Guard against invalid id/event values in Server Sent Events

Prior to this commit, our implementation of Server Sent Events (SSE),
`SseEmitter` (MVC) and `ServerSentEvent` (WebFlux), would not guard
against invalid characters if the application mistakenly inserts such
characters in the `id` or `event` types.
Both implementations would also behave differently when it comes
to escaping comment multi-line events.

This commit ensures that both implementations handle multi-line comment
events and reject invalid characters in id/event types.
This commit also optimizes `String` concatenation and memory usage
when writing data.

Fixes gh-36440

spring-web/src/main/java/org/springframework/http/codec/ServerSentEvent.java

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import java.time.Duration;
 
 import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
 
+import org.springframework.util.Assert;
 import org.springframework.util.ObjectUtils;
 import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
 
@@ -239,16 +240,23 @@ public final class ServerSentEvent<T> {
 
 		@Override
 		public Builder<T> id(String id) {
+			checkEvent(id);
 			this.id = id;
 			return this;
 		}
 
 		@Override
 		public Builder<T> event(String event) {
+			checkEvent(event);
 			this.event = event;
 			return this;
 		}
 
+		private static void checkEvent(String content) {
+			Assert.isTrue(content.indexOf('\n') == -1 && content.indexOf('\r') == -1,
+					"illegal character '\\n' or '\\r' in event content");
+		}
+
 		@Override
 		public Builder<T> retry(Duration retry) {
 			this.retry = retry;

spring-web/src/main/java/org/springframework/http/codec/ServerSentEventHttpMessageWriter.java

@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ import org.springframework.http.ReactiveHttpOutputMessage;
 import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpRequest;
 import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpResponse;
 import org.springframework.util.Assert;
-import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
 
 /**
  * {@code HttpMessageWriter} for {@code "text/event-stream"} responses.
@@ -48,6 +47,7 @@ import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
  * @author Sebastien Deleuze
  * @author Arjen Poutsma
  * @author Rossen Stoyanchev
+ * @author Brian Clozel
  * @since 5.0
  */
 public class ServerSentEventHttpMessageWriter implements HttpMessageWriter<Object> {
@@ -129,8 +129,9 @@ public class ServerSentEventHttpMessageWriter implements HttpMessageWriter<Objec
 				result = Flux.just(encodeText(sseText + "\n", mediaType, factory));
 			}
 			else if (data instanceof String text) {
-				text = StringUtils.replace(text, "\n", "\ndata:");
-				result = Flux.just(encodeText(sseText + text + "\n\n", mediaType, factory));
+				StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(sseText);
+				writeStringData(text, sb);
+				result = Flux.just(encodeText(sb.toString(), mediaType, factory));
 			}
 			else {
 				result = encodeEvent(sseText, data, dataType, mediaType, factory, hints);
@@ -140,6 +141,31 @@ public class ServerSentEventHttpMessageWriter implements HttpMessageWriter<Objec
 		});
 	}
 
+	private void writeStringData(String input, StringBuilder sb) {
+		if (input.indexOf('\n') == -1 && input.indexOf('\r') == -1) {
+			sb.append(input);
+		}
+		else {
+			int length = input.length();
+			for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+				char c = input.charAt(i);
+				if (c == '\r') {
+					if (i + 1 < length && input.charAt(i + 1) == '\n') {
+						i++;
+					}
+					sb.append("\ndata:");
+				}
+				else if (c == '\n') {
+					sb.append("\ndata:");
+				}
+				else {
+					sb.append(c);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		sb.append("\n\n");
+	}
+
 	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 	private <T> Flux<DataBuffer> encodeEvent(CharSequence sseText, T data, ResolvableType dataType,
 			MediaType mediaType, DataBufferFactory factory, Map<String, Object> hints) {

spring-web/src/test/java/org/springframework/http/codec/ServerSentEventHttpMessageWriterTests.java

@@ -110,12 +110,13 @@ class ServerSentEventHttpMessageWriterTests extends AbstractDataBufferAllocating
 		super.bufferFactory = bufferFactory;
 
 		MockServerHttpResponse outputMessage = new MockServerHttpResponse(super.bufferFactory);
-		Flux<String> source = Flux.just("foo\nbar", "foo\nbaz");
+		Flux<String> source = Flux.just("first\nsecond", "first\rsecond", "first\r\nsecond");
 		testWrite(source, outputMessage, String.class);
 
