Release v7.0.0-RC1

2026-06-08 17:33:33 +00:00 · 2025-10-16 09:50:08 +02:00
2657 changed files with 28637 additions and 65790 deletions
@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
 changelog:
  repository: spring-projects/spring-framework
  sections:
-    - title: ":warning: Attention Required"
-      labels:
-        - "for: upgrade-attention"
-      summary:
-        mode: "member-comment"
-        config:
-          prefix: "Attention Required:"
    - title: ":star: New Features"
      labels:
        - "type: enhancement"
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ runs:
  using: composite
  steps:
    - name: Set Up Java
-      uses: actions/setup-java@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-java@v4
      with:
        distribution: ${{ inputs.java-early-access == 'true' && 'temurin' || (inputs.java-distribution || 'liberica') }}
        java-version: |
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ runs:
          ${{ inputs.java-toolchain == 'true' && '17' || '' }}
          25
    - name: Set Up Gradle
-      uses: gradle/actions/setup-gradle@4d9f0ba0025fe599b4ebab900eb7f3a1d93ef4c2 # v5.0.0
+      uses: gradle/actions/setup-gradle@ac638b010cf58a27ee6c972d7336334ccaf61c96 # v4.4.1
      with:
        cache-read-only: false
        develocity-access-key: ${{ inputs.develocity-access-key }}
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ runs:
  using: composite
  steps:
    - name: Set Up JFrog CLI
-      uses: jfrog/setup-jfrog-cli@5b06f730cc5a6f55d78b30753f8583454b08c0aa # v4.8.1
+      uses: jfrog/setup-jfrog-cli@f748a0599171a192a2668afee8d0497f7c1069df # v4.5.6
      env:
        JF_ENV_SPRING: ${{ inputs.jfrog-cli-config-token }}
    - name: Download Release Artifacts
      shell: bash
      run: jf rt download --spec ${{ format('{0}/artifacts.spec', github.action_path) }} --spec-vars 'buildName=${{ format('spring-framework-{0}', inputs.spring-framework-version) }};buildNumber=${{ github.run_number }}'
    - name: Sync
-      uses: spring-io/central-publish-action@0c03960e9b16fdfe70e2443e1d5393cbc3a35622 # v0.3.0
+      uses: spring-io/central-publish-action@0cdd90d12e6876341e82860d951e1bcddc1e51b6 # v0.2.0
      with:
        token: ${{ inputs.central-token-password }}
        token-name: ${{ inputs.central-token-username }}
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check out code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Set up Java
-        uses: actions/setup-java@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
        with:
          distribution: 'liberica'
          java-version: 17
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
    timeout-minutes: 60
    steps:
      - name: Check Out Code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Build and Publish
        id: build-and-publish
        uses: ./.github/actions/build
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ jobs:
          develocity-access-key: ${{ secrets.DEVELOCITY_ACCESS_KEY }}
          publish: true
      - name: Deploy
-        uses: spring-io/artifactory-deploy-action@926d7f7cc810569395346bf3a4d91b380b3e355b # v0.0.4
+        uses: spring-io/artifactory-deploy-action@dc1913008c0599f0c4b1fdafb6ff3c502b3565ea # v0.0.2
        with:
          artifact-properties: |
            /**/framework-api-*.zip::zip.name=spring-framework,zip.deployed=false
            /**/framework-api-*-docs.zip::zip.type=docs
            /**/framework-api-*-schema.zip::zip.type=schema
-          build-name: 'spring-framework-7.1.x'
+          build-name: 'spring-framework-7.0.x'
          folder: 'deployment-repository'
          password: ${{ secrets.ARTIFACTORY_PASSWORD }}
          repository: 'libs-snapshot-local'
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
    timeout-minutes: 60
    steps:
      - name: Check Out Code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Build
        id: build
        uses: ./.github/actions/build
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: ./.github/actions/print-jvm-thread-dumps
      - name: Upload Build Reports
        if: failure()
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: build-reports
          path: '**/build/reports/'
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ jobs:
          git config --global core.longPaths true
          Stop-Service -name Docker
      - name: Check Out Code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Build
        id: build
        uses: ./.github/actions/build
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - name: Check out code
-      uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      uses: actions/checkout@v4
      with:
        fetch-depth: 1
        ref: docs-build
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ name: Release Milestone
 on:
  push:
    tags:
-      - v7.1.0-M[1-9]
-      - v7.1.0-RC[1-9]
+      - v7.0.0-M[1-9]
+      - v7.0.0-RC[1-9]
 concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
 jobs:
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check Out Code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Build and Publish
        id: build-and-publish
        uses: ./.github/actions/build
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
          develocity-access-key: ${{ secrets.DEVELOCITY_ACCESS_KEY }}
          publish: true
      - name: Stage Release
-        uses: spring-io/artifactory-deploy-action@926d7f7cc810569395346bf3a4d91b380b3e355b # v0.0.4
+        uses: spring-io/artifactory-deploy-action@26bbe925a75f4f863e1e529e85be2d0093cac116 # v0.0.1
        with:
          artifact-properties: |
            /**/framework-api-*.zip::zip.name=spring-framework,zip.deployed=false
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check Out Code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@b4ffde65f46336ab88eb53be808477a3936bae11 # v4.1.1
      - name: Sync to Maven Central
        uses: ./.github/actions/sync-to-maven-central
        with:
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Set up JFrog CLI
-        uses: jfrog/setup-jfrog-cli@5b06f730cc5a6f55d78b30753f8583454b08c0aa # v4.8.1
+        uses: jfrog/setup-jfrog-cli@dff217c085c17666e8849ebdbf29c8fe5e3995e6 # v4.5.2
        env:
          JF_ENV_SPRING: ${{ secrets.JF_ARTIFACTORY_SPRING }}
      - name: Promote build
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check Out Code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@b4ffde65f46336ab88eb53be808477a3936bae11 # v4.1.1
      - name: Create GitHub Release
        uses: ./.github/actions/create-github-release
        with:
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: Release
 on:
  push:
    tags:
-      - v7.1.[0-9]+
+      - v7.0.[0-9]+
 concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
 jobs:
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check Out Code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Build and Publish
        id: build-and-publish
        uses: ./.github/actions/build
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
          develocity-access-key: ${{ secrets.DEVELOCITY_ACCESS_KEY }}
          publish: true
      - name: Stage Release
-        uses: spring-io/artifactory-deploy-action@926d7f7cc810569395346bf3a4d91b380b3e355b # v0.0.4
+        uses: spring-io/artifactory-deploy-action@dc1913008c0599f0c4b1fdafb6ff3c502b3565ea # v0.0.2
        with:
          artifact-properties: |
            /**/framework-api-*.zip::zip.name=spring-framework,zip.deployed=false
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check Out Code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@b4ffde65f46336ab88eb53be808477a3936bae11 # v4.1.1
      - name: Sync to Maven Central
        uses: ./.github/actions/sync-to-maven-central
        with:
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Set up JFrog CLI
-        uses: jfrog/setup-jfrog-cli@5b06f730cc5a6f55d78b30753f8583454b08c0aa # v4.8.1
+        uses: jfrog/setup-jfrog-cli@dff217c085c17666e8849ebdbf29c8fe5e3995e6 # v4.5.2
        env:
          JF_ENV_SPRING: ${{ secrets.JF_ARTIFACTORY_SPRING }}
      - name: Promote build
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check Out Code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@b4ffde65f46336ab88eb53be808477a3936bae11 # v4.1.1
      - name: Create GitHub Release
        uses: ./.github/actions/create-github-release
        with:
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        branch: [ '6.2.x', '7.0.x', 'main' ]
+        branch: [ '6.1.x' ]
    steps:
      - uses: spring-io/spring-doc-actions/update-antora-spring-ui@5a57bcc6a0da2a1474136cf29571b277850432bc
        name: Update
@@ -30,23 +30,23 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Check Out Release Verification Tests
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          ref: 'v0.0.2'
          repository: spring-projects/spring-framework-release-verification
          token: ${{ secrets.token }}
      - name: Check Out Send Notification Action
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          path: send-notification
          sparse-checkout: .github/actions/send-notification
      - name: Set Up Java
-        uses: actions/setup-java@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
        with:
          distribution: 'liberica'
          java-version: 17
      - name: Set Up Gradle
-        uses: gradle/actions/setup-gradle@4d9f0ba0025fe599b4ebab900eb7f3a1d93ef4c2 # v5.0.0
+        uses: gradle/actions/setup-gradle@ac638b010cf58a27ee6c972d7336334ccaf61c96 # v4.4.1
        with:
          cache-read-only: false
      - name: Configure Gradle Properties
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ jobs:
        run: ./gradlew spring-framework-release-verification-tests:test
      - name: Upload Build Reports on Failure
        if: failure()
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: build-reports
          path: '**/build/reports/'
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ ivy-cache
 argfile*
 activemq-data/
 classes/
-.cursor/

 # Log files
 jxl.log
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ bin
 .springBeans
 spring-*/src/main/java/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF

-# IntelliJ IDEA artifacts and output dirs
+# IDEA artifacts and output dirs
 *.iml
 *.ipr
 *.iws
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Contributing to the Spring Framework
+# Contributing  to the Spring Framework

 First off, thank you for taking the time to contribute! :+1: :tada: 

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ source code into your IDE.
 The wiki pages
 [Code Style](https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework/wiki/Code-Style) and
 [IntelliJ IDEA Editor Settings](https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework/wiki/IntelliJ-IDEA-Editor-Settings)
-define the source file coding standards we use along with some IntelliJ editor settings we customize.
+define the source file coding standards we use along with some IDEA editor settings we customize.

 ### Reference Docs

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ See the [Build from Source](https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework/

 ## Continuous Integration Builds

-CI builds are defined with [GitHub Actions workflows](.github/workflows).
+Information regarding CI builds can be found in the [Spring Framework Concourse pipeline](ci/README.adoc) documentation.

 ## Stay in Touch

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ plugins {
 	id 'com.github.bjornvester.xjc' version '1.8.2' apply false
 	id 'com.gradleup.shadow' version "9.2.2" apply false
 	id 'me.champeau.jmh' version '0.7.2' apply false
-	id 'io.spring.nullability' version '0.0.11' apply false
+	id 'io.spring.nullability' version '0.0.6' apply false
 }

 ext {
@@ -61,27 +61,24 @@ configure([rootProject] + javaProjects) { project ->
 		testImplementation("org.junit.platform:junit-platform-suite")
 		testImplementation("org.mockito:mockito-core")
 		testImplementation("org.mockito:mockito-junit-jupiter")
-		testImplementation("io.mockk:mockk") {
-			exclude group: 'junit', module: 'junit'
-		}
+		testImplementation("io.mockk:mockk")
 		testImplementation("org.assertj:assertj-core")
 		testRuntimeOnly("org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher")
 		testRuntimeOnly("org.apache.logging.log4j:log4j-core")
 	}

 	ext.javadocLinks = [
-		"https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/",
-		//"https://jakarta.ee/specifications/platform/11/apidocs/",
-		"https://docs.hibernate.org/orm/7.2/javadocs/",
-		"https://www.quartz-scheduler.org/api/2.3.0/",
-		"https://hc.apache.org/httpcomponents-client-5.6.x/5.6/httpclient5/apidocs/",
-		"https://projectreactor.io/docs/core/release/api/",
-		"https://projectreactor.io/docs/test/release/api/",
-		"https://junit.org/junit4/javadoc/4.13.2/",
-		"https://docs.junit.org/6.1.0/api/",
-		"https://www.reactive-streams.org/reactive-streams-1.0.4-javadoc/",
-		"https://r2dbc.io/spec/1.0.0.RELEASE/api/",
-		"https://jspecify.dev/docs/api/"
+			"https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/",
+			"https://jakarta.ee/specifications/platform/11/apidocs/",
+			"https://docs.hibernate.org/orm/5.6/javadocs/",
+			"https://www.quartz-scheduler.org/api/2.3.0/",
+			"https://hc.apache.org/httpcomponents-client-5.5.x/current/httpclient5/apidocs/",
+			"https://projectreactor.io/docs/test/release/api/",
+			"https://junit.org/junit4/javadoc/4.13.2/",
+			"https://docs.junit.org/6.0.0/api/",
+			"https://www.reactive-streams.org/reactive-streams-1.0.3-javadoc/",
+			"https://r2dbc.io/spec/1.0.0.RELEASE/api/",
+			"https://jspecify.dev/docs/api/"
 	] as String[]
 }

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ ext {
 dependencies {
 	checkstyle "io.spring.javaformat:spring-javaformat-checkstyle:${javaFormatVersion}"
 	implementation "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-gradle-plugin:${kotlinVersion}"
-	implementation "org.jetbrains.dokka:dokka-gradle-plugin:2.2.0"
+	implementation "org.jetbrains.dokka:dokka-gradle-plugin:2.1.0"
 	implementation "com.tngtech.archunit:archunit:1.4.1"
 	implementation "org.gradle:test-retry-gradle-plugin:1.6.2"
 	implementation "io.spring.javaformat:spring-javaformat-gradle-plugin:${javaFormatVersion}"
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public class CheckstyleConventions {
 			project.getPlugins().apply(CheckstylePlugin.class);
 			project.getTasks().withType(Checkstyle.class).forEach(checkstyle -> checkstyle.getMaxHeapSize().set("1g"));
 			CheckstyleExtension checkstyle = project.getExtensions().getByType(CheckstyleExtension.class);
-			checkstyle.setToolVersion("13.4.2");
+			checkstyle.setToolVersion("12.0.0");
 			checkstyle.getConfigDirectory().set(project.getRootProject().file("src/checkstyle"));
 			String version = SpringJavaFormatPlugin.class.getPackage().getImplementationVersion();
 			DependencySet checkstyleDependencies = project.getConfigurations().getByName("checkstyle").getDependencies();
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ import static org.springframework.build.architecture.ArchitectureRules.classesSh
 import static org.springframework.build.architecture.ArchitectureRules.javaClassesShouldNotImportKotlinAnnotations;
 import static org.springframework.build.architecture.ArchitectureRules.noClassesShouldCallStringToLowerCaseWithoutLocale;
 import static org.springframework.build.architecture.ArchitectureRules.noClassesShouldCallStringToUpperCaseWithoutLocale;
+import static org.springframework.build.architecture.ArchitectureRules.packageInfoShouldBeNullMarked;

