, f32),
     /// An interned string, managed by Lua.
     ///
     /// Unlike Rust strings, Lua strings may not be valid UTF-8.
@@ -42,19 +54,22 @@ pub enum Value<'lua> {
     /// Reference to a userdata object that holds a custom type which implements `UserData`.
     /// Special builtin userdata types will be represented as other `Value` variants.
     UserData(AnyUserData<'lua>),
-    /// `Error` is a special builtin userdata type.  When received from Lua it is implicitly cloned.
+    /// `Error` is a special builtin userdata type. When received from Lua it is implicitly cloned.
     Error(Error),
 }
+
 pub use self::Value::Nil;
 
 impl<'lua> Value<'lua> {
-    pub fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+    pub const fn type_name(&self) -> &'static str {
         match *self {
             Value::Nil => "nil",
             Value::Boolean(_) => "boolean",
             Value::LightUserData(_) => "lightuserdata",
             Value::Integer(_) => "integer",
             Value::Number(_) => "number",
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            Value::Vector(_, _, _) => "vector",
             Value::String(_) => "string",
             Value::Table(_) => "table",
             Value::Function(_) => "function",
@@ -81,6 +96,30 @@ impl<'lua> Value<'lua> {
             _ => Ok(self == other.as_ref()),
         }
     }
+
+    /// Converts the value to a generic C pointer.
+    ///
+    /// The value can be a userdata, a table, a thread, a string, or a function; otherwise it returns NULL.
+    /// Different objects will give different pointers.
+    /// There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value.
+    ///
+    /// Typically this function is used only for hashing and debug information.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_pointer(&self) -> *const c_void {
+        unsafe {
+            match self {
+                Value::LightUserData(ud) => ud.0,
+                Value::Table(t) => t.to_pointer(),
+                Value::String(s) => s.to_pointer(),
+                Value::Function(Function(r))
+                | Value::Thread(Thread(r))
+                | Value::UserData(AnyUserData(r)) => {
+                    ffi::lua_topointer(r.lua.ref_thread(), r.index)
+                }
+                _ => ptr::null(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> PartialEq for Value<'lua> {
@@ -90,9 +129,11 @@ impl<'lua> PartialEq for Value<'lua> {
             (Value::Boolean(a), Value::Boolean(b)) => a == b,
             (Value::LightUserData(a), Value::LightUserData(b)) => a == b,
             (Value::Integer(a), Value::Integer(b)) => *a == *b,
-            (Value::Integer(a), Value::Number(b)) => *a as ffi::lua_Number == *b,
-            (Value::Number(a), Value::Integer(b)) => *a == *b as ffi::lua_Number,
+            (Value::Integer(a), Value::Number(b)) => *a as Number == *b,
+            (Value::Number(a), Value::Integer(b)) => *a == *b as Number,
             (Value::Number(a), Value::Number(b)) => *a == *b,
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            (Value::Vector(x1, y1, z1), Value::Vector(x2, y2, z2)) => (x1, y1, z1) == (x2, y2, z2),
             (Value::String(a), Value::String(b)) => a == b,
             (Value::Table(a), Value::Table(b)) => a == b,
             (Value::Function(a), Value::Function(b)) => a == b,
@@ -110,6 +151,34 @@ impl<'lua> AsRef<Value<'lua>> for Value<'lua> {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
+impl<'lua> Serialize for Value<'lua> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> StdResult<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Value::Nil => serializer.serialize_unit(),
+            Value::Boolean(b) => serializer.serialize_bool(*b),
+            #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
+            Value::Integer(i) => serializer
+                .serialize_i64((*i).try_into().expect("cannot convert lua_Integer to i64")),
+            #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
+            Value::Number(n) => serializer.serialize_f64(*n),
+            #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
+            Value::Vector(x, y, z) => (x, y, z).serialize(serializer),
+            Value::String(s) => s.serialize(serializer),
+            Value::Table(t) => t.serialize(serializer),
+            Value::UserData(ud) => ud.serialize(serializer),
+            Value::LightUserData(ud) if ud.0.is_null() => serializer.serialize_none(),
+            Value::Error(_) | Value::LightUserData(_) | Value::Function(_) | Value::Thread(_) => {
+                let msg = format!("cannot serialize <{}>", self.type_name());
+                Err(ser::Error::custom(msg))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Trait for types convertible to `Value`.
 pub trait ToLua<'lua> {
     /// Performs the conversion.
@@ -128,18 +197,26 @@ pub struct MultiValue<'lua>(Vec<Value<'lua>>);
 
