v0.9.6

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+## v0.9.6
+
+- Added `to_pointer` function to `Function`/`Table`/`Thread`
+- Implemented `IntoLua` for `&Value`
+- Implemented `FromLua` for `RegistryKey`
+- Faster (~5%) table array traversal during serialization
+- Some performance improvements for bool/int types
+
 ## v0.9.5
 
 - Minimal Luau updated to 0.609

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "mlua"
-version = "0.9.5" # remember to update mlua_derive
+version = "0.9.6" # remember to update mlua_derive
 authors = ["Aleksandr Orlenko <zxteam@pm.me>", "kyren <catherine@kyju.org>"]
 rust-version = "1.71"
 edition = "2021"

benches/benchmark.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Criterion};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
 use std::time::Duration;
+
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BatchSize, Criterion};
 use tokio::runtime::Runtime;
 use tokio::task;
 
@@ -10,10 +12,10 @@ fn collect_gc_twice(lua: &Lua) {
     lua.gc_collect().unwrap();
 }
 
-fn create_table(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn table_create_empty(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    c.bench_function("create [table empty]", |b| {
+    c.bench_function("table [create empty]", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
             || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
             |_| {
@@ -24,35 +26,33 @@ fn create_table(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-fn create_array(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn table_create_array(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    c.bench_function("create [array] 10", |b| {
+    c.bench_function("table [create array]", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
             || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
             |_| {
-                let table = lua.create_table().unwrap();
-                for i in 1..=10 {
-                    table.set(i, i).unwrap();
-                }
+                lua.create_sequence_from(1..=10).unwrap();
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
         );
     });
 }
 
-fn create_string_table(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn table_create_hash(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    c.bench_function("create [table string] 10", |b| {
+    c.bench_function("table [create hash]", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
             || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
             |_| {
-                let table = lua.create_table().unwrap();
-                for &s in &["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10"] {
-                    let s = lua.create_string(s).unwrap();
-                    table.set(s.clone(), s).unwrap();
-                }
+                lua.create_table_from(
+                    ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10"]
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(|s| (s, s)),
+                )
+                .unwrap();
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
         );
@@ -62,17 +62,15 @@ fn create_string_table(c: &mut Criterion) {
 fn table_get_set(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    let table = lua.create_table().unwrap();
-
-    c.bench_function("table raw_get and raw_set [10]", |b| {
+    c.bench_function("table [get and set]", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
             || {
                 collect_gc_twice(&lua);
-                table.clear().unwrap();
+                lua.create_table().unwrap()
             },
-            |_| {
-                for (i, &s) in ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j"]
-                    .iter()
+            |table| {
+                for (i, s) in ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j"]
+                    .into_iter()
                     .enumerate()
                 {
                     table.raw_set(s, i).unwrap();
@@ -87,7 +85,7 @@ fn table_get_set(c: &mut Criterion) {
 fn table_traversal_pairs(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    c.bench_function("table traversal [pairs]", |b| {
+    c.bench_function("table [traversal pairs]", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
             || lua.globals(),
             |globals| {
@@ -103,7 +101,7 @@ fn table_traversal_pairs(c: &mut Criterion) {
 fn table_traversal_for_each(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    c.bench_function("table traversal [for_each]", |b| {
+    c.bench_function("table [traversal for_each]", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
             || lua.globals(),
             |globals| globals.for_each::<String, LuaValue>(|_k, _v| Ok(())),
@@ -117,7 +115,7 @@ fn table_traversal_sequence(c: &mut Criterion) {
 
     let table = lua.create_sequence_from(1..1000).unwrap();
 
-    c.bench_function("table traversal [sequence]", |b| {
+    c.bench_function("table [traversal sequence]", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
             || table.clone(),
             |table| {
@@ -130,236 +128,255 @@ fn table_traversal_sequence(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-fn create_function(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn function_create(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    c.bench_function("create [function] 10", |b| {
+    c.bench_function("function [create Rust]", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
             || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
             |_| {
-                for i in 0..10 {
-                    lua.create_function(move |_, ()| Ok(i)).unwrap();
-                }
+                lua.create_function(|_, ()| Ok(123)).unwrap();
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
         );
     });
 }
 
-fn call_lua_function(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn function_call_sum(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    c.bench_function("call Lua function [sum] 3 10", |b| {
-        b.iter_batched_ref(
-            || {
-                collect_gc_twice(&lua);
-                lua.load("function(a, b, c) return a + b + c end")
-                    .eval::<LuaFunction>()
-                    .unwrap()
-            },
-            |function| {
-                for i in 0..10 {
-                    let _result: i64 = function.call((i, i + 1, i + 2)).unwrap();
-                }
-            },
-            BatchSize::SmallInput,
-        );
-    });
-}
-
-fn call_sum_callback(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let lua = Lua::new();
-    let callback = lua
-        .create_function(|_, (a, b, c): (i64, i64, i64)| Ok(a + b + c))
+    let sum = lua
+        .create_function(|_, (a, b, c): (i64, i64, i64)| Ok(a + b - c))
         .unwrap();
-    lua.globals().set("callback", callback).unwrap();
 
-    c.bench_function("call Rust callback [sum] 3 10", |b| {
-        b.iter_batched_ref(
-            || {
-                collect_gc_twice(&lua);
-                lua.load("function() for i = 1,10 do callback(i, i+1, i+2) end end")
-                    .eval::<LuaFunction>()
-                    .unwrap()
-            },
-            |function| {
-                function.call::<_, ()>(()).unwrap();
+    c.bench_function("function [call Rust sum]", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched(
+            || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
+            |_| {
+                assert_eq!(sum.call::<_, i64>((10, 20, 30)).unwrap(), 0);
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
         );
     });
 }
 