 /**
 * {@link Task} that checks for architecture problems.
@@ -63,7 +64,8 @@ public abstract class ArchitectureCheck extends DefaultTask {
 	public ArchitectureCheck() {
 		getOutputDirectory().convention(getProject().getLayout().getBuildDirectory().dir(getName()));
 		getProhibitObjectsRequireNonNull().convention(true);
-		getRules().addAll(classesShouldNotImportForbiddenTypes(),
+		getRules().addAll(packageInfoShouldBeNullMarked(),
+				classesShouldNotImportForbiddenTypes(),
 				javaClassesShouldNotImportKotlinAnnotations(),
 				allPackagesShouldBeFreeOfTangles(),
 				noClassesShouldCallStringToLowerCaseWithoutLocale(),
@@ -46,6 +46,13 @@ abstract class ArchitectureRules {
 				.because("String.toUpperCase(Locale.ROOT) should be used instead");
 	}

+	static ArchRule packageInfoShouldBeNullMarked() {
+		return ArchRuleDefinition.classes()
+				.that().haveSimpleName("package-info")
+				.should().beAnnotatedWith("org.jspecify.annotations.NullMarked")
+				.allowEmptyShould(true);
+	}
+
 	static ArchRule classesShouldNotImportForbiddenTypes() {
 		return ArchRuleDefinition.noClasses()
 				.should().dependOnClassesThat()
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ package org.springframework.build.multirelease;

 import javax.inject.Inject;

-import org.gradle.api.JavaVersion;
 import org.gradle.api.Plugin;
 import org.gradle.api.Project;
 import org.gradle.api.artifacts.ConfigurationContainer;
@@ -28,10 +27,6 @@ import org.gradle.api.plugins.ExtensionContainer;
 import org.gradle.api.plugins.JavaPlugin;
 import org.gradle.api.plugins.JavaPluginExtension;
 import org.gradle.api.tasks.TaskContainer;
-import org.gradle.api.tasks.TaskProvider;
-import org.gradle.api.tasks.bundling.AbstractArchiveTask;
-import org.gradle.jvm.tasks.Jar;
-import org.gradle.jvm.toolchain.JavaLanguageVersion;
 import org.gradle.jvm.toolchain.JavaToolchainService;

 /**
@@ -43,8 +38,6 @@ import org.gradle.jvm.toolchain.JavaToolchainService;
 */
 public class MultiReleaseJarPlugin implements Plugin<Project> {

-	public static String VALIDATE_JAR_TASK_NAME = "validateMultiReleaseJar";
-
 	@Inject
 	protected JavaToolchainService getToolchains() {
 		throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
@@ -64,13 +57,5 @@ public class MultiReleaseJarPlugin implements Plugin<Project> {
 				tasks,
 				dependencies,
 				objects);
-
-		if (JavaVersion.current().isCompatibleWith(JavaVersion.VERSION_25)) {
-			TaskProvider<MultiReleaseJarValidateTask> validateJarTask = tasks.register(VALIDATE_JAR_TASK_NAME, MultiReleaseJarValidateTask.class, (task) -> {
-				task.getJar().set(tasks.named("jar", Jar.class).flatMap(AbstractArchiveTask::getArchiveFile));
-				task.getJavaLauncher().set(task.getJavaToolchainService().launcherFor(spec -> spec.getLanguageVersion().set(JavaLanguageVersion.of(25))));
-			});
-			tasks.named("check", task -> task.dependsOn(validateJarTask));
-		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2002-present the original author or authors.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package org.springframework.build.multirelease;
-
-import org.gradle.api.file.RegularFileProperty;
-import org.gradle.api.tasks.CacheableTask;
-import org.gradle.api.tasks.InputFile;
-import org.gradle.api.tasks.JavaExec;
-import org.gradle.api.tasks.PathSensitive;
-import org.gradle.api.tasks.PathSensitivity;
-import org.gradle.jvm.toolchain.JavaToolchainService;
-
-import java.util.List;
-
-import javax.inject.Inject;
-
-@CacheableTask
-public abstract class MultiReleaseJarValidateTask extends JavaExec {
-
-
-	public MultiReleaseJarValidateTask() {
-		getMainModule().set("jdk.jartool");
-		getArgumentProviders().add(() -> List.of("--validate", "--file", getJar().get().getAsFile().getAbsolutePath()));
-	}
-
-	@Inject
-	protected abstract JavaToolchainService getJavaToolchainService();
-
-	@InputFile
-	@PathSensitive(PathSensitivity.RELATIVE)
-	public abstract RegularFileProperty getJar();
-
-}
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ public class ShadowSource extends DefaultTask {
 	}

 	@OutputDirectory
-	public DirectoryProperty getOutputDirectory() {
+	DirectoryProperty getOutputDirectory() {
 		return this.outputDirectory;
 	}

@@ -26,15 +26,11 @@ import java.util.jar.Attributes;
 import java.util.jar.JarFile;
 import org.gradle.testkit.runner.BuildResult;
 import org.gradle.testkit.runner.GradleRunner;
-import org.gradle.testkit.runner.UnexpectedBuildFailure;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
-import org.junit.jupiter.api.condition.DisabledForJreRange;
-import org.junit.jupiter.api.condition.JRE;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.io.TempDir;

 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;

 /**
 * Tests for {@link MultiReleaseJarPlugin}
@@ -45,13 +41,10 @@ public class MultiReleaseJarPluginTests {

 	private File buildFile;

-	private File propertiesFile;
-
 	@BeforeEach
 	void setup(@TempDir File projectDir) {
 		this.projectDir = projectDir;
 		this.buildFile = new File(this.projectDir, "build.gradle");
-		this.propertiesFile = new File(this.projectDir, "gradle.properties");
 	}

 	@Test
@@ -123,50 +116,12 @@ public class MultiReleaseJarPluginTests {
 		}
 	}

-	@Test
-	@DisabledForJreRange(max = JRE.JAVA_24, disabledReason = "'jar --validate' is available as of Java 25")
-	void validateJar() throws IOException {
-		writeBuildFile("""
-				plugins {
-					id 'java'
-					id 'org.springframework.build.multiReleaseJar'
-				}
-				version = '1.2.3'
-				tasks.withType(JavaCompile).configureEach {
-					options.release = 11
-				}
-				multiRelease { releaseVersions 17 }
-				""");
-		writeGradleProperties("""
-				org.gradle.jvmargs=-Duser.language=en
-				""");
-		writeClass("src/main/java17", "Main.java", """
-				public class Main {
-				
-					public void method() {}
-				
-				}
-				""");
-		writeClass("src/main/java", "Main.java", """
-				public class Main {}
-				""");
-		assertThatThrownBy(() ->runGradle("validateMultiReleaseJar"))
-				.isInstanceOf(UnexpectedBuildFailure.class)
-				.hasMessageContaining("entry: META-INF/versions/17/Main.class, contains a class with different api from earlier version");
-	}
-
 	private void writeBuildFile(String buildContent) throws IOException {
 		try (PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(this.buildFile))) {
 			out.print(buildContent);
 		}
 	}

-	private void writeGradleProperties(String properties) throws IOException {
-		try (PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(this.propertiesFile))) {
-			out.print(properties);
-		}
-	}
-
 	private void writeClass(String path, String fileName, String fileContent) throws IOException {
 		Path folder = this.projectDir.toPath().resolve(path);
 		Files.createDirectories(folder);
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ dependencies {
 	}
 }

-def springAspectsOutput = project(":spring-aspects").sourceSets.main.output
 javadoc {
 	javadocTool.set(javaToolchains.javadocToolFor({
 		languageVersion = JavaLanguageVersion.of(25)
@@ -49,8 +48,8 @@ javadoc {
 	maxMemory = "1024m"
 	doFirst {
 		classpath += files(
-			// ensure the javadoc process can resolve types compiled from .aj sources
-			springAspectsOutput
+				// ensure the javadoc process can resolve types compiled from .aj sources
+				project(":spring-aspects").sourceSets.main.output
 		)
 		classpath += files(moduleProjects.collect { it.sourceSets.main.compileClasspath })
 	}
@@ -99,9 +98,12 @@ tasks.register('schemaZip', Zip) {
 	moduleProjects.each { module ->
 		def Properties schemas = new Properties();

-		module.sourceSets.main.resources.find {
+		def schemaFile = module.sourceSets.main.resources.find {
 			(it.path.endsWith("META-INF/spring.schemas") || it.path.endsWith("META-INF\\spring.schemas"))
-		}?.withInputStream { schemas.load(it) }
+		}
+		if (schemaFile != null) {
+			schemaFile.withInputStream { schemas.load(it) }
+		}

 		for (def key : schemas.keySet()) {
 			def shortName = key.replaceAll(/http.*schema.(.*).spring-.*/, '$1')
@@ -13,10 +13,8 @@ content:
  - url: https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework
    # Refname matching:
    # https://docs.antora.org/antora/latest/playbook/content-refname-matching/
-    # branches: We include snapshots for main, 6.2.x, and 7.0.x to 9.*.x.
-    branches: ['main', '6.2.x', '{7..9}.+({0..9}).x']
-    # tags: include all releases from 6.2.0 to 9.*.*.
-    tags: ['v6.2.+({0..9})', 'v{7..9}.+({0..9}).+({0..9})?(-{RC,M}*)']
+    branches: ['main', '{6..9}.+({1..9}).x']
+    tags: ['v{6..9}.+({0..9}).+({0..9})?(-{RC,M}*)', '!(v6.0.{0..8})', '!(v6.0.0-{RC,M}{0..9})']
    start_path: framework-docs
 asciidoc:
  extensions:
@@ -38,4 +36,4 @@ runtime:
    failure_level: warn
 ui:
  bundle:
-    url: https://github.com/spring-io/antora-ui-spring/releases/download/v0.4.26/ui-bundle.zip
+    url: https://github.com/spring-io/antora-ui-spring/releases/download/v0.4.18/ui-bundle.zip
@@ -15,15 +15,11 @@ apply from: "${rootDir}/gradle/publications.gradle"
 antora {
 	options = [clean: true, fetch: !project.gradle.startParameter.offline, stacktrace: true]
 	environment = [
-		'BUILD_REFNAME': 'HEAD',
-		'BUILD_VERSION': project.version,
+			'BUILD_REFNAME': 'HEAD',
+			'BUILD_VERSION': project.version,
 	]
 }

-node {
-	version = '24.15.0'
-}
-
 tasks.named("generateAntoraYml") {
 	asciidocAttributes = project.provider( {
 		return  ["spring-version": project.version ]
@@ -53,8 +49,8 @@ tasks.withType(KotlinCompilationTask.class).configureEach {
 	javaSources.from = []
 	compilerOptions.jvmTarget = JvmTarget.JVM_17
 	compilerOptions.freeCompilerArgs.addAll(
-		"-Xjdk-release=17", // Needed due to https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/KT-49746
-		"-Xannotation-default-target=param-property" // Upcoming default, see https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/KT-73255
+			"-Xjdk-release=17", // Needed due to https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/KT-49746
+			"-Xannotation-default-target=param-property" // Upcoming default, see https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/KT-73255
 	)
 }