 impl<'lua> MultiValue<'lua> {
     /// Creates an empty `MultiValue` containing no values.
-    pub fn new() -> MultiValue<'lua> {
+    pub const fn new() -> MultiValue<'lua> {
         MultiValue(Vec::new())
     }
+
+    /// Similar to `new` but can return previously used container with allocated capacity.
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn new_or_cached(lua: &'lua Lua) -> MultiValue<'lua> {
+        lua.new_or_cached_multivalue()
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> Default for MultiValue<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn default() -> MultiValue<'lua> {
         MultiValue::new()
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromIterator<Value<'lua>> for MultiValue<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = Value<'lua>>>(iter: I) -> Self {
         MultiValue::from_vec(Vec::from_iter(iter))
     }
@@ -149,6 +226,7 @@ impl<'lua> IntoIterator for MultiValue<'lua> {
     type Item = Value<'lua>;
     type IntoIter = iter::Rev<vec::IntoIter<Value<'lua>>>;
 
+    #[inline]
     fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
         self.0.into_iter().rev()
     }
@@ -158,46 +236,103 @@ impl<'a, 'lua> IntoIterator for &'a MultiValue<'lua> {
     type Item = &'a Value<'lua>;
     type IntoIter = iter::Rev<slice::Iter<'a, Value<'lua>>>;
 
+    #[inline]
     fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
-        (&self.0).into_iter().rev()
+        self.0.iter().rev()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'lua> Index<usize> for MultiValue<'lua> {
+    type Output = Value<'lua>;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn index(&self, index: usize) -> &Self::Output {
+        if let Some(result) = self.get(index) {
+            result
+        } else {
+            panic!(
+                "index out of bounds: the len is {} but the index is {}",
+                self.len(),
+                index
+            )
+        }
     }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> MultiValue<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
     pub fn from_vec(mut v: Vec<Value<'lua>>) -> MultiValue<'lua> {
         v.reverse();
         MultiValue(v)
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn into_vec(self) -> Vec<Value<'lua>> {
         let mut v = self.0;
         v.reverse();
         v
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get(&self, index: usize) -> Option<&Value<'lua>> {
+        if index < self.0.len() {
+            return self.0.get(self.0.len() - index - 1);
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn reserve(&mut self, size: usize) {
         self.0.reserve(size);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn push_front(&mut self, value: Value<'lua>) {
-        self.0.push(value);
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn pop_front(&mut self) -> Option<Value<'lua>> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn pop_front(&mut self) -> Option<Value<'lua>> {
         self.0.pop()
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn push_front(&mut self, value: Value<'lua>) {
+        self.0.push(value);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.0.clear();
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
     pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.0.len()
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.0.len() == 0
+        self.0.is_empty()
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     pub fn iter(&self) -> iter::Rev<slice::Iter<Value<'lua>>> {
         self.0.iter().rev()
     }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn drain_all(&mut self) -> iter::Rev<vec::Drain<Value<'lua>>> {
+        self.0.drain(..).rev()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn refill(
+        &mut self,
+        iter: impl IntoIterator<Item = Result<Value<'lua>>>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.0.clear();
+        for value in iter {
+            self.0.push(value?);
+        }
+        self.0.reverse();
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 /// Trait for types convertible to any number of Lua values.