 		StepVerifier.create(outputMessage.getBody())
-				.consumeNextWith(stringConsumer("data:foo\ndata:bar\n\n"))
-				.consumeNextWith(stringConsumer("data:foo\ndata:baz\n\n"))
+				.consumeNextWith(stringConsumer("data:first\ndata:second\n\n"))
+				.consumeNextWith(stringConsumer("data:first\ndata:second\n\n"))
+				.consumeNextWith(stringConsumer("data:first\ndata:second\n\n"))
 				.expectComplete()
 				.verify();
 	}

spring-web/src/test/java/org/springframework/http/codec/ServerSentEventTests.java

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2002-present the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.http.codec;
+
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatIllegalArgumentException;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link ServerSentEvent}.
+ * @author Brian Clozel
+ */
+class ServerSentEventTests {
+
+	@ParameterizedTest(name = "{1}")
+	@MethodSource("newLineCharacters")
+	void rejectsInvalidId(String newLine, String description) {
+		assertThatIllegalArgumentException().isThrownBy(() ->
+				ServerSentEvent.<String>builder().id("first" + newLine + "second").build());
+	}
+
+	@ParameterizedTest(name = "{1}")
+	@MethodSource("newLineCharacters")
+	void rejectsInvalidEvent(String newLine, String description) {
+		assertThatIllegalArgumentException().isThrownBy(() ->
+				ServerSentEvent.<String>builder().event("first" + newLine + "second").build());
+	}
+
+	private static Stream<Arguments> newLineCharacters() {
+		return Stream.of(
+				Arguments.of("\n", "LF"),
+				Arguments.of("\r", "CR"),
+				Arguments.of("\r\n", "CRLF")
+		);
+	}
+
+}

spring-webmvc/src/main/java/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/method/annotation/SseEmitter.java

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders;
 import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
 import org.springframework.http.server.ServerHttpResponse;
+import org.springframework.util.Assert;
 import org.springframework.util.ObjectUtils;
 import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
 import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
@@ -196,18 +197,20 @@ public class SseEmitter extends ResponseBodyEmitter {
 
 		private final Set<DataWithMediaType> dataToSend = new LinkedHashSet<>(4);
 
-		private @Nullable StringBuilder sb;
+		private final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
 
 		private boolean hasName;
 
 		@Override
 		public SseEventBuilder id(String id) {
+			checkEvent(id);
 			append("id:").append(id).append('\n');
 			return this;
 		}
 
 		@Override
 		public SseEventBuilder name(String name) {
+			checkEvent(name);
 			this.hasName = true;
 			append("event:").append(name).append('\n');
 			return this;
@@ -221,7 +224,7 @@ public class SseEmitter extends ResponseBodyEmitter {
 
 		@Override
 		public SseEventBuilder comment(String comment) {
-			append(':').append(comment).append('\n');
+			append(':').append(StringUtils.replace(comment, "\n", "\n:")).append('\n');
 			return this;
 		}
 
@@ -236,27 +239,53 @@ public class SseEmitter extends ResponseBodyEmitter {
 				name(mav.getViewName());
 			}
 			append("data:");
-			saveAppendedText();
+			saveAppendedText(TEXT_PLAIN);
 			if (object instanceof String text) {
-				object = StringUtils.replace(text, "\n", "\ndata:");
+				writeStringData(text, mediaType);
+			}
+			else {
+				this.dataToSend.add(new DataWithMediaType(object, mediaType));
 			}
-			this.dataToSend.add(new DataWithMediaType(object, mediaType));
 			append('\n');
 			return this;
 		}
 
-		SseEventBuilderImpl append(String text) {
-			if (this.sb == null) {
-				this.sb = new StringBuilder();
+		private static void checkEvent(String content) {
+			Assert.isTrue(content.indexOf('\n') == -1 && content.indexOf('\r') == -1,
+					"illegal character '\\n' or '\\r' in event content");
+		}
+
+		private void writeStringData(String input, @Nullable MediaType mediaType) {
+			if (input.indexOf('\n') == -1 && input.indexOf('\r') == -1) {
+				this.dataToSend.add(new DataWithMediaType(input, mediaType));
 			}
+			else {
+				int length = input.length();
+				for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+					char c = input.charAt(i);
+					if (c == '\r') {
+						if (i + 1 < length && input.charAt(i + 1) == '\n') {
+							i++;
+						}
+						this.sb.append("\ndata:");
+					}
+					else if (c == '\n') {
+						this.sb.append("\ndata:");
+					}
+					else {
+						this.sb.append(c);
+					}
+				}
+				saveAppendedText(mediaType);
+			}
+		}
+
+		SseEventBuilderImpl append(String text) {
 			this.sb.append(text);
 			return this;
 		}
 