@@ -74,7 +70,7 @@ dependencies {
 	implementation("com.github.ben-manes.caffeine:caffeine")
 	implementation("com.mchange:c3p0:0.9.5.5")
 	implementation("com.oracle.database.jdbc:ojdbc11")
-	implementation("io.micrometer:context-propagation")
+    implementation("io.micrometer:context-propagation")
 	implementation("io.projectreactor.netty:reactor-netty-http")
 	implementation("jakarta.jms:jakarta.jms-api")
 	implementation("jakarta.servlet:jakarta.servlet-api")
@@ -84,14 +80,12 @@ dependencies {
 	implementation("javax.cache:cache-api")
 	implementation("org.apache.activemq:activemq-ra:6.1.2")
 	implementation("org.apache.commons:commons-dbcp2:2.11.0")
-	implementation("org.apache.groovy:groovy-templates")
 	implementation("org.aspectj:aspectjweaver")
 	implementation("org.assertj:assertj-core")
 	implementation("org.eclipse.jetty.websocket:jetty-websocket-jetty-api")
-	implementation("org.freemarker:freemarker")
 	implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib")
-	implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core")
-	implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-reactor")
+    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core")
+    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-reactor")
 	implementation("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api")
 	implementation("tools.jackson.core:jackson-databind")
 	implementation("tools.jackson.dataformat:jackson-dataformat-xml")
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
   class="st5"
   id="svg5499"
   version="1.1"
-   font-family="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"
   inkscape:version="0.91 r13725"
   sodipodi:docname="mvc-splitted-contexts.svg"
   style="font-size:12px;overflow:visible;color-interpolation-filters:sRGB;fill:none;fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-linecap:square;stroke-miterlimit:3"
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@
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         transform="scale(0.6) rotate(180) translate(0,0)"
         d="M 8.7185878,4.0337352 L -2.2072895,0.016013256 L 8.7185884,-4.0017078 C 6.9730900,-1.6296469 6.9831476,1.6157441 8.7185878,4.0337352 z "
-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
+         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#000000;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1"
         id="path9164" /></marker><marker
       inkscape:isstock="true"
       style="overflow:visible;"
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@
       inkscape:stockid="Arrow2Mend"><path
         transform="scale(0.6) rotate(180) translate(0,0)"
         d="M 8.7185878,4.0337352 L -2.2072895,0.016013256 L 8.7185884,-4.0017078 C 6.9730900,-1.6296469 6.9831476,1.6157441 8.7185878,4.0337352 z "
-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
+         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#000000;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1"
         id="path8836" /></marker><marker
       inkscape:isstock="true"
       style="overflow:visible;"
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@
       inkscape:stockid="Arrow2Mend"><path
         transform="scale(0.6) rotate(180) translate(0,0)"
         d="M 8.7185878,4.0337352 L -2.2072895,0.016013256 L 8.7185884,-4.0017078 C 6.9730900,-1.6296469 6.9831476,1.6157441 8.7185878,4.0337352 z "
-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
+         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#000000;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1"
         id="path8520" /></marker><marker
       inkscape:isstock="true"
       style="overflow:visible;"
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@
       inkscape:stockid="Arrow2Mend"><path
         transform="scale(0.6) rotate(180) translate(0,0)"
         d="M 8.7185878,4.0337352 L -2.2072895,0.016013256 L 8.7185884,-4.0017078 C 6.9730900,-1.6296469 6.9831476,1.6157441 8.7185878,4.0337352 z "
-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
+         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#000000;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1"
         id="path8216" /></marker><marker
       inkscape:isstock="true"
       style="overflow:visible;"
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@
       inkscape:stockid="Arrow2Mend"><path
         transform="scale(0.6) rotate(180) translate(0,0)"
         d="M 8.7185878,4.0337352 L -2.2072895,0.016013256 L 8.7185884,-4.0017078 C 6.9730900,-1.6296469 6.9831476,1.6157441 8.7185878,4.0337352 z "
-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
+         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#000000;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1"
         id="path7924" /></marker><marker
       inkscape:isstock="true"
       style="overflow:visible;"
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@
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         transform="scale(0.6) rotate(180) translate(0,0)"
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-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
+         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#000000;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1"
         id="path7644" /></marker><marker
       inkscape:isstock="true"
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@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@
       inkscape:stockid="Arrow2Mend"><path
         transform="scale(0.6) rotate(180) translate(0,0)"
         d="M 8.7185878,4.0337352 L -2.2072895,0.016013256 L 8.7185884,-4.0017078 C 6.9730900,-1.6296469 6.9831476,1.6157441 8.7185878,4.0337352 z "
-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
+         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#000000;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1"
         id="path7375" /></marker><marker
       inkscape:isstock="true"
       style="overflow:visible;"
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@
       inkscape:stockid="Arrow2Mend"><path
         transform="scale(0.6) rotate(180) translate(0,0)"
         d="M 8.7185878,4.0337352 L -2.2072895,0.016013256 L 8.7185884,-4.0017078 C 6.9730900,-1.6296469 6.9831476,1.6157441 8.7185878,4.0337352 z "
-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
+         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#000000;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1"
         id="path7119" /></marker><marker
       inkscape:isstock="true"
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@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@
       inkscape:stockid="Arrow2Mend"><path
         transform="scale(0.6) rotate(180) translate(0,0)"
         d="M 8.7185878,4.0337352 L -2.2072895,0.016013256 L 8.7185884,-4.0017078 C 6.9730900,-1.6296469 6.9831476,1.6157441 8.7185878,4.0337352 z "
-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
+         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#000000;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1"
         id="path6875" /></marker><marker
       inkscape:isstock="true"
       style="overflow:visible;"
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@
       inkscape:stockid="Arrow2Mend"><path
         transform="scale(0.6) rotate(180) translate(0,0)"
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-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
+         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#000000;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1"
         id="path6643" /></marker><marker
       inkscape:isstock="true"
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@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@
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-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
+         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#000000;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1"
         id="path6423" /></marker><marker
       inkscape:isstock="true"
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@@ -158,7 +157,7 @@
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-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
+         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#000000;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1"
         id="path6215" /></marker><marker
       inkscape:isstock="true"
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@@ -169,7 +168,7 @@
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-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
+         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#000000;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1"
         id="path6019" /></marker><marker
       inkscape:isstock="true"
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@@ -180,7 +179,7 @@
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-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
+         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#000000;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1"
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       inkscape:isstock="true"
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@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@
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-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
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       inkscape:isstock="true"
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@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@
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-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
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-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
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-         style="fill-rule:evenodd;stroke-width:0.625;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke:#333333;stroke-opacity:1;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1"
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-       style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:30.7580471px;line-height:125%;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:0px;word-spacing:0px;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1"
+       style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:30.7580471px;line-height:125%;font-family:Sans;letter-spacing:0px;word-spacing:0px;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1"
       x="305.30771"
       y="448.55054"
       id="text6660"
@@ -598,20 +585,20 @@
       transform="scale(1.0403984,0.96117025)"><tspan
         sodipodi:role="line"
         id="tspan6662"
-         x="308.30771"
+         x="305.30771"
         y="448.55054"
-         style="font-size:11.53426838px;fill:#333333">Repositories</tspan></text>
+         style="font-size:11.53426838px">Repositories</tspan></text>
 <path
-       style="fill:none;fill-rule:evenodd;stroke:#333333;stroke-width:0.76895118px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1"
+       style="fill:none;fill-rule:evenodd;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.76895118px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1"
       d="m 265.33234,295.60379 c 0,42.65169 0,42.65169 0,0 z"
       id="path7643"
       inkscape:connector-curvature="0" /><path
-       style="fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1;fill-rule:evenodd;stroke:#333333;stroke-width:3.46028023;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:3;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-opacity:1;marker-end:url(#Arrow2Mend)"
+       style="fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;fill-rule:evenodd;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:3.46028023;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:3;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-opacity:1;marker-end:url(#Arrow2Mend)"
       d="m 270.43505,294.70585 c 0,39.4721 0,39.87903 0,39.87903"
       id="path7645"
       inkscape:connector-curvature="0" /><text
       xml:space="preserve"
-       style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:30.7580471px;line-height:125%;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:0px;word-spacing:0px;fill:#333333;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1"
+       style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:30.7580471px;line-height:125%;font-family:Sans;letter-spacing:0px;word-spacing:0px;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1px;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-opacity:1"
       x="352.55331"
       y="333.03622"
       id="text4963"
@@ -620,6 +607,6 @@
         sodipodi:role="line"
         x="352.55331"
         y="333.03622"
-         style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:11.53426838px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;-inkscape-font-specification:sans-serif;text-align:center;text-anchor:middle;fill:#555555"
+         style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:11.53426838px;font-family:sans-serif;-inkscape-font-specification:sans-serif;text-align:center;text-anchor:middle"
         id="tspan4965">Delegates if no bean found</tspan></text>
 </g></svg>
@@ -198,7 +198,6 @@
 *** xref:web/webmvc/mvc-uri-building.adoc[]
 *** xref:web/webmvc/mvc-ann-async.adoc[]
 *** xref:web/webmvc/mvc-range.adoc[]
-*** xref:web/webmvc/mvc-data-binding.adoc[]
 *** xref:web/webmvc-cors.adoc[]
 *** xref:web/webmvc-versioning.adoc[]
 *** xref:web/webmvc/mvc-ann-rest-exceptions.adoc[]
@@ -262,6 +261,7 @@
 **** xref:web/websocket/stomp/configuration-performance.adoc[]
 **** xref:web/websocket/stomp/stats.adoc[]
 **** xref:web/websocket/stomp/testing.adoc[]
+** xref:web/integration.adoc[]
 * xref:web-reactive.adoc[]
 ** xref:web/webflux.adoc[]
 *** xref:web/webflux/new-framework.adoc[]
@@ -296,7 +296,6 @@
 *** xref:web/webflux-functional.adoc[]
 *** xref:web/webflux/uri-building.adoc[]
 *** xref:web/webflux/range.adoc[]
-*** xref:web/webflux/data-binding.adoc[]
 *** xref:web/webflux-cors.adoc[]
 *** xref:web/webflux-versioning.adoc[]
 *** xref:web/webflux/ann-rest-exceptions.adoc[]
@@ -332,10 +331,9 @@
 *** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/application-events.adoc[]
 *** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/test-execution-events.adoc[]
 *** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management.adoc[]
-**** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/javaconfig.adoc[]
 **** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/xml.adoc[]
 **** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/groovy.adoc[]
-**** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/default-config.adoc[]
+**** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/javaconfig.adoc[]
 **** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/mixed-config.adoc[]
 **** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/context-customizers.adoc[]
 **** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/initializers.adoc[]
@@ -346,7 +344,6 @@
 **** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/web.adoc[]
 **** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/web-mocks.adoc[]
 **** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/caching.adoc[]
-**** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/context-pausing.adoc[]
 **** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/failure-threshold.adoc[]
 **** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/hierarchies.adoc[]
 *** xref:testing/testcontext-framework/fixture-di.adoc[]
@@ -452,13 +449,14 @@
 *** xref:languages/kotlin/null-safety.adoc[]
 *** xref:languages/kotlin/classes-interfaces.adoc[]
 *** xref:languages/kotlin/annotations.adoc[]
-*** xref:languages/kotlin/bean-registration-dsl.adoc[]
+*** xref:languages/kotlin/bean-definition-dsl.adoc[]
 *** xref:languages/kotlin/web.adoc[]
 *** xref:languages/kotlin/coroutines.adoc[]
 *** xref:languages/kotlin/spring-projects-in.adoc[]
 *** xref:languages/kotlin/getting-started.adoc[]
 *** xref:languages/kotlin/resources.adoc[]
 ** xref:languages/groovy.adoc[]
+** xref:languages/dynamic.adoc[]
 * xref:appendix.adoc[]
 * {spring-framework-docs-root}/{spring-version}/javadoc-api/[Java API,window=_blank, role=link-external]
 * {spring-framework-api-kdoc}/[Kotlin API,window=_blank, role=link-external]
@@ -74,11 +74,6 @@ expressions used in XML bean definitions, `@Value`, etc.
 | The mode to use when compiling expressions for the
 xref:core/expressions/evaluation.adoc#expressions-compiler-configuration[Spring Expression Language].

-| `spring.expression.maxOperations`
-| The default maximum number of operations permitted during
-xref:core/expressions/evaluation.adoc#expressions-parser-configuration[Spring Expression Language]
-expression evaluation.
-
 | `spring.getenv.ignore`
 | Instructs Spring to ignore operating system environment variables if a Spring
 `Environment` property -- for example, a placeholder in a configuration String -- isn't
@@ -86,11 +81,6 @@ resolvable otherwise. See
 {spring-framework-api}++/core/env/AbstractEnvironment.html#IGNORE_GETENV_PROPERTY_NAME++[`AbstractEnvironment`]
 for details.

-| `spring.http.response.flush.enabled`
-| Configures the Spring MVC `ServletServerHttpResponse` to allow flushing on the `OutputStream`
-returned by `ServletServerHttpResponse#getBody()`. By default, such flush calls are ignored and
-only `ServletServerHttpResponse#flush()` will actually flush the response to the network.
-
 | `spring.jdbc.getParameterType.ignore`
 | Instructs Spring to ignore `java.sql.ParameterMetaData.getParameterType` completely.
 See the note in xref:data-access/jdbc/advanced.adoc#jdbc-batch-list[Batch Operations with a List of Objects].
@@ -134,20 +124,11 @@ on a test class. See xref:testing/annotations/integration-junit-jupiter.adoc#int
 | The maximum size of the context cache in the _Spring TestContext Framework_. See
 xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/caching.adoc[Context Caching].

-| `spring.test.context.cache.pause`
-| The pause mode for the context cache in the _Spring TestContext Framework_. See
-xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/context-pausing.adoc[Context Pausing].
-
 | `spring.test.context.failure.threshold`
 | The failure threshold for errors encountered while attempting to load an `ApplicationContext`
 in the _Spring TestContext Framework_. See
 xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/failure-threshold.adoc[Context Failure Threshold].

-| `spring.test.extension.context.scope`
-| The default _extension context scope_ used by the `SpringExtension` in `@Nested` test
-class hierarchies. See
-xref:testing/annotations/integration-junit-jupiter.adoc#integration-testing-annotations-springextensionconfig[`@SpringExtensionConfig`].
-
 | `spring.test.enclosing.configuration`
 | The default _enclosing configuration inheritance mode_ to use if
 `@NestedTestConfiguration` is not present on a test class. See
@@ -87,12 +87,14 @@ A crucial difference between Spring pooling and SLSB pooling is that Spring pool
 be applied to any POJO. As with Spring in general, this service can be applied in a
 non-invasive way.

-Spring provides support for Commons Pool 2, which provides a
+Spring provides support for Commons Pool 2.2, which provides a
 fairly efficient pooling implementation. You need the `commons-pool` Jar on your
 application's classpath to use this feature. You can also subclass
 `org.springframework.aop.target.AbstractPoolingTargetSource` to support any other
 pooling API.

+NOTE: Commons Pool 1.5+ is also supported but is deprecated as of Spring Framework 4.2.
+
 The following listing shows an example configuration:

 [source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ of determining parameter names, an exception will be thrown.
  parameter names. This discoverer is only used if such APIs are present on the classpath.
 `StandardReflectionParameterNameDiscoverer` :: Uses the standard `java.lang.reflect.Parameter`
  API to determine parameter names. Requires that code be compiled with the `-parameters`
-  flag for `javac`. Recommended approach.
+  flag for `javac`. Recommended approach on Java 8+.
 `AspectJAdviceParameterNameDiscoverer` :: Deduces parameter names from the pointcut
  expression, `returning`, and `throwing` clauses. See the
  {spring-framework-api}/aop/aspectj/AspectJAdviceParameterNameDiscoverer.html[javadoc]
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ Note that pointcut definitions are generally matched against any intercepted met
 If a pointcut is strictly meant to be public-only, even in a CGLIB proxy scenario with
 potential non-public interactions through proxies, it needs to be defined accordingly.

-If your interception needs to include method calls or even constructors within the target
+If your interception needs include method calls or even constructors within the target
 class, consider the use of Spring-driven xref:core/aop/using-aspectj.adoc#aop-aj-ltw[native AspectJ weaving] instead
 of Spring's proxy-based AOP framework. This constitutes a different mode of AOP usage
 with different characteristics, so be sure to make yourself familiar with weaving
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ The container also supports creating a bean with {spring-framework-api}++/beans/

 . The custom arguments require dynamic introspection of a matching constructor or factory method.
 Those arguments cannot be detected by AOT, so the necessary reflection hints will have to be provided manually.
-. Bypassing the instance supplier means that all other optimizations after creation are skipped as well.
+. By-passing the instance supplier means that all other optimizations after creation are skipped as well.
 For instance, autowiring on fields and methods will be skipped as they are handled in the instance supplier.

 Rather than having prototype-scoped beans created with custom arguments, we recommend a manual factory pattern where a bean is responsible for the creation of the instance.
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ its behavior changes.
 | Initialization of `SmartInitializingSingleton` beans.
 | `beanName` the name of the bean.

+| `spring.context.annotated-bean-reader.create`
+| Creation of the `AnnotatedBeanDefinitionReader`.
+|
+
 | `spring.context.base-packages.scan`
 | Scanning of base packages.
 | `packages` array of base packages for scanning.
@@ -151,17 +151,17 @@ injected into a `Set<MovieCatalog>` annotated with `@Qualifier("action")`.
 [TIP]
 ====
 Letting qualifier values select against target bean names, within the type-matching
-candidates, does not require a `@Qualifier` annotation at the injection point. If there
-is no other resolution indicator (such as a qualifier, a primary marker, or a fallback
-marker), for a non-unique dependency situation, Spring matches the injection point name
-(that is, the field name or parameter name) against the target bean names and chooses the
-same-named candidate, if any (either by bean name or by associated alias).
+candidates, does not require a `@Qualifier` annotation at the injection point.
+If there is no other resolution indicator (such as a qualifier or a primary marker),
+for a non-unique dependency situation, Spring matches the injection point name
+(that is, the field name or parameter name) against the target bean names and chooses
+the same-named candidate, if any (either by bean name or by associated alias).