tarpaulin.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[lua54_coverage]
+features = "lua54,vendored,async,serialize,macros"
+
+[lua51_coverage]
+features = "lua51,vendored,async,serialize,macros"
+
+[luau_coverage]
+features = "luau,async,serialize,macros"

tests/async.rs

@@ -2,12 +2,19 @@
 
 use std::cell::Cell;
 use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::{
+    atomic::{AtomicI64, AtomicU64, Ordering},
+    Arc,
+};
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use futures_timer::Delay;
 use futures_util::stream::TryStreamExt;
 
-use mlua::{Error, Function, Lua, Result, Table, TableExt, UserData, UserDataMethods};
+use mlua::{
+    Error, Function, Lua, LuaOptions, Result, StdLib, Table, TableExt, Thread, UserData,
+    UserDataMethods, Value,
+};
 
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_async_function() -> Result<()> {
@@ -68,7 +75,10 @@ async fn test_async_call() -> Result<()> {
 async fn test_async_bind_call() -> Result<()> {
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    let sum = lua.create_async_function(|_lua, (a, b): (i64, i64)| async move { Ok(a + b) })?;
+    let sum = lua.create_async_function(|_lua, (a, b): (i64, i64)| async move {
+        tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+        Ok(a + b)
+    })?;
 
     let plus_10 = sum.bind(10)?;
     lua.globals().set("plus_10", plus_10)?;
@@ -119,6 +129,24 @@ async fn test_async_handle_yield() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_multi_return_nil() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+    lua.globals().set(
+        "func",
+        lua.create_async_function(|_, _: ()| async { Ok((Option::<String>::None, "error")) })?,
+    )?;
+
+    lua.load(
+        r#"
+        local ok, err = func()
+        assert(err == "error")
+    "#,
+    )
+    .exec_async()
+    .await
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_async_return_async_closure() -> Result<()> {
     let lua = Lua::new();
@@ -146,6 +174,38 @@ async fn test_async_return_async_closure() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "lua54")]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_lua54_to_be_closed() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    let globals = lua.globals();
+    globals.set("close_count", 0)?;
+
+    let code = r#"
+        local t <close> = setmetatable({}, {
+            __close = function()
+                close_count = close_count + 1
+            end
+        })
+        error "test"
+    "#;
+    let f = lua.load(code).into_function()?;
+
+    // Test close using call_async
+    let _ = f.call_async::<_, ()>(()).await;
+    assert_eq!(globals.get::<_, usize>("close_count")?, 1);
+
+    // Don't close by default when awaiting async threads
+    let co = lua.create_thread(f.clone())?;
+    let _ = co.clone().into_async::<_, ()>(()).await;
+    assert_eq!(globals.get::<_, usize>("close_count")?, 1);
+    let _ = co.reset(f);
+    assert_eq!(globals.get::<_, usize>("close_count")?, 2);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_async_thread_stream() -> Result<()> {
     let lua = Lua::new();
@@ -180,7 +240,7 @@ async fn test_async_thread_stream() -> Result<()> {
 async fn test_async_thread() -> Result<()> {
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    let cnt = Rc::new(10); // sleep 10ms
+    let cnt = Arc::new(10); // sleep 10ms
     let cnt2 = cnt.clone();
     let f = lua.create_async_function(move |_lua, ()| {
         let cnt3 = cnt2.clone();
@@ -194,16 +254,17 @@ async fn test_async_thread() -> Result<()> {
 
     assert_eq!(res, "done");
 