 		SseEventBuilderImpl append(char ch) {
-			if (this.sb == null) {
-				this.sb = new StringBuilder();
-			}
 			this.sb.append(ch);
 			return this;
 		}
@@ -267,14 +296,14 @@ public class SseEmitter extends ResponseBodyEmitter {
 				return Collections.emptySet();
 			}
 			append('\n');
-			saveAppendedText();
+			saveAppendedText(TEXT_PLAIN);
 			return this.dataToSend;
 		}
 
-		private void saveAppendedText() {
-			if (this.sb != null) {
-				this.dataToSend.add(new DataWithMediaType(this.sb.toString(), TEXT_PLAIN));
-				this.sb = null;
+		private void saveAppendedText(@Nullable MediaType mediaType) {
+			if (StringUtils.hasLength(this.sb)) {
+				this.dataToSend.add(new DataWithMediaType(this.sb.toString(), mediaType));
+				this.sb.setLength(0);
 			}
 		}
 	}

spring-webmvc/src/test/java/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/method/annotation/SseEmitterTests.java

@@ -22,14 +22,19 @@ import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.function.Consumer;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
 import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
 
 import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatIllegalArgumentException;
 import static org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.SseEmitter.event;
 
 
@@ -105,9 +110,10 @@ class SseEmitterTests {
 		this.handler.assertWriteCount(1);
 	}
 
-	@Test
-	void sendEventWithMultiline() throws Exception {
-		this.emitter.send(event().data("foo\nbar\nbaz"));
+	@ParameterizedTest(name = "{1}")
+	@MethodSource("newLineCharacters")
+	void sendEventWithMultiline(String newLineChars, String description) throws Exception {
+		this.emitter.send(event().data("foo" + newLineChars + "bar" + newLineChars + "baz"));
 		this.handler.assertSentObjectCount(3);
 		this.handler.assertObject(0, "data:", TEXT_PLAIN_UTF8);
 		this.handler.assertObject(1, "foo\ndata:bar\ndata:baz");
@@ -115,6 +121,17 @@ class SseEmitterTests {
 		this.handler.assertWriteCount(1);
 	}
 
+	@ParameterizedTest(name = "{1}")
+	@MethodSource("newLineCharacters")
+	void sendEventWithMultilineWithMediaType(String newLineChars, String description) throws Exception {
+		this.emitter.send(event().data("foo" + newLineChars + "bar" + newLineChars + "baz", MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN));
+		this.handler.assertSentObjectCount(3);
+		this.handler.assertObject(0, "data:", TEXT_PLAIN_UTF8);
+		this.handler.assertObject(1, "foo\ndata:bar\ndata:baz", MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN);
+		this.handler.assertObject(2, "\n\n", TEXT_PLAIN_UTF8);
+		this.handler.assertWriteCount(1);
+	}
+
 	@Test
 	void sendEventFull() throws Exception {
 		this.emitter.send(event().comment("blah").name("test").reconnectTime(5000L).id("1").data("foo"));
@@ -137,6 +154,28 @@ class SseEmitterTests {
 		this.handler.assertWriteCount(1);
 	}
 
+	@ParameterizedTest(name = "{1}")
+	@MethodSource("newLineCharacters")
+	void rejectInvalidId(String newLineChars, String description) {
+		assertThatIllegalArgumentException().isThrownBy(() -> this.emitter
+				.send(event().id("first" + newLineChars + "second")));
+	}
+
+	@ParameterizedTest(name = "{1}")
+	@MethodSource("newLineCharacters")
+	void rejectInvalidName(String newLineChars, String description) {
+		assertThatIllegalArgumentException().isThrownBy(() -> this.emitter
+				.send(event().name("first" + newLineChars + "second")));
+	}
+
+	private static Stream<Arguments> newLineCharacters() {
+		return Stream.of(
+				Arguments.of("\n", "LF"),
+				Arguments.of("\r", "CR"),
+				Arguments.of("\r\n", "CRLF")
+		);
+	}
+
 
 	private static class TestHandler implements ResponseBodyEmitter.Handler {