-fn call_async_sum_callback(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    let options = LuaOptions::new().thread_pool_size(1024);
-    let lua = Lua::new_with(LuaStdLib::ALL_SAFE, options).unwrap();
-    let callback = lua
-        .create_async_function(|_, (a, b, c): (i64, i64, i64)| async move {
-            task::yield_now().await;
-            Ok(a + b + c)
-        })
-        .unwrap();
-    lua.globals().set("callback", callback).unwrap();
-
-    c.bench_function("call async Rust callback [sum] 3 10", |b| {
-        let rt = Runtime::new().unwrap();
-        b.to_async(rt).iter_batched(
-            || {
-                collect_gc_twice(&lua);
-                lua.load("function() for i = 1,10 do callback(i, i+1, i+2) end end")
-                    .eval::<LuaFunction>()
-                    .unwrap()
-            },
-            |function| async move {
-                function.call_async::<_, ()>(()).await.unwrap();
-            },
-            BatchSize::SmallInput,
-        );
-    });
-}
-
-fn call_concat_callback(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn function_call_lua_sum(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let lua = Lua::new();
-    let callback = lua
+
+    let sum = lua
+        .load("function(a, b, c) return a + b - c end")
+        .eval::<LuaFunction>()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    c.bench_function("function [call Lua sum]", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched(
+            || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
+            |_| {
+                assert_eq!(sum.call::<_, i64>((10, 20, 30)).unwrap(), 0);
+            },
+            BatchSize::SmallInput,
+        );
+    });
+}
+
+fn function_call_concat(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    let concat = lua
         .create_function(|_, (a, b): (LuaString, LuaString)| {
             Ok(format!("{}{}", a.to_str()?, b.to_str()?))
         })
         .unwrap();
-    lua.globals().set("callback", callback).unwrap();
+    let i = AtomicUsize::new(0);
 
-    c.bench_function("call Rust callback [concat string] 10", |b| {
-        b.iter_batched_ref(
+    c.bench_function("function [call Rust concat string]", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched(
             || {
                 collect_gc_twice(&lua);
-                lua.load("function() for i = 1,10 do callback('a', tostring(i)) end end")
-                    .eval::<LuaFunction>()
-                    .unwrap()
+                i.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
             },
-            |function| {
-                function.call::<_, ()>(()).unwrap();
+            |i| {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    concat.call::<_, LuaString>(("num:", i)).unwrap(),
+                    format!("num:{i}")
+                );
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
         );
     });
 }
 
-fn create_registry_values(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn function_call_lua_concat(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    c.bench_function("create [registry value] 10", |b| {
+    let concat = lua
+        .load("function(a, b) return a..b end")
+        .eval::<LuaFunction>()
+        .unwrap();
+    let i = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+
+    c.bench_function("function [call Lua concat string]", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
-            || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
-            |_| {
-                for _ in 0..10 {
-                    lua.create_registry_value(lua.pack(true).unwrap()).unwrap();
-                }
-                lua.expire_registry_values();
+            || {
+                collect_gc_twice(&lua);
+                i.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
+            },
+            |i| {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    concat.call::<_, LuaString>(("num:", i)).unwrap(),
+                    format!("num:{i}")
+                );
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
         );
     });
 }
 
-fn create_userdata(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn function_async_call_sum(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let options = LuaOptions::new().thread_pool_size(1024);
+    let lua = Lua::new_with(LuaStdLib::ALL_SAFE, options).unwrap();
+
+    let sum = lua
+        .create_async_function(|_, (a, b, c): (i64, i64, i64)| async move {
+            task::yield_now().await;
+            Ok(a + b - c)
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    c.bench_function("function [async call Rust sum]", |b| {
+        let rt = Runtime::new().unwrap();
+        b.to_async(rt).iter_batched(
+            || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
+            |_| async {
+                assert_eq!(sum.call_async::<_, i64>((10, 20, 30)).await.unwrap(), 0);
+            },
+            BatchSize::SmallInput,
+        );
+    });
+}
+
+fn registry_value_create(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+    lua.gc_stop();
+
+    c.bench_function("registry value [create]", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched(
+            || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
+            |_| lua.create_registry_value("hello").unwrap(),
+            BatchSize::SmallInput,
+        );
+    });
+}
+
+fn userdata_create(c: &mut Criterion) {
     struct UserData(i64);
     impl LuaUserData for UserData {}
 
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    c.bench_function("create [table userdata] 10", |b| {
+    c.bench_function("userdata [create]", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
             || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
             |_| {
-                let table: LuaTable = lua.create_table().unwrap();
-                for i in 1..11 {
-                    table.set(i, UserData(i)).unwrap();
-                }
+                lua.create_userdata(UserData(123)).unwrap();
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
         );
     });
 }
 
-fn call_userdata_index(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn userdata_call_index(c: &mut Criterion) {
     struct UserData(i64);
     impl LuaUserData for UserData {
         fn add_methods<'lua, M: LuaUserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
-            methods.add_meta_method(LuaMetaMethod::Index, move |_, _, index: String| Ok(index));
+            methods.add_meta_method(LuaMetaMethod::Index, move |_, _, key: LuaString| Ok(key));
         }
     }
 
     let lua = Lua::new();
-    lua.globals().set("userdata", UserData(10)).unwrap();
+    let ud = lua.create_userdata(UserData(123)).unwrap();
+    let index = lua
+        .load("function(ud) return ud.test end")
+        .eval::<LuaFunction>()
+        .unwrap();
 
-    c.bench_function("call [userdata index] 10", |b| {
-        b.iter_batched_ref(
-            || {
-                collect_gc_twice(&lua);
-                lua.load("function() for i = 1,10 do local v = userdata.test end end")
-                    .eval::<LuaFunction>()
-                    .unwrap()
-            },
-            |function| {
-                function.call::<_, ()>(()).unwrap();
+    c.bench_function("userdata [call index]", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched(
+            || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
+            |_| {
+                assert_eq!(index.call::<_, LuaString>(&ud).unwrap(), "test");
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
         );
     });
 }
 
-fn call_userdata_method(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn userdata_call_method(c: &mut Criterion) {
     struct UserData(i64);
     impl LuaUserData for UserData {
         fn add_methods<'lua, M: LuaUserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
-            methods.add_method("method", |_, this, ()| Ok(this.0));
+            methods.add_method("add", |_, this, i: i64| Ok(this.0 + i));
         }
     }
 
     let lua = Lua::new();
-    lua.globals().set("userdata", UserData(10)).unwrap();
+    let ud = lua.create_userdata(UserData(123)).unwrap();
+    let method = lua
+        .load("function(ud, i) return ud:add(i) end")
+        .eval::<LuaFunction>()
+        .unwrap();
+    let i = AtomicUsize::new(0);
 