-    assert_eq!(Rc::strong_count(&cnt), 2);
+    assert_eq!(Arc::strong_count(&cnt), 2);
     lua.gc_collect()?; // thread_s is non-resumable and subject to garbage collection
-    assert_eq!(Rc::strong_count(&cnt), 1);
+    assert_eq!(Arc::strong_count(&cnt), 1);
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_async_table() -> Result<()> {
-    let lua = Lua::new();
+    let options = LuaOptions::new().thread_cache_size(4);
+    let lua = Lua::new_with(StdLib::ALL_SAFE, options)?;
 
     let table = lua.create_table()?;
     table.set("val", 10)?;
@@ -249,21 +310,221 @@ async fn test_async_table() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_thread_cache() -> Result<()> {
+    let options = LuaOptions::new().thread_cache_size(4);
+    let lua = Lua::new_with(StdLib::ALL_SAFE, options)?;
+
+    let error_f = lua.create_async_function(|_, ()| async move {
+        Delay::new(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+        Err::<(), _>(Error::RuntimeError("test".to_string()))
+    })?;
+
+    let sleep = lua.create_async_function(|_, n| async move {
+        Delay::new(Duration::from_millis(n)).await;
+        Ok(format!("elapsed:{}ms", n))
+    })?;
+
+    assert!(error_f.call_async::<_, ()>(()).await.is_err());
+    // Next call should use cached thread
+    assert_eq!(sleep.call_async::<_, String>(3).await?, "elapsed:3ms");
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn test_async_userdata() -> Result<()> {
     #[derive(Clone)]
-    struct MyUserData(Rc<Cell<i64>>);
+    struct MyUserData(Arc<AtomicU64>);
 
     impl UserData for MyUserData {
         fn add_methods<'lua, M: UserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
             methods.add_async_method("get_value", |_, data, ()| async move {
                 Delay::new(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
-                Ok(data.0.get())
+                Ok(data.0.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
             });
 