-Since version 6.1, this requires the `-parameters` Java compiler flag to be present. As
-of 6.2, the container applies fast shortcut resolution for bean name matches, bypassing
-the full type matching algorithm when the parameter name matches the bean name and no
-type, qualifier, primary, or fallback conditions override the match. It is therefore
-recommendable for your parameter names to match the target bean names.
+Since version 6.1, this requires the `-parameters` Java compiler flag to be present.
+As of 6.2, the container applies fast shortcut resolution for bean name matches,
+bypassing the full type matching algorithm when the parameter name matches the
+bean name and no type, qualifier or primary conditions override the match. It is
+therefore recommendable for your parameter names to match the target bean names.
 ====

 As an alternative for injection by name, consider the JSR-250 `@Resource` annotation
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ Kotlin::
 Next, you can provide the information for the candidate bean definitions. You can add
 `<qualifier/>` tags as sub-elements of the `<bean/>` tag and then specify the `type` and
 `value` to match your custom qualifier annotations. The type is matched against the
-fully-qualified class name of the annotation. Alternatively, as a convenience if no risk of
+fully-qualified class name of the annotation. Alternately, as a convenience if no risk of
 conflicting names exists, you can use the short class name. The following example
 demonstrates both approaches:

@@ -309,8 +309,7 @@ set of multiple matches for the specific bean type (as returned by the factory m

 Note that the standard `jakarta.annotation.Priority` annotation is not available at the
 `@Bean` level, since it cannot be declared on methods. Its semantics can be modeled
-through `@Order` values in combination with `@Primary` or `@Fallback` on a single bean
-for each type.
+through `@Order` values in combination with `@Primary` on a single bean for each type.
 ====

 Even typed `Map` instances can be autowired as long as the expected key type is `String`.
@@ -27,5 +27,4 @@ with the `CustomAutowireConfigurer`

 When multiple beans qualify as autowire candidates, the determination of a "`primary`" is
 as follows: If exactly one bean definition among the candidates has a `primary`
-attribute set to `true`, it is selected. For annotation-based configuration, see
-xref:core/beans/annotation-config/autowired-primary.adoc[Fine-tuning with `@Primary` or `@Fallback`].
+attribute set to `true`, it is selected.
@@ -239,6 +239,40 @@ The namespace itself provides the import directive feature. Further
 configuration features beyond plain bean definitions are available in a selection
 of XML namespaces provided by Spring -- for example, the `context` and `util` namespaces.

+[[beans-factory-groovy]]
+=== The Groovy Bean Definition DSL
+
+As a further example for externalized configuration metadata, bean definitions can also
+be expressed in Spring's Groovy Bean Definition DSL, as known from the Grails framework.
+Typically, such configuration live in a ".groovy" file with the structure shown in the
+following example:
+
+[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	beans {
+		dataSource(BasicDataSource) {
+			driverClassName = "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver"
+			url = "jdbc:hsqldb:mem:grailsDB"
+			username = "sa"
+			password = ""
+			settings = [mynew:"setting"]
+		}
+		sessionFactory(SessionFactory) {
+			dataSource = dataSource
+		}
+		myService(MyService) {
+			nestedBean = { AnotherBean bean ->
+				dataSource = dataSource
+			}
+		}
+	}
+----
+
+This configuration style is largely equivalent to XML bean definitions and even
+supports Spring's XML configuration namespaces. It also allows for importing XML
+bean definition files through an `importBeans` directive.
+
+
 [[beans-factory-client]]
 == Using the Container

@@ -556,11 +556,18 @@ Kotlin::
 ======

 If you do not want to rely on the default bean-naming strategy, you can provide a custom
-bean-naming strategy. First, implement either the
-{spring-framework-api}/beans/factory/support/BeanNameGenerator.html[`BeanNameGenerator`] or
-{spring-framework-api}/context/annotation/ConfigurationBeanNameGenerator.html[`ConfigurationBeanNameGenerator`]
+bean-naming strategy. First, implement the
+{spring-framework-api}/beans/factory/support/BeanNameGenerator.html[`BeanNameGenerator`]
 interface, and be sure to include a default no-arg constructor. Then, provide the fully
-qualified class name when configuring the scanner, as the following examples show.
+qualified class name when configuring the scanner, as the following example annotation
+and bean definition show.
+
+TIP: If you run into naming conflicts due to multiple autodetected components having the
+same non-qualified class name (i.e., classes with identical names but residing in
+different packages), you may need to configure a `BeanNameGenerator` that defaults to the
+fully qualified class name for the generated bean name. The
+`FullyQualifiedAnnotationBeanNameGenerator` located in package
+`org.springframework.context.annotation` can be used for such purposes.

 [tabs]
 ======
@@ -595,27 +602,6 @@ Kotlin::
 	</beans>
 ----

-[TIP]
-====
-If you run into naming conflicts due to multiple autodetected components having the same
-non-qualified class name (for example, classes with identical names but residing in
-different packages), you can configure a `BeanNameGenerator` that defaults to the
-fully-qualified class name for the generated bean name. The
-`FullyQualifiedAnnotationBeanNameGenerator` can be used for such purposes.
-
-As of Spring Framework 7.0, if you encounter naming conflicts among `@Bean` methods in
-`@Configuration` classes, you can alternatively configure a
-`ConfigurationBeanNameGenerator` that generates unique bean names for `@Bean` methods.
-The `FullyQualifiedConfigurationBeanNameGenerator` can be used to generate
-fully-qualified default bean names for `@Bean` methods without an explicit `name`
-attribute — for example, `com.example.MyConfig.myBean` for an `@Bean` method named
-`myBean()` declared in `@Configuration` class `com.example.MyConfig`.
-
-The `FullyQualifiedAnnotationBeanNameGenerator` and
-`FullyQualifiedConfigurationBeanNameGenerator` both reside in the
-`org.springframework.context.annotation` package.
-====
-
 As a general rule, consider specifying the name with the annotation whenever other
 components may be making explicit references to it. On the other hand, the
 auto-generated names are adequate whenever the container is responsible for wiring.
@@ -1059,10 +1045,10 @@ methods anywhere. However, regular `@Bean` methods in `@Configuration` classes n
 to be overridable -- that is, they must not be declared as `private` or `final`.

 `@Bean` methods are also discovered on base classes of a given component or
-configuration class, as well as on Java default methods declared in interfaces
+configuration class, as well as on Java 8 default methods declared in interfaces
 implemented by the component or configuration class. This allows for a lot of
 flexibility in composing complex configuration arrangements, with even multiple
-inheritance being possible through Java default methods.
+inheritance being possible through Java 8 default methods as of Spring 4.2.

 Finally, a single class may hold multiple `@Bean` methods for the same
 bean, as an arrangement of multiple factory methods to use depending on available
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ Kotlin::
 ----
 ======

-NOTE: Do not define such beans to be lazy as the `ApplicationContext` will honor that and will not register the method to listen to events.
+NOTE: Do not define such beans to be lazy as the `ApplicationContext` will honour that and will not register the method to listen to events.

 The method signature once again declares the event type to which it listens,
 but, this time, with a flexible name and without implementing a specific listener interface.
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ the `@Bean` factory method in favor of any pre-declared constructor on the bean
 ****

 NOTE: We acknowledge that overriding beans in test scenarios is convenient, and there is
-explicit support for this. Please refer to
+explicit support for this as of Spring Framework 6.2. Please refer to
 xref:testing/testcontext-framework/bean-overriding.adoc[this section] for more details.


@@ -50,8 +50,9 @@ XML configuration:

 The preceding XML is more succinct. However, typos are discovered at runtime rather than
 design time, unless you use an IDE (such as https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/[IntelliJ
-IDEA] or the {spring-site-tools}[Spring Tools]) that supports automatic property
-completion when you create bean definitions. Such IDE assistance is highly recommended.
+IDEA] or the {spring-site-tools}[Spring Tools for Eclipse])
+that supports automatic property completion when you create bean definitions. Such IDE
+assistance is highly recommended.

 You can also configure a `java.util.Properties` instance, as follows:

@@ -67,13 +67,6 @@ interface, clearly indicating the post-processor nature of that bean. Otherwise,
 Since a `BeanPostProcessor` needs to be instantiated early in order to apply to the
 initialization of other beans in the context, this early type detection is critical.

-Furthermore, when registering a `BeanPostProcessor` via an `@Bean` factory method,
-declare the method as `static` and ideally with no dependencies. Doing so avoids eager
-initialization of the configuration class and other beans, which would make them
-ineligible for full post-processing (such as auto-proxying). See the
-"BeanPostProcessor-returning `@Bean` methods" section in the
-{spring-framework-api}/context/annotation/Bean.html[`@Bean`] javadoc for details.
-
 [[beans-factory-programmatically-registering-beanpostprocessors]]
 .Programmatically registering `BeanPostProcessor` instances
 NOTE: While the recommended approach for `BeanPostProcessor` registration is through
@@ -87,7 +80,7 @@ of execution. Note also that `BeanPostProcessor` instances registered programmat
 are always processed before those registered through auto-detection, regardless of any
 explicit ordering.

-.`BeanPostProcessor` instances and early initialization
+.`BeanPostProcessor` instances and AOP auto-proxying
 [NOTE]
 ====
 Classes that implement the `BeanPostProcessor` interface are special and are treated
@@ -97,23 +90,17 @@ of the `ApplicationContext`. Next, all `BeanPostProcessor` instances are registe
 in a sorted fashion and applied to all further beans in the container. Because AOP
 auto-proxying is implemented as a `BeanPostProcessor` itself, neither `BeanPostProcessor`
 instances nor the beans they directly reference are eligible for auto-proxying and,
-thus, do not have aspects woven into them. More generally, any bean that is instantiated
-during this early phase is not eligible for full post-processing by all
-`BeanPostProcessor` instances.
+thus, do not have aspects woven into them.

-For any such bean, you should see a WARN-level log message similar to the following.
+For any such bean, you should see an informational log message: `Bean someBean is not
+eligible for getting processed by all BeanPostProcessor interfaces (for example: not
+eligible for auto-proxying)`.

-[quote]
-Bean 'someBean' of type [org.example.SomeType] is not eligible for getting processed by
-all BeanPostProcessors (for example: not eligible for auto-proxying).
-
-To minimize the number of beans affected, register a `BeanPostProcessor` with a
-`static` `@Bean` method that has no dependencies (see the note above). If you have
-beans wired into your `BeanPostProcessor` by using autowiring or `@Resource` (which
-may fall back to autowiring), Spring might access unexpected beans when searching
-for type-matching dependency candidates and, therefore, make them ineligible for
-auto-proxying or other kinds of bean post-processing. For example, if you have a
-dependency annotated with `@Resource` where the field or setter name does not
+If you have beans wired into your `BeanPostProcessor` by using autowiring or
+`@Resource` (which may fall back to autowiring), Spring might access unexpected beans
+when searching for type-matching dependency candidates and, therefore, make them
+ineligible for auto-proxying or other kinds of bean post-processing. For example, if you
+have a dependency annotated with `@Resource` where the field or setter name does not
 directly correspond to the declared name of a bean and no name attribute is used,
 Spring accesses other beans for matching them by type.
 ====
@@ -148,7 +135,7 @@ Java::
 		}

 		public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) {
-			System.out.println("Bean '" + beanName + "' created : " + bean);
+			System.out.println("Bean '" + beanName + "' created : " + bean.toString());
 			return bean;
 		}
 	}
@@ -177,48 +164,7 @@ Kotlin::
 ----
 ======

-You can register the `InstantiationTracingBeanPostProcessor` with Java configuration
-by using a `static` `@Bean` method (recommended to avoid eager initialization of the
-configuration class and other beans):
-
-[tabs]
-======
-Java::
-+
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",chomp="-packages"]
----
-	@Configuration
-	public class AppConfig {
-
-		@Bean
-		public static InstantiationTracingBeanPostProcessor instantiationTracingBeanPostProcessor() {
-			return new InstantiationTracingBeanPostProcessor();
-		}
-
-		// ... other bean definitions
-	}
----
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",chomp="-packages"]
----
-	@Configuration
-	class AppConfig {
-
-		@Bean
-		companion object {
-			@JvmStatic
-			fun instantiationTracingBeanPostProcessor() = InstantiationTracingBeanPostProcessor()
-		}
-
-		// ... other bean definitions
-	}
----
-======
-
-Alternatively, the `InstantiationTracingBeanPostProcessor` can be registered via the
-`bean` element with XML configuration:
+The following `beans` element uses the `InstantiationTracingBeanPostProcessor`:

 [source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
@@ -246,9 +192,10 @@ Alternatively, the `InstantiationTracingBeanPostProcessor` can be registered via
 ----

 Notice how the `InstantiationTracingBeanPostProcessor` is merely defined. It does not
-even have a name, and, because it is a bean, it can be dependency-injected as with any
+even have a name, and, because it is a bean, it can be dependency-injected as you would any
 other bean. (The preceding configuration also defines a bean that is backed by a Groovy
-script.)
+script. The Spring dynamic language support is detailed in the chapter entitled
+xref:languages/dynamic.adoc[Dynamic Language Support].)

 The following Java application runs the preceding code and configuration:

@@ -354,23 +301,6 @@ implement the `BeanFactoryPostProcessor` interface. It uses these beans as bean
 post-processors, at the appropriate time. You can deploy these post-processor beans as
 you would any other bean.

-When registering a `BeanFactoryPostProcessor` via an `@Bean` factory method in a
-`@Configuration` class, declare the method as `static` to avoid lifecycle conflicts
-with annotation processing (such as `@Autowired`, `@Value`, and `@PostConstruct`) in the
-configuration class. See the "BeanFactoryPostProcessor-returning `@Bean` methods"
-section in the {spring-framework-api}/context/annotation/Bean.html[`@Bean`] javadoc
-for details and an example.
-
-For any non-static `@Bean` factory method with a `BeanFactoryPostProcessor` return type,
-you should see an INFO-level log message similar to the following.
-
-[quote]
-@Bean method MyConfig.myBfpp is non-static and returns an object assignable to Spring's
-BeanFactoryPostProcessor interface. This will result in a failure to process annotations
-such as @Autowired, @Resource, and @PostConstruct within the method's declaring
-@Configuration class. Add the 'static' modifier to this method to avoid these container
-lifecycle issues; see @Bean javadoc for complete details.
-
 NOTE: As with ``BeanPostProcessor``s , you typically do not want to configure
 ``BeanFactoryPostProcessor``s for lazy initialization. If no other bean references a
 `Bean(Factory)PostProcessor`, that post-processor will not get instantiated at all.
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 `@Bean` is a method-level annotation and a direct analog of the XML `<bean/>` element.
 The annotation supports some of the attributes offered by `<bean/>`, such as:

-* xref:core/beans/definition.adoc#beans-beanname[name]
 * xref:core/beans/factory-nature.adoc#beans-factory-lifecycle-initializingbean[init-method]
 * xref:core/beans/factory-nature.adoc#beans-factory-lifecycle-disposablebean[destroy-method]
 * xref:core/beans/dependencies/factory-autowire.adoc[autowiring]
+* `name`.