-    c.bench_function("call [userdata method] 10", |b| {
-        b.iter_batched_ref(
+    c.bench_function("userdata [call method]", |b| {
+        b.iter_batched(
             || {
                 collect_gc_twice(&lua);
-                lua.load("function() for i = 1,10 do userdata:method() end end")
-                    .eval::<LuaFunction>()
-                    .unwrap()
+                i.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
             },
-            |function| {
-                function.call::<_, ()>(()).unwrap();
+            |i| {
+                assert_eq!(method.call::<_, usize>((&ud, i)).unwrap(), 123 + i);
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
         );
     });
 }
 
-fn call_async_userdata_method(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    struct UserData(String);
-
+fn userdata_async_call_method(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    struct UserData(i64);
     impl LuaUserData for UserData {
         fn add_methods<'lua, M: LuaUserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
-            methods.add_async_method("method", |_, this, ()| async move { Ok(this.0.clone()) });
+            methods.add_async_method("add", |_, this, i: i64| async move {
+                task::yield_now().await;
+                Ok(this.0 + i)
+            });
         }
     }
 
     let options = LuaOptions::new().thread_pool_size(1024);
     let lua = Lua::new_with(LuaStdLib::ALL_SAFE, options).unwrap();
-    lua.globals()
-        .set("userdata", UserData("hello".to_string()))
+    let ud = lua.create_userdata(UserData(123)).unwrap();
+    let method = lua
+        .load("function(ud, i) return ud:add(i) end")
+        .eval::<LuaFunction>()
         .unwrap();
+    let i = AtomicUsize::new(0);
 
-    c.bench_function("call async [userdata method] 10", |b| {
+    c.bench_function("userdata [async call method] 10", |b| {
         let rt = Runtime::new().unwrap();
         b.to_async(rt).iter_batched(
             || {
                 collect_gc_twice(&lua);
-                lua.load("function() for i = 1,10 do userdata:method() end end")
-                    .eval::<LuaFunction>()
-                    .unwrap()
+                (
+                    method.clone(),
+                    ud.clone(),
+                    i.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed),
+                )
             },
-            |function| async move {
-                function.call_async::<_, ()>(()).await.unwrap();
+            |(method, ud, i)| async move {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    method.call_async::<_, usize>((ud, i)).await.unwrap(),
+                    123 + i
+                );
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
         );
@@ -369,27 +386,31 @@ fn call_async_userdata_method(c: &mut Criterion) {
 criterion_group! {
     name = benches;
     config = Criterion::default()
-        .sample_size(300)
+        .sample_size(500)
         .measurement_time(Duration::from_secs(10))
         .noise_threshold(0.02);
     targets =
-        create_table,
-        create_array,
-        create_string_table,
+        table_create_empty,
+        table_create_array,
+        table_create_hash,
         table_get_set,
         table_traversal_pairs,
         table_traversal_for_each,
         table_traversal_sequence,
-        create_function,
-        call_lua_function,
-        call_sum_callback,
-        call_async_sum_callback,
-        call_concat_callback,
-        create_registry_values,
-        create_userdata,
-        call_userdata_index,
-        call_userdata_method,
-        call_async_userdata_method,
+
+        function_create,
+        function_call_sum,
+        function_call_lua_sum,
+        function_call_concat,
+        function_call_lua_concat,
+        function_async_call_sum,
+
+        registry_value_create,
+
+        userdata_create,
+        userdata_call_index,
+        userdata_call_method,
+        userdata_async_call_method,
 }
 
 criterion_main!(benches);

benches/serde.rs

@@ -8,43 +8,35 @@ fn collect_gc_twice(lua: &Lua) {
     lua.gc_collect().unwrap();
 }
 
-fn serialize_json(c: &mut Criterion) {
+fn encode_json(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let lua = Lua::new();
 
-    lua.globals()
-        .set(
-            "encode",
-            LuaFunction::wrap(|_, t: LuaValue| Ok(serde_json::to_string(&t).unwrap())),
+    let encode = lua
+        .create_function(|_, t: LuaValue| Ok(serde_json::to_string(&t).unwrap()))
+        .unwrap();
+    let table = lua
+        .load(
+            r#"{
+        name = "Clark Kent",
+        address = {
+            city = "Smallville",
+            state = "Kansas",
+            country = "USA",
+        },
+        age = 22,
+        parents = {"Jonathan Kent", "Martha Kent"},
+        superman = true,
+        interests = {"flying", "saving the world", "kryptonite"},
+    }"#,
         )
+        .eval::<LuaTable>()
         .unwrap();
 
-    c.bench_function("serialize table to json [10]", |b| {
+    c.bench_function("serialize json", |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
-            || {
-                collect_gc_twice(&lua);
-                lua.load(
-                    r#"
-                local encode = encode
-                return function()
-                    for i = 1, 10 do
-                        encode({
-                            name = "Clark Kent",
-                            nickname = "Superman",
-                            address = {
-                                city = "Metropolis",
-                            },
-                            age = 32,
-                            superman = true,
-                        })
-                    end
-                end
-            "#,
-                )
-                .eval::<LuaFunction>()
-                .unwrap()
-            },
-            |func| {
-                func.call::<_, ()>(()).unwrap();
+            || collect_gc_twice(&lua),
+            |_| {
+                encode.call::<_, LuaString>(&table).unwrap();
             },
             BatchSize::SmallInput,
         );
@@ -54,11 +46,11 @@ fn serialize_json(c: &mut Criterion) {
 criterion_group! {
     name = benches;
     config = Criterion::default()
-        .sample_size(300)
+        .sample_size(500)
         .measurement_time(Duration::from_secs(10))
         .noise_threshold(0.02);
     targets =
-        serialize_json,
+        encode_json,
 }
 
 criterion_main!(benches);

mlua-sys/src/luau/lauxlib.rs

@@ -144,9 +144,12 @@ pub unsafe fn luaL_sandbox(L: *mut lua_State, enabled: c_int) {
 