             methods.add_async_method("set_value", |_, data, n| async move {
                 Delay::new(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
-                data.0.set(n);
+                data.0.store(n, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                Ok(())
+            });
+
+            methods.add_async_function("sleep", |_, n| async move {
+                Delay::new(Duration::from_millis(n)).await;
+                Ok(format!("elapsed:{}ms", n))
+            });
+
+            #[cfg(not(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luau")))]
+            methods.add_async_meta_method(mlua::MetaMethod::Call, |_, data, ()| async move {
+                let n = data.0.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+                Delay::new(Duration::from_millis(n)).await;
+                Ok(format!("elapsed:{}ms", n))
+            });
+
+            #[cfg(not(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luau")))]
+            methods.add_async_meta_method(
+                mlua::MetaMethod::Index,
+                |_, data, key: String| async move {
+                    Delay::new(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+                    match key.as_str() {
+                        "ms" => Ok(Some(data.0.load(Ordering::Relaxed) as f64)),
+                        "s" => Ok(Some((data.0.load(Ordering::Relaxed) as f64) / 1000.0)),
+                        _ => Ok(None),
+                    }
+                },
+            );
+
+            #[cfg(not(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luau")))]
+            methods.add_async_meta_method(
+                mlua::MetaMethod::NewIndex,
+                |_, data, (key, value): (String, f64)| async move {
+                    Delay::new(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+                    match key.as_str() {
+                        "ms" => Ok(data.0.store(value as u64, Ordering::Relaxed)),
+                        "s" => Ok(data.0.store((value * 1000.0) as u64, Ordering::Relaxed)),
+                        _ => Err(Error::external(format!("key '{}' not found", key))),
+                    }
+                },
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+    let globals = lua.globals();
+
+    let userdata = lua.create_userdata(MyUserData(Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(11))))?;
+    globals.set("userdata", userdata.clone())?;
+
+    lua.load(
+        r#"
+        assert(userdata:get_value() == 11)
+        userdata:set_value(12)
+        assert(userdata.sleep(5) == "elapsed:5ms")
+        assert(userdata:get_value() == 12)
+    "#,
+    )
+    .exec_async()
+    .await?;
+
+    #[cfg(not(any(feature = "lua51", feature = "luau")))]
+    lua.load(
+        r#"
+        userdata:set_value(15)
+        assert(userdata() == "elapsed:15ms")
+
+        userdata.ms = 2000
+        assert(userdata.s == 2)
+
+        userdata.s = 15
+        assert(userdata.ms == 15000)
+    "#,
+    )
+    .exec_async()
+    .await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_thread_error() -> Result<()> {
+    struct MyUserData;
+
+    impl UserData for MyUserData {
+        fn add_methods<'lua, M: UserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
+            methods.add_meta_method("__tostring", |_, _this, ()| Ok("myuserdata error"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+    let result = lua
+        .load("function x(...) error(...) end x(...)")
+        .set_name("chunk")?
+        .call_async::<_, ()>(MyUserData)
+        .await;
+    assert!(
+        matches!(result, Err(Error::RuntimeError(cause)) if cause.contains("myuserdata error")),
+        "improper error traceback from dead thread"
+    );
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_scope() -> Result<()> {
+    let ref lua = Lua::new();
+
+    let ref rc = Rc::new(Cell::new(0));
+
+    let fut = lua.async_scope(|scope| async move {
+        let f = scope.create_async_function(move |_, n: u64| {
+            let rc2 = rc.clone();
+            async move {
+                rc2.set(42);
+                Delay::new(Duration::from_millis(n)).await;
+                assert_eq!(Rc::strong_count(&rc2), 2);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        })?;
+
+        lua.globals().set("f", f.clone())?;
+
+        assert_eq!(Rc::strong_count(rc), 1);
+        let _ = f.call_async::<u64, ()>(10).await?;
+        assert_eq!(Rc::strong_count(rc), 1);
+
+        // Create future in partialy polled state (Poll::Pending)
+        let g = lua.create_thread(f)?;
+        g.resume::<u64, ()>(10)?;
+        lua.globals().set("g", g)?;
+        assert_eq!(Rc::strong_count(rc), 2);
+
+        Ok(())
+    });
+
+    assert_eq!(Rc::strong_count(rc), 1);
+    let _ = fut.await?;
+    assert_eq!(Rc::strong_count(rc), 1);
+
+    match lua
+        .globals()
+        .get::<_, Function>("f")?
+        .call_async::<_, ()>(10)
+        .await
+    {
+        Err(Error::CallbackError { ref cause, .. }) => match cause.as_ref() {
+            Error::CallbackDestructed => {}
+            e => panic!("expected `CallbackDestructed` error cause, got {:?}", e),
+        },
+        r => panic!("improper return for destructed function: {:?}", r),
+    };
+
+    match lua.globals().get::<_, Thread>("g")?.resume::<_, Value>(()) {
+        Err(Error::CallbackError { ref cause, .. }) => match cause.as_ref() {
+            Error::CallbackDestructed => {}
+            e => panic!("expected `CallbackDestructed` error cause, got {:?}", e),
+        },
+        r => panic!("improper return for destructed function: {:?}", r),
+    };
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_scope_userdata() -> Result<()> {
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    struct MyUserData(Arc<AtomicI64>);
+
+    impl UserData for MyUserData {
+        fn add_methods<'lua, M: UserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
+            methods.add_async_method("get_value", |_, data, ()| async move {
+                Delay::new(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+                Ok(data.0.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
+            });
+
+            methods.add_async_method("set_value", |_, data, n| async move {
+                Delay::new(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+                data.0.store(n, Ordering::Relaxed);
                 Ok(())
             });
 
@@ -274,22 +535,35 @@ async fn test_async_userdata() -> Result<()> {
         }
     }
 
-    let lua = Lua::new();
-    let globals = lua.globals();
+    let ref lua = Lua::new();
 
-    let userdata = lua.create_userdata(MyUserData(Rc::new(Cell::new(11))))?;
-    globals.set("userdata", userdata.clone())?;
+    let ref arc = Arc::new(AtomicI64::new(11));
 