 You can use the `@Bean` annotation in a `@Configuration`-annotated or in a
 `@Component`-annotated class.
@@ -17,10 +17,9 @@ You can use the `@Bean` annotation in a `@Configuration`-annotated or in a
 == Declaring a Bean

 To declare a bean, you can annotate a method with the `@Bean` annotation. You use this
-method to register a bean definition within an `ApplicationContext` of the type specified
-by the method's return type. By default, the bean name is the same as the method name
-(unless a different xref:#beans-java-customizing-bean-naming[bean name generator] is
-configured). The following example shows a `@Bean` method declaration:
+method to register a bean definition within an `ApplicationContext` of the type
+specified as the method's return value. By default, the bean name is the same as
+the method name. The following example shows a `@Bean` method declaration:

 [tabs]
 ======
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ Kotlin::
 ----
 ======

-However, this limits the visibility for advanced type prediction to the specified
+However, this limits the visibility for advance type prediction to the specified
 interface type (`TransferService`). Then, with the full type (`TransferServiceImpl`)
 known to the container only once the affected singleton bean has been instantiated.
 Non-lazy singleton beans get instantiated according to their declaration order,
@@ -474,15 +473,8 @@ Kotlin::
 == Customizing Bean Naming

 By default, configuration classes use a `@Bean` method's name as the name of the
-resulting bean. However, as of Spring Framework 7.0, you can change this default strategy
-by configuring a custom
-{spring-framework-api}/context/annotation/ConfigurationBeanNameGenerator.html[`ConfigurationBeanNameGenerator`]
-when bootstrapping the context or configuring component scanning. For example,
-{spring-framework-api}/context/annotation/FullyQualifiedConfigurationBeanNameGenerator.html[`FullyQualifiedConfigurationBeanNameGenerator`]
-can be used to generate fully-qualified default bean names for `@Bean` methods without an
-explicit `name` attribute. For individual `@Bean` methods, the default or
-generator-derived name can be overridden with the `name` attribute, as the following
-example shows:
+resulting bean. This functionality can be overridden, however, with the `name` attribute,
+as the following example shows:

 [tabs]
 ======
@@ -513,7 +505,6 @@ Kotlin::
 ----
 ======

-NOTE: `@Bean("myThing")` is equivalent to `@Bean(name = "myThing")`.

 [[beans-java-bean-aliasing]]
 == Bean Aliasing
@@ -327,8 +327,9 @@ Kotlin::
 ----
 ======

-TIP: Note that there is no need to specify `@Autowired` if the target bean defines
-only one constructor.
+TIP: Constructor injection in `@Configuration` classes is only supported as of Spring
+Framework 4.3. Note also that there is no need to specify `@Autowired` if the target
+bean defines only one constructor.

 [discrete]
 [[beans-java-injecting-imported-beans-fq]]
@@ -338,11 +339,11 @@ In the preceding scenario, using `@Autowired` works well and provides the desire
 modularity, but determining exactly where the autowired bean definitions are declared is
 still somewhat ambiguous. For example, as a developer looking at `ServiceConfig`, how do
 you know exactly where the `@Autowired AccountRepository` bean is declared? It is not
-explicit in the code, and this may be just fine. Note that the
-{spring-site-tools}[Spring Tools] IDE support provides tooling that can render graphs
-showing how everything is wired, which may be all you need. Also, your Java IDE can
-easily find all declarations and uses of the `AccountRepository` type and quickly show
-you the location of `@Bean` methods that return that type.
+explicit in the code, and this may be just fine. Remember that the
+{spring-site-tools}[Spring Tools for Eclipse] provides tooling that
+can render graphs showing how everything is wired, which may be all you need. Also,
+your Java IDE can easily find all declarations and uses of the `AccountRepository` type
+and quickly show you the location of `@Bean` methods that return that type.

 In cases where this ambiguity is not acceptable and you wish to have direct navigation
 from within your IDE from one `@Configuration` class to another, consider autowiring the
@@ -610,19 +611,6 @@ Kotlin::
 See the {spring-framework-api}/context/annotation/Conditional.html[`@Conditional`]
 javadoc for more detail.

-[NOTE]
-====
-A `@Conditional` annotation declared on an enclosing `@Configuration` class is only
-applied to the registration of a nested `@Configuration` class if the nested class is
-reached through the parser's recursion from its enclosing class, or via `@Import`. If a
-nested class is discovered independently of its enclosing class — for example, via
-`@ComponentScan` or by directly registering it against the application context — it is
-processed using only its own `@Conditional` annotations. Thus, if you wish to ensure that
-the same `@Conditional` annotations apply in such scenarios, you must redeclare the
-relevant annotations on the nested class, or extract them into a composed annotation
-which you apply to both the enclosing class and the nested class.
-====
-

 [[beans-java-combining]]
 == Combining Java and XML Configuration
@@ -9,7 +9,28 @@ efficient way.
 Those bean registrar implementations are typically imported with an `@Import` annotation
 on `@Configuration` classes.

-include-code::./MyConfiguration[tag=snippet,indent=0]
+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+     @Configuration
+     @Import(MyBeanRegistrar.class)
+     class MyConfiguration {
+     }
+----
+
+Kotlin::
+
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+    @Configuration
+    @Import(MyBeanRegistrar::class)
+    class MyConfiguration {
+    }
+----
+======

 NOTE: You can leverage type-level conditional annotations ({spring-framework-api}/context/annotation/Conditional.html[`@Conditional`],
 but also other variants) to conditionally import the related bean registrars.
@@ -19,7 +40,49 @@ The bean registrar implementation uses {spring-framework-api}/beans/factory/Bean
 and flexible way. For example, it allows custom registration through an `if` expression, a
 `for` loop, etc.

-include-code::./MyBeanRegistrar[tag=snippet,indent=0]
+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+    class MyBeanRegistrar implements BeanRegistrar {
+
+        @Override
+        public void register(BeanRegistry registry, Environment env) {
+            registry.registerBean("foo", Foo.class);
+            registry.registerBean("bar", Bar.class, spec -> spec
+                    .prototype()
+                    .lazyInit()
+                    .description("Custom description")
+                    .supplier(context -> new Bar(context.bean(Foo.class))));
+            if (env.matchesProfiles("baz")) {
+                registry.registerBean(Baz.class, spec -> spec
+                        .supplier(context -> new Baz("Hello World!")));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+----
+
+Kotlin::
+
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+    class MyBeanRegistrar : BeanRegistrarDsl({
+        registerBean<Foo>()
+        registerBean(
+            name = "bar",
+            prototype = true,
+            lazyInit = true,
+            description = "Custom description") {
+                Bar(bean<Foo>())
+        }
+        profile("baz") {
+            registerBean { Baz("Hello World!") }
+        }
+    })
+----
+======

 NOTE: Bean registrars are supported with xref:core/aot.adoc[Ahead of Time Optimizations],
 either on the JVM or with GraalVM native images, including when instance suppliers are used.
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
 [[beans-standard-annotations]]
-= Using JSR-330 Standard Annotations
+= Using JSR 330 Standard Annotations

-Spring offers support for JSR-330 standard _Dependency Injection_ annotations which are
-available in the `jakarta.inject` package. These annotations may optionally be used as
-alternatives to Spring annotations.
-
-To use them, you need to have the relevant jar in your classpath. For example, the
-`jakarta.inject` artifact is available in the standard Maven repository
-(`https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/jakarta/inject/jakarta.inject-api/2.0.0/`),
+Spring offers support for JSR-330 standard annotations (Dependency Injection). Those
+annotations are scanned in the same way as the Spring annotations. To use them, you need
+to have the relevant jars in your classpath.

 [NOTE]
 =====
-If you use Maven, you can add the following dependency to your `pom.xml` file.
+If you use Maven, the `jakarta.inject` artifact is available in the standard Maven
+repository (
+https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/jakarta/inject/jakarta.inject-api/2.0.0/[https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/jakarta/inject/jakarta.inject-api/2.0.0/]).
+You can add the following dependency to your file pom.xml:

 [source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
@@ -27,14 +26,13 @@ If you use Maven, you can add the following dependency to your `pom.xml` file.
 [[beans-inject-named]]
 == Dependency Injection with `@Inject` and `@Named`

-Instead of using `@Autowired` for dependency injection, you may optionally choose to use
-`@jakarta.inject.Inject` as follows.
+Instead of `@Autowired`, you can use `@jakarta.inject.Inject` as follows:

 [tabs]
 ======
 Java::
 +
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	import jakarta.inject.Inject;

@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ Java::

 Kotlin::
 +
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	import jakarta.inject.Inject

@@ -74,19 +72,17 @@ Kotlin::
 ----
 ======

-As with `@Autowired`, you can use `@Inject` at the field level, method level, and
-constructor-argument level.
-
-Furthermore, as an alternative to Spring's `ObjectProvider` mechanism, you may choose to
-declare your injection point as a `jakarta.inject.Provider`, allowing for on-demand
-access to beans of shorter scopes or lazy access to other beans through a
-`Provider.get()` call. The following example offers a variant of the preceding example.
+As with `@Autowired`, you can use `@Inject` at the field level, method level
+and constructor-argument level. Furthermore, you may declare your injection point as a
+`Provider`, allowing for on-demand access to beans of shorter scopes or lazy access to
+other beans through a `Provider.get()` call. The following example offers a variant of the
+preceding example:

 [tabs]
 ======
 Java::
 +
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 	import jakarta.inject.Provider;
@@ -109,10 +105,9 @@ Java::

 Kotlin::
 +
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	import jakarta.inject.Inject
-	import jakarta.inject.Provider

 	class SimpleMovieLister {

@@ -128,15 +123,14 @@ Kotlin::
 ----
 ======

-If you would like to use a qualified name for the dependency that should be injected, you
-may choose to use the `@Named` annotation as an alternative to Spring's `@Qualifier`
-support, as the following example shows.
+If you would like to use a qualified name for the dependency that should be injected,
+you should use the `@Named` annotation, as the following example shows:

 [tabs]
 ======
 Java::
 +
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 	import jakarta.inject.Named;
@@ -156,7 +150,7 @@ Java::

 Kotlin::
 +
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	import jakarta.inject.Inject
 	import jakarta.inject.Named
@@ -176,15 +170,12 @@ Kotlin::
 ======

 As with `@Autowired`, `@Inject` can also be used with `java.util.Optional` or
-`@Nullable`. This is even more applicable here, since `@Inject` does not have a
-`required` attribute. The following examples show how to use `@Inject` with `Optional`,
-`@Nullable`, and Kotlin's built-in support for nullable types.
+`@Nullable`. This is even more applicable here, since `@Inject` does not have
+a `required` attribute. The following pair of examples show how to use `@Inject` and
+`@Nullable`:

-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
-	import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-	import java.util.Optional;
-
 	public class SimpleMovieLister {

 		@Inject
@@ -198,11 +189,8 @@ As with `@Autowired`, `@Inject` can also be used with `java.util.Optional` or
 ======
 Java::
 +
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
-	import jakarta.inject.Inject;
-	import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
-
 	public class SimpleMovieLister {

 		@Inject
@@ -214,10 +202,8 @@ Java::

 Kotlin::
 +
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
-	import jakarta.inject.Inject
-
 	class SimpleMovieLister {

 		@Inject
@@ -228,21 +214,21 @@ Kotlin::


 [[beans-named]]
-== `@Named`: Standard Equivalent to the `@Component` Annotation
+== `@Named` and `@ManagedBean`: Standard Equivalents to the `@Component` Annotation

-Instead of `@Component` or other Spring stereotype annotations, you may optionally choose
-to use `@jakarta.inject.Named`, as the following example shows.
+Instead of `@Component`, you can use `@jakarta.inject.Named` or `jakarta.annotation.ManagedBean`,
+as the following example shows:

 [tabs]
 ======
 Java::
 +
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 	import jakarta.inject.Named;

-	@Named("movieListener")
+	@Named("movieListener")  // @ManagedBean("movieListener") could be used as well
 	public class SimpleMovieLister {

 		private MovieFinder movieFinder;
@@ -258,12 +244,12 @@ Java::

 Kotlin::
 +
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	import jakarta.inject.Inject
 	import jakarta.inject.Named

-	@Named("movieListener")
+	@Named("movieListener")  // @ManagedBean("movieListener") could be used as well
 	class SimpleMovieLister {

 		@Inject
@@ -274,15 +260,14 @@ Kotlin::
 ----
 ======

-It is very common to use `@Component` or other Spring stereotype annotations without
-specifying an explicit name for the component, and `@Named` can be used in a similar
-fashion, as the following example shows.
+It is very common to use `@Component` without specifying a name for the component.
+`@Named` can be used in a similar fashion, as the following example shows:

 [tabs]
 ======
 Java::
 +
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 	import jakarta.inject.Named;
@@ -303,7 +288,7 @@ Java::

 Kotlin::
 +
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	import jakarta.inject.Inject
 	import jakarta.inject.Named
@@ -319,14 +304,14 @@ Kotlin::
 ----
 ======

-When you use `@Named`, you can use component scanning in the exact same way as when you
-use Spring annotations, as the following example shows.
+When you use `@Named` or `@ManagedBean`, you can use component scanning in the
+exact same way as when you use Spring annotations, as the following example shows:

 [tabs]
 ======
 Java::
 +
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	@Configuration
 	@ComponentScan(basePackages = "org.example")
@@ -337,7 +322,7 @@ Java::

 Kotlin::
 +
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	@Configuration
 	@ComponentScan(basePackages = ["org.example"])
@@ -347,106 +332,55 @@ Kotlin::
 ----
 ======

-NOTE: In contrast to `@Component`, the JSR-330 `@Named` annotation is not composable. You
-should use Spring's stereotype model for building custom component annotations.
-
-[TIP]
-====
-If you work with legacy systems that still use `@javax.inject.Named` or
-`@javax.annotation.ManagedBean` for components (note the `javax` package namespace), you
-can explicitly configure component scanning to include those annotation types, as shown
-in the following example.
-
-[tabs]
-======
-Java::
-+
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
----
-	@Configuration
-	@ComponentScan(
-		basePackages = "org.example",
-		includeFilters = @Filter({
-			javax.inject.Named.class,
-			javax.annotation.ManagedBean.class
-		})
-	)
-	public class AppConfig  {
-		// ...
-	}
----
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",fold="-imports"]
----
-	@Configuration
-	@ComponentScan(
-		basePackages = ["org.example"],
-		includeFilters = [Filter([
-			javax.inject.Named::class,
-			javax.annotation.ManagedBean::class
-		])]
-	)
-	class AppConfig  {
-		// ...
-	}
----
-======
-
-In addition, if you would like for the `value` attributes in `@javax.inject.Named` and
-`@javax.annotation.ManagedBean` to be used as component names, you need to override the
-`isStereotypeWithNameValue(...)` method in `AnnotationBeanNameGenerator` to add explicit
-support for `javax.annotation.ManagedBean` and `javax.inject.Named` and register your
-custom `AnnotationBeanNameGenerator` via the `nameGenerator` attribute in
-`@ComponentScan`.
-====
+NOTE: In contrast to `@Component`, the JSR-330 `@Named` and the JSR-250 `@ManagedBean`
+annotations are not composable. You should use Spring's stereotype model for building
+custom component annotations.