     // set all builtin metatables to read-only
     lua_pushliteral(L, "");
-    lua_getmetatable(L, -1);
-    lua_setreadonly(L, -1, enabled);
-    lua_pop(L, 2);
+    if lua_getmetatable(L, -1) != 0 {
+        lua_setreadonly(L, -1, enabled);
+        lua_pop(L, 2);
+    } else {
+        lua_pop(L, 1);
+    }
 
     // set globals to readonly and activate safeenv since the env is immutable
     lua_setreadonly(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, enabled);

src/conversion.rs

@@ -33,6 +33,18 @@ impl<'lua> IntoLua<'lua> for Value<'lua> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'lua> IntoLua<'lua> for &Value<'lua> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn into_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
+        Ok(self.clone())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn push_into_stack(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<()> {
+        lua.push_value_ref(self)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for Value<'lua> {
     #[inline]
     fn from_lua(lua_value: Value<'lua>, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
@@ -429,11 +441,24 @@ impl<'lua> IntoLua<'lua> for &RegistryKey {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for RegistryKey {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from_lua(value: Value<'lua>, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<RegistryKey> {
+        lua.create_registry_value(value)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'lua> IntoLua<'lua> for bool {
     #[inline]
     fn into_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Value<'lua>> {
         Ok(Value::Boolean(self))
     }
+
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn push_into_stack(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<()> {
+        ffi::lua_pushboolean(lua.state(), self as c_int);
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for bool {
@@ -445,6 +470,11 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for bool {
             _ => Ok(true),
         }
     }
+
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn from_stack(idx: c_int, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(ffi::lua_toboolean(lua.state(), idx) != 0)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'lua> IntoLua<'lua> for LightUserData {
@@ -686,6 +716,15 @@ macro_rules! lua_convert_int {
                         message: Some("out of range".to_owned()),
                     })
             }
+
+            #[inline]
+            unsafe fn push_into_stack(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<()> {
+                match cast(self) {
+                    Some(i) => ffi::lua_pushinteger(lua.state(), i),
+                    None => ffi::lua_pushnumber(lua.state(), self as ffi::lua_Number),
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
         }
 
         impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for $x {

src/function.rs

@@ -494,6 +494,16 @@ impl<'lua> Function<'lua> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Converts this function to a generic C pointer.
+    ///
+    /// There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value.
+    ///
+    /// Typically this function is used only for hashing and debug information.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_pointer(&self) -> *const c_void {
+        self.0.to_pointer()
+    }
+
     /// Convert this handle to owned version.
     #[cfg(all(feature = "unstable", any(not(feature = "send"), doc)))]
     #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(all(feature = "unstable", not(feature = "send")))))]

src/lua.rs

@@ -226,6 +226,7 @@ pub(crate) static EXTRA_REGISTRY_KEY: u8 = 0;
 
 const WRAPPED_FAILURE_POOL_SIZE: usize = 64;
 const MULTIVALUE_POOL_SIZE: usize = 64;
+const REF_STACK_RESERVE: c_int = 1;
 
 /// Requires `feature = "send"`
 #[cfg(feature = "send")]
@@ -519,8 +520,8 @@ impl Lua {
             #[cfg(feature = "module")]
             skip_memory_check: false,
             ref_thread,
-            // We need 1 extra stack space to move values in and out of the ref stack.
-            ref_stack_size: ffi::LUA_MINSTACK - 1,
+            // We need some reserved stack space to move values in and out of the ref stack.
+            ref_stack_size: ffi::LUA_MINSTACK - REF_STACK_RESERVE,
             ref_stack_top: ffi::lua_gettop(ref_thread),
             ref_free: Vec::new(),
             wrapped_failure_pool: Vec::with_capacity(WRAPPED_FAILURE_POOL_SIZE),
@@ -1413,8 +1414,8 @@ impl Lua {
             let protect = !self.unlikely_memory_error();
             push_table(state, 0, lower_bound, protect)?;
             for (k, v) in iter {
-                self.push_value(k.into_lua(self)?)?;
-                self.push_value(v.into_lua(self)?)?;
+                self.push(k)?;
+                self.push(v)?;
                 if protect {
                     protect_lua!(state, 3, 1, fn(state) ffi::lua_rawset(state, -3))?;
                 } else {
@@ -1442,7 +1443,7 @@ impl Lua {
             let protect = !self.unlikely_memory_error();
             push_table(state, lower_bound, 0, protect)?;
             for (i, v) in iter.enumerate() {
-                self.push_value(v.into_lua(self)?)?;
+                self.push(v)?;
                 if protect {
                     protect_lua!(state, 2, 1, |state| {
                         ffi::lua_rawseti(state, -2, (i + 1) as Integer);
@@ -1977,12 +1978,11 @@ impl Lua {
         T: IntoLua<'lua>,
     {
         let state = self.state();
-        let t = t.into_lua(self)?;
         unsafe {
             let _sg = StackGuard::new(state);
             check_stack(state, 5)?;
 
-            self.push_value(t)?;
+            self.push(t)?;
             rawset_field(state, ffi::LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, name)
         }
     }
@@ -2269,33 +2269,38 @@ impl Lua {
         extra.app_data.remove()
     }
 