-    lua.load(
-        r#"
-        assert(userdata:get_value() == 11)
-        userdata:set_value(12)
-        assert(userdata:get_value() == 12)
-        assert(userdata.sleep(5) == "elapsed:5ms")
-    "#,
-    )
-    .exec_async()
+    lua.async_scope(|scope| async move {
+        let ud = scope.create_userdata(MyUserData(arc.clone()))?;
+        lua.globals().set("userdata", ud)?;
+        lua.load(
+            r#"
+            assert(userdata:get_value() == 11)
+            userdata:set_value(12)
+            assert(userdata.sleep(5) == "elapsed:5ms")
+            assert(userdata:get_value() == 12)
+        "#,
+        )
+        .exec_async()
+        .await
+    })
     .await?;
 
+    assert_eq!(Arc::strong_count(arc), 1);
+
+    match lua.load("userdata:get_value()").exec_async().await {
+        Err(Error::CallbackError { ref cause, .. }) => match cause.as_ref() {
+            Error::CallbackDestructed => {}
+            e => panic!("expected `CallbackDestructed` error cause, got {:?}", e),
+        },
+        r => panic!("improper return for destructed userdata: {:?}", r),
+    };
+
     Ok(())
 }

tests/byte_string.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use bstr::{BStr, BString};
 use mlua::{Lua, Result};
 
 #[test]
-fn byte_string_round_trip() -> Result<()> {
+fn test_byte_string_round_trip() -> Result<()> {
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
     lua.load(

tests/chunk.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use std::fs;
+use std::io;
+
+use mlua::{Error, Lua, Result};
+
+#[test]
+fn test_chunk_path() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    fs::write(
+        temp_dir.path().join("module.lua"),
+        r#"
+        return 321
+    "#,
+    )?;
+    let i: i32 = lua.load(&temp_dir.path().join("module.lua")).eval()?;
+    assert_eq!(i, 321);
+
+    match lua.load(&temp_dir.path().join("module2.lua")).exec() {
+        Err(Error::ExternalError(err))
+            if err.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().unwrap().kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+        res => panic!("expected io::Error, got {:?}", res),
+    };
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
+fn test_chunk_macro() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    let name = "Rustacean";
+    let table = vec![1];
+
+    let data = lua.create_table()?;
+    data.raw_set("num", 1)?;
+
+    lua.globals().set("g", 123)?;
+
+    lua.load(mlua::chunk! {
+        assert($name == "Rustacean")
+        assert($table[1] == 1)
+        assert($data.num == 1)
+        assert(g == 123)
+        s = 321
+    })
+    .exec()?;
+
+    assert_eq!(lua.globals().get::<_, i32>("s")?, 321);
+
+    Ok(())
+}

tests/compile.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#[test]
+#[ignore]
+fn test_compilation() {
+    let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
+
+    t.compile_fail("tests/compile/function_borrow.rs");
+    t.compile_fail("tests/compile/lua_norefunwindsafe.rs");
+    t.compile_fail("tests/compile/ref_nounwindsafe.rs");
+    t.compile_fail("tests/compile/scope_callback_capture.rs");
+    t.compile_fail("tests/compile/scope_callback_inner.rs");
+    t.compile_fail("tests/compile/scope_callback_outer.rs");
+    t.compile_fail("tests/compile/scope_invariance.rs");
+    t.compile_fail("tests/compile/scope_mutable_aliasing.rs");
+    t.compile_fail("tests/compile/scope_userdata_borrow.rs");
+    t.compile_fail("tests/compile/static_callback_args.rs");
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    t.compile_fail("tests/compile/async_nonstatic_userdata.rs");
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "send")]
+    t.compile_fail("tests/compile/non_send.rs");
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "send"))]
+    t.pass("tests/compile/non_send.rs");
+}

tests/compile/async_nonstatic_userdata.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+use mlua::{UserData, UserDataMethods};
+
+fn main() {
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    struct MyUserData<'a>(&'a i64);
+
+    impl<'a> UserData for MyUserData<'a> {
+        fn add_methods<'lua, M: UserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
+            methods.add_async_method("print", |_, data, ()| async move {
+                println!("{}", data.0);
+                Ok(())
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/compile/async_nonstatic_userdata.stderr