 [[beans-standard-annotations-limitations]]
 == Limitations of JSR-330 Standard Annotations

-When you work with JSR-330 standard annotations, you should know that some significant
-features are not available, as the following table shows.
+When you work with standard annotations, you should know that some significant
+features are not available, as the following table shows:

 [[annotations-comparison]]
-.Spring component model versus JSR-330 variants
+.Spring component model elements versus JSR-330 variants
 |===
-| Spring | JSR-330 | JSR-330 restrictions / comments
+| Spring| jakarta.inject.*| jakarta.inject restrictions / comments

-| `@Autowired`
-| `@Inject`
-| `@Inject` has no `required` attribute. Can be used with Java's `Optional` instead.
+| @Autowired
+| @Inject
+| `@Inject` has no 'required' attribute. Can be used with Java 8's `Optional` instead.

-| `@Component`
-| `@Named`
+| @Component
+| @Named / @ManagedBean
 | JSR-330 does not provide a composable model, only a way to identify named components.

-| `@Scope("singleton")`
-| `@Singleton`
+| @Scope("singleton")
+| @Singleton
 | The JSR-330 default scope is like Spring's `prototype`. However, in order to keep it
  consistent with Spring's general defaults, a JSR-330 bean declared in the Spring
  container is a `singleton` by default. In order to use a scope other than `singleton`,
  you should use Spring's `@Scope` annotation. `jakarta.inject` also provides a
-  `jakarta.inject.Scope` annotation; however, this one is only intended to be used
+  `jakarta.inject.Scope` annotation: however, this one is only intended to be used
  for creating custom annotations.

-| `@Qualifier`
-| `@Qualifier` / `@Named`
+| @Qualifier
+| @Qualifier / @Named
 | `jakarta.inject.Qualifier` is just a meta-annotation for building custom qualifiers.
  Concrete `String` qualifiers (like Spring's `@Qualifier` with a value) can be associated
  through `jakarta.inject.Named`.

-| `@Value`
+| @Value
 | -
 | no equivalent

-| `@Lazy`
+| @Lazy
 | -
 | no equivalent

-| `ObjectFactory`
-| `Provider`
+| ObjectFactory
+| Provider
 | `jakarta.inject.Provider` is a direct alternative to Spring's `ObjectFactory`,
  only with a shorter `get()` method name. It can also be used in combination with
  Spring's `@Autowired` or with non-annotated constructors and setter methods.
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ similar to the https://jakarta.ee/specifications/expression-language/[Jakarta Ex
 Language] but offers additional features, most notably method invocation and basic string
 templating functionality.

-While there are several other Java expression languages available -- OGNL, MVEL, and
-JBoss EL, to name a few -- the Spring Expression Language was created to provide the
-Spring community with a single well supported expression language that can be used across
-all the products in the Spring portfolio. Its language features are driven by the
-requirements of the projects in the Spring portfolio, including tooling requirements for
-code completion within the {spring-site-tools}[Spring Tools] IDE support. That said, SpEL
-is based on a technology-agnostic API that lets other expression language implementations
-be integrated, should the need arise.
+While there are several other Java expression languages available -- OGNL, MVEL, and JBoss
+EL, to name a few -- the Spring Expression Language was created to provide the Spring
+community with a single well supported expression language that can be used across all
+the products in the Spring portfolio. Its language features are driven by the
+requirements of the projects in the Spring portfolio, including tooling requirements
+for code completion support within the {spring-site-tools}[Spring Tools for Eclipse].
+That said, SpEL is based on a technology-agnostic API that lets other expression language
+implementations be integrated, should the need arise.

 While SpEL serves as the foundation for expression evaluation within the Spring
 portfolio, it is not directly tied to Spring and can be used independently. To
@@ -395,16 +395,6 @@ set a JVM system property or Spring property named `spring.context.expression.ma
 to the maximum expression length needed by your application (see
 xref:appendix.adoc#appendix-spring-properties[Supported Spring Properties]).

-Similarly, the number of operations performed during the evaluation of a SpEL expression
-cannot exceed 10,000 by default; however, the `maxOperations` value is configurable. If
-you create a `SpelExpressionParser` programmatically (the recommend approach), you can
-specify a custom `maxOperations` value when creating the `SpelParserConfiguration` that
-you provide to the `SpelExpressionParser`. If you are not able to configure an explicit
-value for `maxOperations` via `SpelParserConfiguration`, you can set a JVM system
-property or Spring property named `spring.expression.maxOperations` to the maximum number
-of operations required by your application (see
-xref:appendix.adoc#appendix-spring-properties[Supported Spring Properties]).
-

 [[expressions-spel-compilation]]
 == SpEL Compilation
@@ -2,12 +2,4 @@
 = Language Reference
 :page-section-summary-toc: 1

-Spring Expression Language (SpEL) expressions are composed of a sequence of tokens such
-as literals, operators, method invocations, and so forth.
-
-Whitespace can be used freely between tokens to format and improve the readability of
-expressions. Specifically, the `\s` (space), `\t` (tab), `\r` (carriage return), and `\n`
-(newline) characters are all valid separators between tokens. However, whitespace is
-ignored by the expression parser unless it is part of a string literal.
-
-The following sections describe the features and syntax of SpEL.
+This section describes how the Spring Expression Language works.
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Kotlin::
 	val trueValue = parser.parseExpression("'black' < 'block'").getValue(Boolean::class.java)

 	// uses CustomValue:::compareTo
-	val trueValue = parser.parseExpression("new CustomValue(1) < new CustomValue(2)").getValue(Boolean::class.java)
+	val trueValue = parser.parseExpression("new CustomValue(1) < new CustomValue(2)").getValue(Boolean::class.java);
 ----
 ======

@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ Kotlin::
 [CAUTION]
 ====
 The syntax for the `between` operator is `<input> between {<range_begin>, <range_end>}`,
-which is effectively a shortcut for `<input> >= <range_begin> && <input> \<= <range_end>`.
+which is effectively a shortcut for `<input> >= <range_begin> && <input> \<= <range_end>}`.

 Consequently, `1 between {1, 5}` evaluates to `true`, while `1 between {5, 1}` evaluates
 to `false`.
@@ -312,13 +312,13 @@ Kotlin::

 	// evaluates to 'a'
 	val ch = parser.parseExpression("'d' - 3")
-			.getValue(Char::class.java)
+			.getValue(Character::class.java);

 	// -- Repeat --

 	// evaluates to "abcabc"
 	val repeated = parser.parseExpression("'abc' * 2")
-			.getValue(String::class.java)
+			.getValue(String::class.java);
 ----
 ======

@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ Kotlin::

 	// -- Operator precedence --

-	val minusTwentyOne = parser.parseExpression("1+2-3*8").getValue(Int::class.java)  // -21
+	val minusTwentyOne = parser.parseExpression("1+2-3*8").getValue(Int::class.java)  // -21	
 ----
 ======

@@ -541,7 +541,32 @@ For example, if we want to overload the `ADD` operator to allow two lists to be
 concatenated using the `+` sign, we can implement a custom `OperatorOverloader` as
 follows.

-include-code::./ListConcatenation[]
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	pubic class ListConcatenation implements OperatorOverloader {
+
+		@Override
+		public boolean overridesOperation(Operation operation, Object left, Object right) {
+			return (operation == Operation.ADD &&
+					left instanceof List && right instanceof List);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+		public Object operate(Operation operation, Object left, Object right) {
+			if (operation == Operation.ADD &&
+					left instanceof List list1 && right instanceof List list2) {
+
+				List result = new ArrayList(list1);
+				result.addAll(list2);
+				return result;
+			}
+			throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+				"No overload for operation %s and operands [%s] and [%s]"
+					.formatted(operation, left, right));
+		}
+	}
+----

 If we register `ListConcatenation` as the `OperatorOverloader` in a
 `StandardEvaluationContext`, we can then evaluate expressions like `{1, 2, 3} + {4, 5}`
@@ -564,8 +589,8 @@ Kotlin::
 +
 [source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
-	val context = StandardEvaluationContext()
-	context.operatorOverloader = ListConcatenation()
+	StandardEvaluationContext context = StandardEvaluationContext()
+	context.setOperatorOverloader(ListConcatenation())

 	// evaluates to a new list: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
 	parser.parseExpression("{1, 2, 3} + {2 + 2, 5}").getValue(context, List::class.java)
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ is applicable for typical implementations of indexed structures.
 NOTE: `ReflectiveIndexAccessor` also implements `CompilableIndexAccessor` in order to
 support xref:core/expressions/evaluation.adoc#expressions-spel-compilation[compilation]
 to bytecode for read access. Note, however, that the configured read-method must be
-invocable via a `public` class or `public` interface for compilation to succeed.
+invokable via a `public` class or `public` interface for compilation to succeed.

 The following code listings define a `Color` enum and `FruitMap` type that behaves like a
 map but does not implement the `java.util.Map` interface. Thus, if you want to index into
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ are set by using the `setVariable()` method in `EvaluationContext` implementatio

 [NOTE]
 ====
-Variable names must begin with a letter (as defined below), an underscore, or a dollar
+Variable names must be begin with a letter (as defined below), an underscore, or a dollar
 sign.

 Variable names must be composed of one or more of the following supported types of
@@ -23,20 +23,8 @@ public void sendNotification() {
 }
 ----

-By default, the method invocation will be retried for any exception thrown: with at most
-3 retry attempts (`maxRetries = 3`) after an initial failure, and a delay of 1 second
-between attempts. If all attempts have failed and the retry policy has been exhausted,
-the last original exception from the target method will be propagated to the caller.
-
-[NOTE]
-====
-A `@Retryable` method will be invoked at least once and retried at most `maxRetries`
-times, where `maxRetries` is the maximum number of retry attempts. Specifically,
-`total attempts = 1 initial attempt + maxRetries attempts`.
-
-For example, if `maxRetries` is set to `4`, the `@Retryable` method will be invoked at
-least once and at most 5 times.
-====
+By default, the method invocation will be retried for any exception thrown: with at most 3
+retry attempts after an initial failure, and a delay of 1 second between attempts.

 This can be specifically adapted for every method if necessary — for example, by narrowing
 the exceptions to retry via the `includes` and `excludes` attributes. The supplied
@@ -65,17 +53,17 @@ Custom predicates can be combined with `includes` and `excludes`; however, custo
 predicates will always be applied after `includes` and `excludes` have been applied.
 ====

-Or for 4 retry attempts and an exponential back-off strategy with a bit of jitter:
+Or for 5 retry attempts and an exponential back-off strategy with a bit of jitter:

 [source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
@Retryable(
-        includes = MessageDeliveryException.class,
-        maxRetries = 4,
-        delay = 100,
-        jitter = 10,
-        multiplier = 2,
-        maxDelay = 1000)
+  includes = MessageDeliveryException.class,
+  maxAttempts = 5,
+  delay = 100,
+  jitter = 10,
+  multiplier = 2,
+  maxDelay = 1000)
 public void sendNotification() {
    this.jmsClient.destination("notifications").send(...);
 }
@@ -86,7 +74,7 @@ type, decorating the pipeline with Reactor's retry capabilities:

 [source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
-@Retryable(maxRetries = 4, delay = 100)
+@Retryable(maxAttempts = 5, delay = 100)
 public Mono<Void> sendNotification() {
    return Mono.from(...); // <1>
 }
@@ -100,13 +88,6 @@ TIP: Several attributes in `@Retryable` have `String` variants that provide prop
 placeholder and SpEL support, as an alternative to the specifically typed annotation
 attributes used in the above examples.

-[TIP]
-====
-During `@Retryable` processing, Spring publishes a `MethodRetryEvent` for every exception
-coming out of the target method. This can be used to track/log all original exceptions
-whereas the caller of the `@Retryable` method will only ever see the last exception.
-====
-

 [[resilience-annotations-concurrencylimit]]
 == `@ConcurrencyLimit`
@@ -182,36 +163,25 @@ configured {spring-framework-api}/core/retry/RetryPolicy.html[`RetryPolicy`].
 ----
    var retryTemplate = new RetryTemplate(); // <1>

-    retryTemplate.invoke(
+    retryTemplate.execute(
            () -> jmsClient.destination("notifications").send(...));
 ----
 <1> Implicitly uses `RetryPolicy.withDefaults()`.

-By default, a retryable operation will be retried for any exception thrown: with at most
-3 retry attempts (`maxRetries = 3`) after an initial failure, and a delay of 1 second
-between attempts.
-
-[NOTE]
-====
-A retryable operation will be executed at least once and retried at most `maxRetries`
-times, where `maxRetries` is the maximum number of retry attempts. Specifically,
-`total attempts = 1 initial attempt + maxRetries attempts`.
-
-For example, if `maxRetries` is set to `4`, the retryable operation will be invoked at
-least once and at most 5 times.
-====
+By default, a retryable operation will be retried for any exception thrown: with at most 3
+retry attempts after an initial failure, and a delay of 1 second between attempts.

 If you only need to customize the number of retry attempts, you can use the
-`RetryPolicy.withMaxRetries()` factory method as demonstrated below.
+`RetryPolicy.withMaxAttempts()` factory method as demonstrated below.