-    /// Pushes a value onto the Lua stack.
+    /// Pushes a value that implements `IntoLua` onto the Lua stack.
+    ///
+    /// Uses 2 stack spaces, does not call checkstack.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub unsafe fn push<'lua>(&'lua self, value: impl IntoLua<'lua>) -> Result<()> {
+        value.push_into_stack(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Pushes a `Value` onto the Lua stack.
     ///
     /// Uses 2 stack spaces, does not call checkstack.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     pub unsafe fn push_value(&self, value: Value) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Value::Error(err) = value {
+            let protect = !self.unlikely_memory_error();
+            return push_gc_userdata(self.state(), WrappedFailure::Error(err), protect);
+        }
+        self.push_value_ref(&value)
+    }
+
+    /// Pushes a `&Value` (by reference) onto the Lua stack.
+    ///
+    /// Similar to [`Lua::push_value`], uses 2 stack spaces, does not call checkstack.
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn push_value_ref(&self, value: &Value) -> Result<()> {
         let state = self.state();
         match value {
-            Value::Nil => {
-                ffi::lua_pushnil(state);
-            }
-
-            Value::Boolean(b) => {
-                ffi::lua_pushboolean(state, b as c_int);
-            }
-
-            Value::LightUserData(ud) => {
-                ffi::lua_pushlightuserdata(state, ud.0);
-            }
-
-            Value::Integer(i) => {
-                ffi::lua_pushinteger(state, i);
-            }
-
-            Value::Number(n) => {
-                ffi::lua_pushnumber(state, n);
-            }
-
+            Value::Nil => ffi::lua_pushnil(state),
+            Value::Boolean(b) => ffi::lua_pushboolean(state, *b as c_int),
+            Value::LightUserData(ud) => ffi::lua_pushlightuserdata(state, ud.0),
+            Value::Integer(i) => ffi::lua_pushinteger(state, *i),
+            Value::Number(n) => ffi::lua_pushnumber(state, *n),
             #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
             Value::Vector(v) => {
                 #[cfg(not(feature = "luau-vector4"))]
@@ -2303,33 +2308,16 @@ impl Lua {
                 #[cfg(feature = "luau-vector4")]
                 ffi::lua_pushvector(state, v.x(), v.y(), v.z(), v.w());
             }
-
-            Value::String(s) => {
-                self.push_ref(&s.0);
-            }
-
-            Value::Table(t) => {
-                self.push_ref(&t.0);
-            }
-
-            Value::Function(f) => {
-                self.push_ref(&f.0);
-            }
-
-            Value::Thread(t) => {
-                self.push_ref(&t.0);
-            }
-
-            Value::UserData(ud) => {
-                self.push_ref(&ud.0);
-            }
-
+            Value::String(s) => self.push_ref(&s.0),
+            Value::Table(t) => self.push_ref(&t.0),
+            Value::Function(f) => self.push_ref(&f.0),
+            Value::Thread(t) => self.push_ref(&t.0),
+            Value::UserData(ud) => self.push_ref(&ud.0),
             Value::Error(err) => {
                 let protect = !self.unlikely_memory_error();
-                push_gc_userdata(state, WrappedFailure::Error(err), protect)?;
+                push_gc_userdata(state, WrappedFailure::Error(err.clone()), protect)?;
             }
         }
-
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -2643,12 +2631,12 @@ impl Lua {
         let metatable_nrec = metatable_nrec + registry.async_meta_methods.len();
         push_table(state, 0, metatable_nrec, true)?;
         for (k, m) in registry.meta_methods {
-            self.push_value(Value::Function(self.create_callback(m)?))?;
+            self.push(self.create_callback(m)?)?;
             rawset_field(state, -2, MetaMethod::validate(&k)?)?;
         }
         #[cfg(feature = "async")]
         for (k, m) in registry.async_meta_methods {
-            self.push_value(Value::Function(self.create_async_callback(m)?))?;
+            self.push(self.create_async_callback(m)?)?;
             rawset_field(state, -2, MetaMethod::validate(&k)?)?;
         }
         let mut has_name = false;
@@ -2699,7 +2687,7 @@ impl Lua {
         if field_getters_nrec > 0 {
             push_table(state, 0, field_getters_nrec, true)?;
             for (k, m) in registry.field_getters {
-                self.push_value(Value::Function(self.create_callback(m)?))?;
+                self.push(self.create_callback(m)?)?;
                 rawset_field(state, -2, &k)?;
             }
             field_getters_index = Some(ffi::lua_absindex(state, -1));
@@ -2711,7 +2699,7 @@ impl Lua {
         if field_setters_nrec > 0 {
             push_table(state, 0, field_setters_nrec, true)?;
             for (k, m) in registry.field_setters {
-                self.push_value(Value::Function(self.create_callback(m)?))?;
+                self.push(self.create_callback(m)?)?;
                 rawset_field(state, -2, &k)?;
             }
             field_setters_index = Some(ffi::lua_absindex(state, -1));
@@ -2734,12 +2722,12 @@ impl Lua {
                 }
             }
             for (k, m) in registry.methods {
-                self.push_value(Value::Function(self.create_callback(m)?))?;
+                self.push(self.create_callback(m)?)?;
                 rawset_field(state, -2, &k)?;
             }
             #[cfg(feature = "async")]
             for (k, m) in registry.async_methods {
-                self.push_value(Value::Function(self.create_async_callback(m)?))?;
+                self.push(self.create_async_callback(m)?)?;
                 rawset_field(state, -2, &k)?;
             }
             match index_type {
@@ -2990,7 +2978,7 @@ impl Lua {
                             nresults => {
                                 let results = MultiValue::from_stack_multi(nresults, lua)?;
                                 ffi::lua_pushinteger(state, nresults as _);
-                                lua.push_value(Value::Table(lua.create_sequence_from(results)?))?;
+                                lua.push(lua.create_sequence_from(results)?)?;
                                 Ok(2)
                             }
                         }

src/multi.rs

@@ -23,6 +23,20 @@ impl<'lua, T: IntoLua<'lua>, E: IntoLua<'lua>> IntoLuaMulti<'lua> for StdResult<
         }
         Ok(result)
     }
+
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn push_into_stack_multi(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<c_int> {
+        match self {
+            Ok(v) => v.push_into_stack(lua).map(|_| 1),
+            Err(e) => {
+                let state = lua.state();
+                check_stack(state, 3)?;
+                ffi::lua_pushnil(state);
+                e.push_into_stack(lua)?;
+                Ok(2)
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'lua, E: IntoLua<'lua>> IntoLuaMulti<'lua> for StdResult<(), E> {
@@ -38,6 +52,20 @@ impl<'lua, E: IntoLua<'lua>> IntoLuaMulti<'lua> for StdResult<(), E> {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn push_into_stack_multi(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> Result<c_int> {
+        match self {
+            Ok(_) => Ok(0),
+            Err(e) => {
+                let state = lua.state();
+                check_stack(state, 3)?;
+                ffi::lua_pushnil(state);
+                e.push_into_stack(lua)?;
+                Ok(2)
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'lua, T: IntoLua<'lua>> IntoLuaMulti<'lua> for T {