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+error: lifetime may not live long enough
+  --> tests/compile/async_nonstatic_userdata.rs:9:13
+   |
+7  |       impl<'a> UserData for MyUserData<'a> {
+   |            -- lifetime `'a` defined here
+8  |           fn add_methods<'lua, M: UserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
+   |                          ---- lifetime `'lua` defined here
+9  | /             methods.add_async_method("print", |_, data, ()| async move {
+10 | |                 println!("{}", data.0);
+11 | |                 Ok(())
+12 | |             });
+   | |______________^ argument requires that `'a` must outlive `'lua`
+   |
+   = help: consider adding the following bound: `'a: 'lua`

tests/compile/function_borrow.stderr

@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
-error[E0373]: closure may outlive the current function, but it borrows `test`, which is owned by the current function
-  --> $DIR/function_borrow.rs:9:33
+error[E0373]: closure may outlive the current function, but it borrows `test.0`, which is owned by the current function
+  --> tests/compile/function_borrow.rs:9:33
    |
 9  |     let _ = lua.create_function(|_, ()| -> Result<i32> {
-   |                                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ may outlive borrowed value `test`
+   |                                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ may outlive borrowed value `test.0`
 10 |         Ok(test.0)
-   |            ---- `test` is borrowed here
+   |            ------ `test.0` is borrowed here
    |
 note: function requires argument type to outlive `'static`
-  --> $DIR/function_borrow.rs:9:13
+  --> tests/compile/function_borrow.rs:9:13
    |
 9  |       let _ = lua.create_function(|_, ()| -> Result<i32> {
    |  _____________^
 10 | |         Ok(test.0)
 11 | |     });
    | |______^
-help: to force the closure to take ownership of `test` (and any other referenced variables), use the `move` keyword
+help: to force the closure to take ownership of `test.0` (and any other referenced variables), use the `move` keyword
    |
 9  |     let _ = lua.create_function(move |_, ()| -> Result<i32> {
-   |                                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+   |                                 ++++

tests/compile/lua_norefunwindsafe.stderr

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+error[E0277]: the type `UnsafeCell<mlua::lua::LuaInner>` may contain interior mutability and a reference may not be safely transferrable across a catch_unwind boundary
+   --> tests/compile/lua_norefunwindsafe.rs:7:5
+    |
+7   |     catch_unwind(|| lua.create_table().unwrap());
+    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^ `UnsafeCell<mlua::lua::LuaInner>` may contain interior mutability and a reference may not be safely transferrable across a catch_unwind boundary
+    |
+    = help: within `Lua`, the trait `RefUnwindSafe` is not implemented for `UnsafeCell<mlua::lua::LuaInner>`
+    = note: required because it appears within the type `alloc::sync::ArcInner<UnsafeCell<mlua::lua::LuaInner>>`
+    = note: required because it appears within the type `PhantomData<alloc::sync::ArcInner<UnsafeCell<mlua::lua::LuaInner>>>`
+    = note: required because it appears within the type `Arc<UnsafeCell<mlua::lua::LuaInner>>`
+    = note: required because it appears within the type `Lua`
+    = note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `UnwindSafe` for `&Lua`
+note: required because it's used within this closure
+   --> tests/compile/lua_norefunwindsafe.rs:7:18
+    |
+7   |     catch_unwind(|| lua.create_table().unwrap());
+    |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+note: required by a bound in `catch_unwind`
+   --> $RUST/std/src/panic.rs
+    |
+    | pub fn catch_unwind<F: FnOnce() -> R + UnwindSafe, R>(f: F) -> Result<R> {
+    |                                        ^^^^^^^^^^ required by this bound in `catch_unwind`