 [source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
-    var retryTemplate = new RetryTemplate(RetryPolicy.withMaxRetries(4)); // <1>
+    var retryTemplate = new RetryTemplate(RetryPolicy.withMaxAttempts(5)); // <1>

-    retryTemplate.invoke(
+    retryTemplate.execute(
            () -> jmsClient.destination("notifications").send(...));
 ----
-<1> Explicitly uses `RetryPolicy.withMaxRetries(4)`.
+<1> Explicitly uses `RetryPolicy.withMaxAttempts(5)`.

 If you need to narrow the types of exceptions to retry, that can be achieved via the
 `includes()` and `excludes()` builder methods. The supplied exception types will be
@@ -226,7 +196,7 @@ matched against an exception thrown by a failed operation as well as nested caus

    var retryTemplate = new RetryTemplate(retryPolicy);

-    retryTemplate.invoke(
+    retryTemplate.execute(
            () -> jmsClient.destination("notifications").send(...));
 ----
 <1> Specify one or more exception types to include.
@@ -243,14 +213,14 @@ Custom predicates can be combined with `includes` and `excludes`; however, custo
 predicates will always be applied after `includes` and `excludes` have been applied.
 ====

-The following example demonstrates how to configure a `RetryPolicy` with 4 retry attempts
+The following example demonstrates how to configure a `RetryPolicy` with 5 retry attempts
 and an exponential back-off strategy with a bit of jitter.

 [source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
    var retryPolicy = RetryPolicy.builder()
            .includes(MessageDeliveryException.class)
-            .maxRetries(4)
+            .maxAttempts(5)
            .delay(Duration.ofMillis(100))
            .jitter(Duration.ofMillis(10))
            .multiplier(2)
@@ -259,101 +229,21 @@ and an exponential back-off strategy with a bit of jitter.

    var retryTemplate = new RetryTemplate(retryPolicy);

-    retryTemplate.invoke(
+    retryTemplate.execute(
            () -> jmsClient.destination("notifications").send(...));
 ----

 [TIP]
 ====
+A {spring-framework-api}/core/retry/RetryListener.html[`RetryListener`] can be registered
+with a `RetryTemplate` to react to events published during key retry phases (before a
+retry attempt, after a retry attempt, etc.), and you can compose multiple listeners via a
+{spring-framework-api}/core/retry/support/CompositeRetryListener.html[`CompositeRetryListener`].
+====
+
 Although the factory methods and builder API for `RetryPolicy` cover most common
 configuration scenarios, you can implement a custom `RetryPolicy` for complete control
 over the types of exceptions that should trigger a retry as well as the
-{spring-framework-api}/util/backoff/BackOff.html[`BackOff`] strategy to use. Note that
-you can also configure a customized `BackOff` strategy via the `backOff()` method in
-the `RetryPolicy.Builder`.
-====
-
-Note that the examples above apply a pattern similar to `@Retryable` method invocations
-where the last original exception will be propagated to the caller, using the `invoke`
-variants on `RetryTemplate` which are available with and without a return value.
-The callback may throw unchecked exceptions, the last one of which is exposed for
-direct handling on the caller side:
-
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-    try {
-        retryTemplate.invoke(
-                () -> jmsClient.destination("notifications").send(...));
-    }
-    catch (MessageDeliveryException ex) {
-        // coming out of the original JmsClient send method
-    }
----
-
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-    try {
-        var result = retryTemplate.invoke(() -> {
-            jmsClient.destination("notifications").send(...);
-            return "result";
-        });
-    }
-    catch (MessageDeliveryException ex) {
-        // coming out of the original JmsClient send method
-    }
----
-
-`RetryTemplate` instances are very light and can be created on the fly,
-potentially with a specific retry policy to use for a given invocation:
-
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-    try {
-        new RetryTemplate(RetryPolicy.withMaxRetries(4)).invoke(
-                () -> jmsClient.destination("notifications").send(...));
-    }
-    catch (MessageDeliveryException ex) {
-        // coming out of the original JmsClient send method
-    }
----
-
-For deeper interaction, you may use RetryTemplate's `execute` method. The caller will
-have to handle the checked `RetryException` thrown by `RetryTemplate`, exposing the
-outcome of all attempts:
-
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-    try {
-        var result = retryTemplate.execute(() -> {
-            jmsClient.destination("notifications").send(...);
-            return "result";
-        });
-    }
-    catch (RetryException ex) {
-        // ex.getExceptions() / ex.getLastException() ...
-    }
----
-
-A {spring-framework-api}/core/retry/RetryListener.html[`RetryListener`] can be registered
-with a `RetryTemplate` to react to key retry steps (before or after a retry attempt etc.)
-or simply to every invocation attempt, being able to track all exceptions coming out of
-the callback and all retry outcomes (exhaustion, interruption, timeout). This is
-particularly useful when using `invoke` where no retry state other than the last
-original exception is exposed otherwise:
-
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-    var retryTemplate = new RetryTemplate();
-    retryTemplate.setRetryListener(new RetryListener() {
-        @Override
-        public void onRetryableExecution(RetryPolicy retryPolicy, Retryable<?> retryable, RetryState retryState) {
-            ...
-        }
-    });
-
-    retryTemplate.invoke(
-            () -> jmsClient.destination("notifications").send(...));
----
-
-You can also compose multiple listeners via a
-{spring-framework-api}/core/retry/support/CompositeRetryListener.html[`CompositeRetryListener`].
+{spring-framework-api}/util/backoff/BackOff.html[`BackOff`] strategy to use. Note that you
+can also configure a customized `BackOff` strategy via the `backOff()` method in the
+`RetryPolicy.Builder`.
@@ -347,10 +347,10 @@ recognized and used as the `PropertyEditor` for `Something`-typed properties.
 [literal,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 com
-└── example
-    └── things
-        ├── *Something*
-        └── *SomethingEditor* // the PropertyEditor for the Something class
+  chank
+    pop
+      Something
+      SomethingEditor // the PropertyEditor for the Something class
 ----

 Note that you can also use the standard `BeanInfo` JavaBeans mechanism here as well
@@ -362,10 +362,10 @@ following example uses the `BeanInfo` mechanism to explicitly register one or mo
 [literal,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 com
-└── example
-    └── things
-        ├── *Something*
-        └── *SomethingBeanInfo* // the BeanInfo for the Something class
+  chank
+    pop
+      Something
+      SomethingBeanInfo // the BeanInfo for the Something class
 ----

 The following Java source code for the referenced `SomethingBeanInfo` class
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ provides `firstName` and `lastName` properties, such as the `Actor` class from a
 [source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	this.jdbcClient.sql("insert into t_actor (first_name, last_name) values (:firstName, :lastName)")
-			.paramSource(new Actor("Leonor", "Watling"))
+			.paramSource(new Actor("Leonor", "Watling")
 			.update();
 ----

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ configuration options. You should instantiate the `SimpleJdbcInsert` in the data
 layer's initialization method. For this example, the initializing method is the
 `setDataSource` method. You do not need to subclass the `SimpleJdbcInsert` class. Instead,
 you can create a new instance and set the table name by using the `withTableName` method.
-Configuration methods for this class follow the `fluent` style that returns the instance
+Configuration methods for this class follow the `fluid` style that returns the instance
 of the `SimpleJdbcInsert`, which lets you chain all configuration methods. The following
 example uses only one configuration method (we show examples of multiple methods later):

@@ -349,11 +349,11 @@ parameters return the data read from the table.

 You can declare `SimpleJdbcCall` in a manner similar to declaring `SimpleJdbcInsert`. You
 should instantiate and configure the class in the initialization method of your data-access
-layer. In contrast to the `StoredProcedure` class, you do not need to create a subclass,
-and you do not need to declare parameters that can be looked up in the database metadata.
-The following `SimpleJdbcCall` configuration example uses the preceding stored procedure.
-The only configuration option (other than the `DataSource`) is the name of the stored
-procedure.
+layer. Compared to the `StoredProcedure` class, you need not create a subclass
+and you need not to declare parameters that can be looked up in the database metadata.
+The following example of a `SimpleJdbcCall` configuration uses the preceding stored
+procedure (the only configuration option, in addition to the `DataSource`, is the name
+of the stored procedure):

 [tabs]
 ======
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ As of Spring Framework 7.0, Spring requires Hibernate ORM 7.x for Spring's
 `HibernateJpaVendorAdapter`.

 The `org.springframework.orm.jpa.hibernate` package supersedes the former `orm.hibernate5`:
-now for use with Hibernate ORM 7.x, tightly integrated with `HibernateJpaVendorAdapter`
+now for use with Hibernate ORM 7.1+, tightly integrated with `HibernateJpaVendorAdapter`
 as well as supporting Hibernate's native `SessionFactory.getCurrentSession()` style.
 ====

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ danger of undue coupling, because code that is meant to be used transactionally
 almost always deployed that way anyway.

 NOTE: The standard `jakarta.transaction.Transactional` annotation is also supported as
-a drop-in replacement for Spring's own annotation. Please refer to the JTA documentation
+a drop-in replacement to Spring's own annotation. Please refer to the JTA documentation
 for more details.

 The ease-of-use afforded by the use of the `@Transactional` annotation is best
@@ -89,16 +89,47 @@ annotation in a `@Configuration` class. See the
 {spring-framework-api}/transaction/annotation/EnableTransactionManagement.html[javadoc]
 for full details.

-The following example shows the configuration needed to enable annotation-driven transaction management:
+In XML configuration, the `<tx:annotation-driven/>` tag provides similar convenience:

-include-code::./AppConfig[tag=snippet,indent=0]
+[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	<!-- from the file 'context.xml' -->
+	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+	<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
+		xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+		xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
+		xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
+		xsi:schemaLocation="
+			http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
+			https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
+			http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx
+			https://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx.xsd
+			http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop
+			https://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd">

-TIP: In programmatic configuration, the `@EnableTransactionManagement` annotation uses any
-`TransactionManager` bean in the context. In XML configuration, you can omit
-the `transaction-manager` attribute in the `<tx:annotation-driven/>` tag if the bean
-name of the `TransactionManager` that you want to wire in has the name `transactionManager`.
-If the `TransactionManager` bean has any other name, you have to use the
-`transaction-manager` attribute explicitly, as in the preceding example.
+		<!-- this is the service object that we want to make transactional -->
+		<bean id="fooService" class="x.y.service.DefaultFooService"/>
+
+		<!-- enable the configuration of transactional behavior based on annotations -->
+		<!-- a TransactionManager is still required -->
+		<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="txManager"/> <1>
+
+		<bean id="txManager" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager">
+			<!-- (this dependency is defined somewhere else) -->
+			<property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
+		</bean>
+
+		<!-- other <bean/> definitions here -->
+
+	</beans>
+----
+<1> The line that makes the bean instance transactional.
+
+TIP: You can omit the `transaction-manager` attribute in the `<tx:annotation-driven/>`
+tag if the bean name of the `TransactionManager` that you want to wire in has the name
+`transactionManager`. If the `TransactionManager` bean that you want to dependency-inject
+has any other name, you have to use the `transaction-manager` attribute, as in the
+preceding example.

 Reactive transactional methods use reactive return types in contrast to imperative
 programming arrangements as the following listing shows:
@@ -203,10 +234,8 @@ on an interface, a class definition, or a method on a class. However, the mere p
 of the `@Transactional` annotation is not enough to activate the transactional behavior.
 The `@Transactional` annotation is merely metadata that can be consumed by corresponding
 runtime infrastructure which uses that metadata to configure the appropriate beans with
-transactional behavior. In the preceding examples that use programmatic configuration,
-the `@EnableTransactionManagement` annotation switches on actual transaction management
-at runtime. Whereas, in the preceding example that uses XML configuration, the
-`<tx:annotation-driven/>` element switches on actual transaction management at runtime.
+transactional behavior. In the preceding example, the `<tx:annotation-driven/>` element
+switches on actual transaction management at runtime.

 TIP: The Spring team recommends that you annotate methods of concrete classes with the
 `@Transactional` annotation, rather than relying on annotated methods in interfaces,
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ where all the underlying resources have to participate in the service-level tran

 NOTE: By default, a participating transaction joins the characteristics of the outer scope,
 silently ignoring the local isolation level, timeout value, or read-only flag (if any).
-Consider switching the `validateExistingTransaction` flag to `true` on your transaction
+Consider switching the `validateExistingTransactions` flag to `true` on your transaction
 manager if you want isolation level declarations to be rejected when participating in
 an existing transaction with a different isolation level. This non-lenient mode also
 rejects read-only mismatches (that is, an inner read-write transaction that tries to participate
@@ -3,22 +3,21 @@
 :page-aliases: integration/class-data-sharing.adoc
 :page-aliases: integration/cds.adoc

-The ahead-of-time cache is a JVM feature introduced in Java 24 via
+The ahead-of-time cache is a JVM feature introduced in Java 24 via the
 https://openjdk.org/jeps/483[JEP 483] that can help reduce the startup time and memory
-footprint of Java applications. AOT cache is a natural evolution of
-https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/vm/class-data-sharing.html[Class Data Sharing (CDS)].
+footprint of Java applications. AOT cache is a natural evolution of https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/vm/class-data-sharing.html[Class Data Sharing (CDS)].
 Spring Framework supports both CDS and AOT cache, and it is recommended that you use the
-latter if available in the JVM version you are using (Java 24+).
+later if available in the JVM version your are using (Java 24+).

 To use this feature, an AOT cache should be created for the particular classpath of the
 application. It is possible to create this cache on the deployed instance, or during a
-training run performed for example when packaging the application thanks to a hook-point
+training run performed for example when packaging the application thanks to an hook-point
 provided by the Spring Framework to ease such use case. Once the cache is available, users
 should opt in to use it via a JVM flag.

 NOTE: If you are using Spring Boot, it is highly recommended to leverage its
 {spring-boot-docs-ref}/packaging/efficient.html#packaging.efficient.unpacking[executable JAR unpacking support]
-which is designed to fulfill the class loading requirements of both the AOT cache and CDS.
+which is designed to fulfill the class loading requirements of both AOT cache and CDS.

 == Creating the cache

@@ -30,22 +29,14 @@ invoked; but the lifecycle has not started, and the `ContextRefreshedEvent` has
 been published.