src/scope.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use crate::util::{
     self, assert_stack, check_stack, init_userdata_metatable, push_string, push_table,
     rawset_field, short_type_name, take_userdata, StackGuard,
 };
-use crate::value::{FromLua, FromLuaMulti, IntoLua, IntoLuaMulti, Value};
+use crate::value::{FromLua, FromLuaMulti, IntoLua, IntoLuaMulti};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "lua54")]
 use crate::userdata::USER_VALUE_MAXSLOT;
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ impl<'lua, 'scope> Scope<'lua, 'scope> {
             let meta_methods_nrec = registry.meta_methods.len() + registry.meta_fields.len() + 1;
             push_table(state, 0, meta_methods_nrec, true)?;
             for (k, m) in registry.meta_methods {
-                lua.push_value(Value::Function(wrap_method(self, ud_ptr, &k, m)?))?;
+                lua.push(wrap_method(self, ud_ptr, &k, m)?)?;
                 rawset_field(state, -2, MetaMethod::validate(&k)?)?;
             }
             let mut has_name = false;
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ impl<'lua, 'scope> Scope<'lua, 'scope> {
             if field_getters_nrec > 0 {
                 push_table(state, 0, field_getters_nrec, true)?;
                 for (k, m) in registry.field_getters {
-                    lua.push_value(Value::Function(wrap_method(self, ud_ptr, &k, m)?))?;
+                    lua.push(wrap_method(self, ud_ptr, &k, m)?)?;
                     rawset_field(state, -2, &k)?;
                 }
                 field_getters_index = Some(ffi::lua_absindex(state, -1));
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ impl<'lua, 'scope> Scope<'lua, 'scope> {
             if field_setters_nrec > 0 {
                 push_table(state, 0, field_setters_nrec, true)?;
                 for (k, m) in registry.field_setters {
-                    lua.push_value(Value::Function(wrap_method(self, ud_ptr, &k, m)?))?;
+                    lua.push(wrap_method(self, ud_ptr, &k, m)?)?;
                     rawset_field(state, -2, &k)?;
                 }
                 field_setters_index = Some(ffi::lua_absindex(state, -1));
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ impl<'lua, 'scope> Scope<'lua, 'scope> {
                 // Create table used for methods lookup
                 push_table(state, 0, methods_nrec, true)?;
                 for (k, m) in registry.methods {
-                    lua.push_value(Value::Function(wrap_method(self, ud_ptr, &k, m)?))?;
+                    lua.push(wrap_method(self, ud_ptr, &k, m)?)?;
                     rawset_field(state, -2, &k)?;
                 }
                 methods_index = Some(ffi::lua_absindex(state, -1));

src/string.rs

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ impl<'lua> String<'lua> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Converts the string to a generic C pointer.
+    /// Converts this string to a generic C pointer.
     ///
     /// There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value.
     ///

src/table.rs

@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
         unsafe { ffi::lua_getreadonly(ref_thread, self.0.index) != 0 }
     }
 
-    /// Converts the table to a generic C pointer.
+    /// Converts this table to a generic C pointer.
     ///
     /// Different tables will give different pointers.
     /// There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value.
@@ -721,7 +721,6 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
         TableSequence {
             table: self.0,
             index: 1,
-            len: None,
             _phantom: PhantomData,
         }
     }
@@ -733,17 +732,25 @@ impl<'lua> Table<'lua> {
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "serialize")]
-    pub(crate) fn sequence_values_by_len<V: FromLua<'lua>>(
-        self,
-        len: Option<usize>,
-    ) -> TableSequence<'lua, V> {
-        let len = len.unwrap_or_else(|| self.raw_len()) as Integer;
-        TableSequence {
-            table: self.0,
-            index: 1,
-            len: Some(len),
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
+    pub(crate) fn for_each_value<V>(&self, mut f: impl FnMut(V) -> Result<()>) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        V: FromLua<'lua>,
+    {
+        let lua = self.0.lua;
+        let state = lua.state();
+        unsafe {
+            let _sg = StackGuard::new(state);
+            check_stack(state, 4)?;
+
+            lua.push_ref(&self.0);
+            let len = ffi::lua_rawlen(state, -1);
+            for i in 1..=len {
+                ffi::lua_rawgeti(state, -1, i as _);
+                f(V::from_stack(-1, lua)?)?;
+                ffi::lua_pop(state, 1);
+            }
         }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Sets element value at position `idx` without invoking metamethods.
@@ -1085,6 +1092,13 @@ impl<'a, 'lua> Serialize for SerializableTable<'a, 'lua> {
         use crate::serde::de::{check_value_for_skip, MapPairs};
         use crate::value::SerializableValue;
 
+        let convert_result = |res: Result<()>, serialize_err: Option<S::Error>| match res {
+            Ok(v) => Ok(v),
+            Err(Error::SerializeError(_)) if serialize_err.is_some() => Err(serialize_err.unwrap()),
+            Err(Error::SerializeError(msg)) => Err(serde::ser::Error::custom(msg)),
+            Err(err) => Err(serde::ser::Error::custom(err.to_string())),
+        };
+
         let options = self.options;
         let visited = &self.visited;
         visited.borrow_mut().insert(self.table.to_pointer());
@@ -1093,15 +1107,21 @@ impl<'a, 'lua> Serialize for SerializableTable<'a, 'lua> {
         let len = self.table.raw_len();
         if len > 0 || self.table.is_array() {
             let mut seq = serializer.serialize_seq(Some(len))?;
-            for value in self.table.clone().sequence_values_by_len::<Value>(None) {
-                let value = &value.map_err(serde::ser::Error::custom)?;
-                let skip = check_value_for_skip(value, self.options, &self.visited)
-                    .map_err(serde::ser::Error::custom)?;
+            let mut serialize_err = None;
+            let res = self.table.for_each_value::<Value>(|value| {
+                let skip = check_value_for_skip(&value, self.options, &self.visited)
+                    .map_err(|err| Error::SerializeError(err.to_string()))?;
                 if skip {
-                    continue;
+                    // continue iteration
+                    return Ok(());
                 }
-                seq.serialize_element(&SerializableValue::new(value, options, Some(visited)))?;
-            }
+                seq.serialize_element(&SerializableValue::new(&value, options, Some(visited)))
+                    .map_err(|err| {
+                        serialize_err = Some(err);
+                        Error::SerializeError(String::new())
+                    })
+            });
+            convert_result(res, serialize_err)?;
             return seq.end();
         }
 