tests/compile/non_send.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use std::cell::Cell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use mlua::{Lua, Result};
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    let data = Rc::new(Cell::new(0));
+
+    lua.create_function(move |_, ()| {
+        Ok(data.get())
+    })?
+    .call::<_, i32>(())?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}

tests/compile/non_send.stderr

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+error[E0277]: `Rc<Cell<i32>>` cannot be sent between threads safely
+    --> tests/compile/non_send.rs:11:9
+     |
+11   |       lua.create_function(move |_, ()| {
+     |  _________^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_-
+     | |         |
+     | |         `Rc<Cell<i32>>` cannot be sent between threads safely
+12   | |         Ok(data.get())
+13   | |     })?
+     | |_____- within this `[closure@$DIR/tests/compile/non_send.rs:11:25: 13:6]`
+     |
+     = help: within `[closure@$DIR/tests/compile/non_send.rs:11:25: 13:6]`, the trait `Send` is not implemented for `Rc<Cell<i32>>`
+note: required because it's used within this closure
+    --> tests/compile/non_send.rs:11:25
+     |
+11   |       lua.create_function(move |_, ()| {
+     |  _________________________^
+12   | |         Ok(data.get())
+13   | |     })?
+     | |_____^
+     = note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `mlua::types::MaybeSend` for `[closure@$DIR/tests/compile/non_send.rs:11:25: 13:6]`
+note: required by a bound in `Lua::create_function`
+    --> src/lua.rs
+     |
+     |         F: 'static + MaybeSend + Fn(&'lua Lua, A) -> Result<R>,
+     |                      ^^^^^^^^^ required by this bound in `Lua::create_function`

tests/compile/ref_nounwindsafe.stderr

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+error[E0277]: the type `UnsafeCell<mlua::lua::LuaInner>` may contain interior mutability and a reference may not be safely transferrable across a catch_unwind boundary
+   --> tests/compile/ref_nounwindsafe.rs:8:5
+    |
+8   |     catch_unwind(move || table.set("a", "b").unwrap());
+    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^ `UnsafeCell<mlua::lua::LuaInner>` may contain interior mutability and a reference may not be safely transferrable across a catch_unwind boundary
+    |
+    = help: within `Lua`, the trait `RefUnwindSafe` is not implemented for `UnsafeCell<mlua::lua::LuaInner>`
+    = note: required because it appears within the type `alloc::sync::ArcInner<UnsafeCell<mlua::lua::LuaInner>>`
+    = note: required because it appears within the type `PhantomData<alloc::sync::ArcInner<UnsafeCell<mlua::lua::LuaInner>>>`
+    = note: required because it appears within the type `Arc<UnsafeCell<mlua::lua::LuaInner>>`
+    = note: required because it appears within the type `Lua`
+    = note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `UnwindSafe` for `&Lua`
+    = note: required because it appears within the type `mlua::types::LuaRef<'_>`
+    = note: required because it appears within the type `LuaTable<'_>`
+note: required because it's used within this closure
+   --> tests/compile/ref_nounwindsafe.rs:8:18
+    |
+8   |     catch_unwind(move || table.set("a", "b").unwrap());
+    |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+note: required by a bound in `catch_unwind`
+   --> $RUST/std/src/panic.rs
+    |
+    | pub fn catch_unwind<F: FnOnce() -> R + UnwindSafe, R>(f: F) -> Result<R> {
+    |                                        ^^^^^^^^^^ required by this bound in `catch_unwind`

tests/compile/scope_callback_capture.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use mlua::{Lua, Table};
+
+fn main() {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+    lua.scope(|scope| {
+        let mut inner: Option<Table> = None;
+        let f = scope
+            .create_function_mut(move |_, t: Table| {
+                if let Some(old) = inner.take() {
+                    // Access old callback `Lua`.
+                }
+                inner = Some(t);
+                Ok(())
+            })?;
+        f.call::<_, ()>(lua.create_table()?)?;
+        Ok(())
+    });
+}