@@ -1138,18 +1158,7 @@ impl<'a, 'lua> Serialize for SerializableTable<'a, 'lua> {
                     process_pair(key, value)
                 })
         };
-        match res {
-            Ok(_) => {}
-            Err(Error::SerializeError(_)) if serialize_err.is_some() => {
-                return Err(serialize_err.unwrap());
-            }
-            Err(Error::SerializeError(msg)) => {
-                return Err(serde::ser::Error::custom(msg));
-            }
-            Err(err) => {
-                return Err(serde::ser::Error::custom(err.to_string()));
-            }
-        }
+        convert_result(res, serialize_err)?;
         map.end()
     }
 }
@@ -1219,9 +1228,9 @@ where
 ///
 /// [`Table::sequence_values`]: crate::Table::sequence_values
 pub struct TableSequence<'lua, V> {
+    // TODO: Use `&Table`
     table: LuaRef<'lua>,
     index: Integer,
-    len: Option<Integer>,
     _phantom: PhantomData<V>,
 }
 
@@ -1242,7 +1251,7 @@ where
 
             lua.push_ref(&self.table);
             match ffi::lua_rawgeti(state, -1, self.index) {
-                ffi::LUA_TNIL if self.index > self.len.unwrap_or(0) => None,
+                ffi::LUA_TNIL => None,
                 _ => {
                     self.index += 1;
                     Some(V::from_stack(-1, lua))

src/thread.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::os::raw::c_int;
+use std::os::raw::{c_int, c_void};
 
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 #[allow(unused)]
@@ -375,6 +375,16 @@ impl<'lua> Thread<'lua> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Converts this thread to a generic C pointer.
+    ///
+    /// There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value.
+    ///
+    /// Typically this function is used only for hashing and debug information.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_pointer(&self) -> *const c_void {
+        self.0.to_pointer()
+    }
+
     /// Convert this handle to owned version.
     #[cfg(all(feature = "unstable", any(not(feature = "send"), doc)))]
     #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(all(feature = "unstable", not(feature = "send")))))]

src/userdata.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::fmt;
 use std::hash::Hash;
 use std::mem;
 use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
-use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};
+use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_void};
 use std::string::String as StdString;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ impl<'lua> AnyUserData<'lua> {
             check_stack(state, 5)?;
 
             lua.push_userdata_ref(&self.0)?;
-            lua.push_value(v.into_lua(lua)?)?;
+            lua.push(v)?;
 
             #[cfg(feature = "lua54")]
             if n < USER_VALUE_MAXSLOT {
@@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ impl<'lua> AnyUserData<'lua> {
             check_stack(state, 5)?;
 
             lua.push_userdata_ref(&self.0)?;
-            lua.push_value(v.into_lua(lua)?)?;
+            lua.push(v)?;
 
             // Multiple (extra) user values are emulated by storing them in a table
             protect_lua!(state, 2, 0, |state| {
@@ -1096,6 +1096,16 @@ impl<'lua> AnyUserData<'lua> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Converts this userdata to a generic C pointer.
+    ///
+    /// There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value.
+    ///
+    /// Typically this function is used only for hashing and debug information.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_pointer(&self) -> *const c_void {
+        self.0.to_pointer()
+    }
+
     /// Convert this handle to owned version.
     #[cfg(all(feature = "unstable", any(not(feature = "send"), doc)))]
     #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(all(feature = "unstable", not(feature = "send")))))]

src/util/mod.rs

@@ -1045,6 +1045,8 @@ pub(crate) unsafe fn to_string(state: *mut ffi::lua_State, index: c_int) -> Stri
         ffi::LUA_TTHREAD => format!("<thread {:?}>", ffi::lua_topointer(state, index)),
         #[cfg(feature = "luau")]
         ffi::LUA_TBUFFER => format!("<buffer {:?}>", ffi::lua_topointer(state, index)),
+        #[cfg(feature = "luajit")]
+        ffi::LUA_TCDATA => format!("<cdata {:?}>", ffi::lua_topointer(state, index)),
         _ => "<unknown>".to_string(),
     }
 }

tests/conversion.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,27 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::ffi::{CStr, CString};
 
 use maplit::{btreemap, btreeset, hashmap, hashset};
-use mlua::{AnyUserData, Error, Function, IntoLua, Lua, Result, Table, Thread, UserDataRef, Value};
+use mlua::{
+    AnyUserData, Error, Function, IntoLua, Lua, RegistryKey, Result, Table, Thread, UserDataRef,
+    Value,
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn test_value_into_lua() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    // Direct conversion
+    let v = Value::Boolean(true);
+    let v2 = (&v).into_lua(&lua)?;
+    assert_eq!(v, v2);
+
+    // Push into stack
+    let table = lua.create_table()?;
+    table.set("v", &v)?;
+    assert_eq!(v, table.get::<_, Value>("v")?);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
 
 #[test]
 fn test_string_into_lua() -> Result<()> {
@@ -237,6 +257,17 @@ fn test_registry_value_into_lua() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_registry_key_from_lua() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    let fkey = lua.load("function() return 1 end").eval::<RegistryKey>()?;
+    let f = lua.registry_value::<Function>(&fkey)?;
+    assert_eq!(f.call::<_, i32>(())?, 1);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_conv_vec() -> Result<()> {
     let lua = Lua::new();

tests/function.rs

@@ -231,6 +231,19 @@ fn test_function_info() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_function_pointer() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    let func1 = lua.load("return function() end").into_function()?;
+    let func2 = func1.call::<_, Function>(())?;
+
+    assert_eq!(func1.to_pointer(), func1.clone().to_pointer());
+    assert_ne!(func1.to_pointer(), func2.to_pointer());
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_function_wrap() -> Result<()> {
     use mlua::Error;

tests/luau.rs

@@ -275,6 +275,22 @@ fn test_sandbox() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_sandbox_nolibs() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new_with(StdLib::NONE, LuaOptions::default()).unwrap();
+
+    lua.sandbox(true)?;
+    lua.load("global = 123").exec()?;
+    let n: i32 = lua.load("return global").eval()?;
+    assert_eq!(n, 123);
+    assert_eq!(lua.globals().get::<_, Option<i32>>("global")?, Some(123));
+
+    lua.sandbox(false)?;
+    assert_eq!(lua.globals().get::<_, Option<i32>>("global")?, None);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_sandbox_threads() -> Result<()> {
     let lua = Lua::new();

tests/multi.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+use mlua::{Error, ExternalError, IntoLuaMulti, Lua, Result, String, Value};
+
+#[test]
+fn test_result_conversions() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+    let globals = lua.globals();
+
+    let ok = lua.create_function(|_, ()| Ok(Ok::<(), Error>(())))?;
+    let err = lua.create_function(|_, ()| Ok(Err::<(), _>("failure1".into_lua_err())))?;
+    let ok2 = lua.create_function(|_, ()| Ok(Ok::<_, Error>("!".to_owned())))?;
+    let err2 = lua.create_function(|_, ()| Ok(Err::<String, _>("failure2".into_lua_err())))?;
+
+    globals.set("ok", ok)?;
+    globals.set("ok2", ok2)?;
+    globals.set("err", err)?;
+    globals.set("err2", err2)?;
+
+    lua.load(
+        r#"
+        local r, e = ok()
+        assert(r == nil and e == nil)
+
+        local r, e = err()
+        assert(r == nil)
+        assert(tostring(e):find("failure1") ~= nil)
+
+        local r, e = ok2()
+        assert(r == "!")
+        assert(e == nil)
+
+        local r, e = err2()
+        assert(r == nil)
+        assert(tostring(e):find("failure2") ~= nil)
+    "#,
+    )
+    .exec()?;
+
+    // Try to convert Result into MultiValue
+    let ok1 = Ok::<(), Error>(());
+    let multi_ok1 = ok1.into_lua_multi(&lua)?;
+    assert_eq!(multi_ok1.len(), 0);
+    let err1 = Err::<(), _>("failure1");
+    let multi_err1 = err1.into_lua_multi(&lua)?;
+    assert_eq!(multi_err1.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(multi_err1[0], Value::Nil);
+    assert_eq!(multi_err1[1].as_str().unwrap(), "failure1");
+
+    let ok2 = Ok::<_, Error>("!");
+    let multi_ok2 = ok2.into_lua_multi(&lua)?;
+    assert_eq!(multi_ok2.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(multi_ok2[0].as_str().unwrap(), "!");
+    let err2 = Err::<String, _>("failure2".into_lua_err());
+    let multi_err2 = err2.into_lua_multi(&lua)?;
+    assert_eq!(multi_err2.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(multi_err2[0], Value::Nil);
+    assert!(matches!(multi_err2[1], Value::Error(_)));
+    assert_eq!(multi_err2[1].to_string()?, "failure2");
+
+    Ok(())
+}

tests/string.rs

@@ -99,6 +99,19 @@ fn test_string_debug() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_string_pointer() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    let str1 = lua.create_string("hello")?;
+    let str2 = lua.create_string("hello")?;
+
+    // Lua uses string interning, so these should be the same
+    assert_eq!(str1.to_pointer(), str2.to_pointer());
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[cfg(all(feature = "unstable", not(feature = "send")))]
 #[test]
 fn test_owned_string() -> Result<()> {

tests/table.rs

@@ -369,6 +369,19 @@ fn test_table_eq() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_table_pointer() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    let table1 = lua.create_table()?;
+    let table2 = lua.create_table()?;
+
+    assert_eq!(table1.to_pointer(), table1.clone().to_pointer());
+    assert_ne!(table1.to_pointer(), table2.to_pointer());
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_table_error() -> Result<()> {
     let lua = Lua::new();

tests/tests.rs

@@ -504,44 +504,6 @@ fn test_panic() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn test_result_conversions() -> Result<()> {
-    let lua = Lua::new();
-    let globals = lua.globals();
-
-    let ok = lua.create_function(|_, ()| Ok(Ok::<(), Error>(())))?;
-    let err = lua.create_function(|_, ()| Ok(Err::<(), _>("failure1".into_lua_err())))?;
-    let ok2 = lua.create_function(|_, ()| Ok(Ok::<_, Error>("!".to_owned())))?;
-    let err2 = lua.create_function(|_, ()| Ok(Err::<String, _>("failure2".into_lua_err())))?;
-
-    globals.set("ok", ok)?;
-    globals.set("ok2", ok2)?;
-    globals.set("err", err)?;
-    globals.set("err2", err2)?;
-
-    lua.load(
-        r#"
-        local r, e = ok()
-        assert(r == nil and e == nil)
-
-        local r, e = err()
-        assert(r == nil)
-        assert(tostring(e):find("failure1") ~= nil)
-
-        local r, e = ok2()
-        assert(r == "!")
-        assert(e == nil)
-
-        local r, e = err2()
-        assert(r == nil)
-        assert(tostring(e):find("failure2") ~= nil)
-    "#,
-    )
-    .exec()?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn test_num_conversion() -> Result<()> {
     let lua = Lua::new();

tests/thread.rs

@@ -191,6 +191,19 @@ fn test_coroutine_panic() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_thread_pointer() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    let func = lua.load("return 123").into_function()?;
+    let thread = lua.create_thread(func.clone())?;
+
+    assert_eq!(thread.to_pointer(), thread.clone().to_pointer());
+    assert_ne!(thread.to_pointer(), lua.current_thread().to_pointer());
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[cfg(all(feature = "unstable", not(feature = "send")))]
 #[test]
 fn test_owned_thread() -> Result<()> {

tests/userdata.rs

@@ -951,6 +951,20 @@ fn test_userdata_method_errors() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_userdata_pointer() -> Result<()> {
+    let lua = Lua::new();
+
+    let ud1 = lua.create_any_userdata("hello")?;
+    let ud2 = lua.create_any_userdata("hello")?;
+
+    assert_eq!(ud1.to_pointer(), ud1.clone().to_pointer());
+    // Different userdata objects with the same value should have different pointers
+    assert_ne!(ud1.to_pointer(), ud2.to_pointer());
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[cfg(all(feature = "unstable", not(feature = "send")))]
 #[test]
 fn test_owned_userdata() -> Result<()> {