 To create the cache during the training run, it is possible to specify the `-Dspring.context.exit=onRefresh`
-JVM flag to start and then exit your Spring application once the
+JVM flag to start then exit your Spring application once the
 `ApplicationContext` has refreshed:


 --
 [tabs]
 ======
-
-AOT cache (Java 25+)::
-+
-[source,bash,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-java -XX:AOTCacheOutput=app.aot -Dspring.context.exit=onRefresh -jar application.jar ...
----
-
-AOT cache (Java 24)::
+AOT cache::
 +
 [source,bash,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
@@ -64,12 +55,6 @@ java -XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit=app.jsa -Dspring.context.exit=onRefresh ...
 ======
 --

-NOTE: With Java 25+, AOT cache stores, among other things, the
-https://openjdk.org/jeps/515[method profiling information]. Therefore, to benefit of this capability,
-it is recommended to create an AOT cache for an application that experienced a portion of a
-production-like workflow instead of using the `-Dspring.context.exit=onRefresh` flag which designed to
-optimize only the startup of your application.
-
 == Using the cache

 Once the cache file has been created, you can use it to start your application faster:
@@ -97,7 +82,7 @@ java -XX:SharedArchiveFile=app.jsa ...

 Pay attention to the logs and the startup time to check if the AOT cache is used successfully.
 To figure out how effective the cache is, you can enable class loading logs by adding
-an extra attribute: `-Xlog:class+load:file=aot-cache.log`. This creates an `aot-cache.log` with
+an extra attribute: `-Xlog:class+load:file=aot-cache.log`. This creates a `aot-cache.log` with
 every attempt to load a class and its source. Classes that are loaded from the cache should have
 a "shared objects file" source, as shown in the following example:

@@ -110,11 +95,11 @@ a "shared objects file" source, as shown in the following example:
 [0.151s][info][class,load] org.springframework.context.MessageSource source: shared objects file
 ----

-If the AOT cache cannot be enabled or if you have a large number of classes that are not loaded from
+If the AOT cache can't be enabled or if you have a large number of classes that are not loaded from
 the cache, make sure that the following conditions are fulfilled when creating and using the cache:

 - The very same JVM must be used.
 - The classpath must be specified as a JAR or a list of JARs, and avoid the usage of directories and `*` wildcard characters.
 - The timestamps of the JARs must be preserved.
- - When using the cache, the classpath must be the same as the one used to create it, in the same order.
-Additional JARs or directories can be specified *at the end* (but will not be cached).
+ - When using the cache, the classpath must be the same than the one used to create it, in the same order.
+Additional JARs or directories can be specified *at the end* (but won't be cached).
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 [[appendix]]
 = Appendix

+
+
+
 [[appendix.xsd-schemas]]
 == XML Schemas

 This part of the appendix lists XML schemas related to integration technologies.

+
+
 [[appendix.xsd-schemas-jee]]
 === The `jee` Schema

@@ -167,7 +172,7 @@ different properties with `jee`:

 The `<jee:local-slsb/>` element configures a reference to a local EJB Stateless Session Bean.

-The following example shows how to configure a reference to a local EJB Stateless Session Bean
+The following example shows how to configures a reference to a local EJB Stateless Session Bean
 without `jee`:

 [source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
@@ -179,7 +184,7 @@ without `jee`:
 	</bean>
 ----

-The following example shows how to configure a reference to a local EJB Stateless Session Bean
+The following example shows how to configures a reference to a local EJB Stateless Session Bean
 with `jee`:

 [source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
@@ -195,7 +200,7 @@ with `jee`:

 The `<jee:local-slsb/>` element configures a reference to a local EJB Stateless Session Bean.

-The following example shows how to configure a reference to a local EJB Stateless Session Bean
+The following example shows how to configures a reference to a local EJB Stateless Session Bean
 and a number of properties without `jee`:

 [source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
@@ -210,7 +215,7 @@ and a number of properties without `jee`:
 	</bean>
 ----

-The following example shows how to configure a reference to a local EJB Stateless Session Bean
+The following example shows how to configures a reference to a local EJB Stateless Session Bean
 and a number of properties with `jee`:

 [source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
@@ -229,7 +234,7 @@ and a number of properties with `jee`:

 The `<jee:remote-slsb/>` element configures a reference to a `remote` EJB Stateless Session Bean.

-The following example shows how to configure a reference to a remote EJB Stateless Session Bean
+The following example shows how to configures a reference to a remote EJB Stateless Session Bean
 without `jee`:

 [source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
@@ -246,7 +251,7 @@ without `jee`:
 	</bean>
 ----

-The following example shows how to configure a reference to a remote EJB Stateless Session Bean
+The following example shows how to configures a reference to a remote EJB Stateless Session Bean
 with `jee`:

 [source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
@@ -308,7 +313,7 @@ xref:integration/jmx/naming.adoc#jmx-context-mbeanexport[Configuring Annotation-
 === The `cache` Schema

 You can use the `cache` elements to enable support for Spring's `@CacheEvict`, `@CachePut`,
-and `@Caching` annotations. The `cache` schema also supports declarative XML-based caching. See
+and `@Caching` annotations. It it also supports declarative XML-based caching. See
 xref:integration/cache/annotations.adoc#cache-annotation-enable[Enabling Caching Annotations] and
 xref:integration/cache/declarative-xml.adoc[Declarative XML-based Caching] for details.

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ xref:integration/cache/store-configuration.adoc#cache-store-configuration-jsr107
 [[cache-store-configuration-caffeine]]
 == Caffeine Cache

-Caffeine is a rewrite of Guava's cache, and its implementation is located in the
+Caffeine is a Java 8 rewrite of Guava's cache, and its implementation is located in the
 `org.springframework.cache.caffeine` package and provides access to several features
 of Caffeine.

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ behind the scenes for each annotated method, by using a `JmsListenerContainerFac
 Such a container is not registered against the application context but can be easily
 located for management purposes by using the `JmsListenerEndpointRegistry` bean.

-TIP: `@JmsListener` is a repeatable annotation, so you can associate
+TIP: `@JmsListener` is a repeatable annotation on Java 8, so you can associate
 several JMS destinations with the same method by adding additional `@JmsListener`
 declarations to it.

@@ -1,15 +1,10 @@
 [[observability]]
 = Observability Support

-With https://docs.micrometer.io/micrometer/reference/concepts.html[Micrometer], developers can instrument libraries and applications for metrics (timers, gauges, counters)
-that collect statistics about their runtime behavior. Metrics can help you to track error rates, usage patterns, performance, and more.
-https://docs.micrometer.io/tracing/reference/[Micrometer can also produce traces], giving you a holistic view of an entire system, crossing application boundaries; you can zoom in on particular user requests and follow their entire completion across applications.
-
 Micrometer defines an {micrometer-docs}/observation.html[Observation concept that enables both Metrics and Traces] in applications.
-Each observation will produce:
-
-* https://docs.micrometer.io/micrometer/reference/observation/components.html#micrometer-observation-default-meter-handler[several metrics - a timer, a long task timer and many counters]
-* a https://docs.micrometer.io/tracing/reference/glossary.html[span for the current trace]
+Metrics support offers a way to create timers, gauges, or counters for collecting statistics about the runtime behavior of your application.
+Metrics can help you to track error rates, usage patterns, performance, and more.
+Traces provide a holistic view of an entire system, crossing application boundaries; you can zoom in on particular user requests and follow their entire completion across applications.

 Spring Framework instruments various parts of its own codebase to publish observations if an `ObservationRegistry` is configured.
 You can learn more about {spring-boot-docs-ref}/actuator/observability.html[configuring the observability infrastructure in Spring Boot].
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ The Spring Framework provides the following choices for making calls to REST end

 * xref:integration/rest-clients.adoc#rest-restclient[`RestClient`] -- synchronous client with a fluent API
 * xref:integration/rest-clients.adoc#rest-webclient[`WebClient`] -- non-blocking, reactive client with fluent API
-* xref:integration/rest-clients.adoc#rest-resttemplate[`RestTemplate`] -- synchronous client with template method API, now deprecated in favor of `RestClient`
+* xref:integration/rest-clients.adoc#rest-resttemplate[`RestTemplate`] -- synchronous client with template method API
 * xref:integration/rest-clients.adoc#rest-http-service-client[HTTP Service Clients] -- annotated interface backed by generated proxy


@@ -402,27 +402,6 @@ To serialize only a subset of the object properties, you can specify a {baeldung
 		.toBodilessEntity();
 ----

-==== URL encoded Forms
-
-URL encoded forms, using the `"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"` media type, are useful for sending String key/values over the wire.
-This is supported by the `FormHttpMessageConverter`, if the application uses a `MultiValueMap<String, String>` as source instance
-or a target type.
-
-For example:
-
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim"]
----
-    MultiValueMap<String, String> form = new LinkedMultiValueMap<>();
-    form.add("project", "Spring Framework");
-    form.add("module", "spring-web");
-    ResponseEntity<Void> response = this.restClient.post()
-            .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_FORM_URLENCODED)
-            .body(form)
-            .retrieve()
-            .toBodilessEntity();
----
-
-
 ==== Multipart

 To send multipart data, you need to provide a `MultiValueMap<String, Object>` whose values may be an `Object` for part content, a `Resource` for a file part, or an `HttpEntity` for part content with headers.
@@ -440,70 +419,18 @@ For example:
 	headers.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_XML);
 	parts.add("xmlPart", new HttpEntity<>(myBean, headers));
 	
-    ResponseEntity<Void> response = this.restClient.post()
-            .contentType(MediaType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA)
-            .body(parts)
-            .retrieve()
-            .toBodilessEntity();
+	// send using RestClient.post or RestTemplate.postForEntity
 ----

 In most cases, you do not have to specify the `Content-Type` for each part.
 The content type is determined automatically based on the `HttpMessageConverter` chosen to serialize it or, in the case of a `Resource`, based on the file extension.
 If necessary, you can explicitly provide the `MediaType` with an `HttpEntity` wrapper.

-The `Content-Type` is set to `multipart/form-data` by the `MultipartHttpMessageConverter`.
-As seen in the previous section, `MultiValueMap` types can also be used for URL encoded forms.
-It is preferable to explicitly set the media type in the `Content-Type` or `Accept` HTTP request headers to ensure that the expected
-message converter is used.
-
-`RestClient` can also receive multipart responses.
-To decode a multipart response body, use a `ParameterizedTypeReference<MultiValueMap<String, Part>>`.
-The decoded map contains `Part` instances where `FormFieldPart` represents form field values
-and `FilePart` represents file parts with a `filename()` and a `transferTo()` method.
-
-[tabs]
-======
-Java::
-+
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim"]
----
-	MultiValueMap<String, Part> result = this.restClient.get()
-			.uri("https://example.com/upload")
-			.accept(MediaType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA)
-			.retrieve()
-			.body(new ParameterizedTypeReference<>() {});
-
-	Part field = result.getFirst("fieldPart");
-	if (field instanceof FormFieldPart formField) {
-		String fieldValue = formField.value();
-	}
-	Part file = result.getFirst("filePart");
-	if (file instanceof FilePart filePart) {
-		filePart.transferTo(Path.of("/tmp/" + filePart.filename()));
-	}
----
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim"]
----
-	val result = this.restClient.get()
-			.uri("https://example.com/upload")
-			.accept(MediaType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA)
-			.retrieve()
-			.body(object : ParameterizedTypeReference<MultiValueMap<String, Part>>() {})
-
-	val field = result?.getFirst("fieldPart")
-	if (field is FormFieldPart) {
-		val fieldValue = field.value()
-	}
-	val file = result?.getFirst("filePart")
-	if (file is FilePart) {
-		file.transferTo(Path.of("/tmp/" + file.filename()))
-	}
----
-======
+Once the `MultiValueMap` is ready, you can use it as the body of a `POST` request, using `RestClient.post().body(parts)` (or `RestTemplate.postForObject`).

+If the `MultiValueMap` contains at least one non-`String` value, the `Content-Type` is set to `multipart/form-data` by the `FormHttpMessageConverter`.
+If the `MultiValueMap` has `String` values, the `Content-Type` defaults to `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`.
+If necessary the `Content-Type` may also be set explicitly.

 [[rest-request-factories]]
 === Client Request Factories
@@ -539,7 +466,7 @@ synchronous, asynchronous, and streaming scenarios.
 * Non-blocking I/O
 * Reactive Streams back pressure
 * High concurrency with fewer hardware resources
-* Functional-style, fluent API that takes advantage of lambda expressions
+* Functional-style, fluent API that takes advantage of Java 8 lambdas
 * Synchronous and asynchronous interactions
 * Streaming up to or streaming down from a server

@@ -552,8 +479,7 @@ See xref:web/webflux-webclient.adoc[WebClient] for more details.
 The `RestTemplate` provides a high-level API over HTTP client libraries in the form of a classic Spring Template class.
 It exposes the following groups of overloaded methods:

-WARNING: As of Spring Framework 7.0, `RestTemplate` is deprecated in favor of `RestClient` and will be removed in a future version,
-please use the xref:integration/rest-clients.adoc#migrating-to-restclient["Migrating to RestClient"] guide.
+NOTE: The xref:integration/rest-clients.adoc#rest-restclient[`RestClient`] offers a more modern API for synchronous HTTP access.
 For asynchronous and streaming scenarios, consider the reactive xref:web/webflux-webclient.adoc[WebClient].

 [[rest-overview-of-resttemplate-methods-tbl]]
@@ -621,26 +547,10 @@ See the xref:integration/observability.adoc#http-client.resttemplate[RestTemplat
 Objects passed into and returned from `RestTemplate` methods are converted to and from HTTP messages
 with the help of an `HttpMessageConverter`, see <<rest-message-conversion>>.

-[[migrating-to-restclient]]
-=== Migrating to `RestClient`
-
-Applications can adopt `RestClient` in a gradual fashion, first focusing on API usage and then on infrastructure setup.
-You can consider the following steps:
-
-1. Create one or more `RestClient` from existing `RestTemplate` instances, like: `RestClient restClient = RestClient.create(restTemplate)`.
-  Gradually replace `RestTemplate` usage in your application, component by component, by focusing first on issuing requests.
-  See the table below for API equivalents.
-2. Once all client requests go through `RestClient` instances, you can now work on replicating your existing
-  `RestTemplate` instance creations by using `RestClient.Builder`. Because `RestTemplate` and `RestClient`
-  share the same infrastructure, you can reuse custom `ClientHttpRequestFactory` or `ClientHttpRequestInterceptor`
-  in your setup. See xref:integration/rest-clients.adoc#rest-restclient[the `RestClient` builder API].
-
-If no other library is available on the classpath, `RestClient` will choose the `JdkClientHttpRequestFactory`
-powered by the modern JDK `HttpClient`, whereas `RestTemplate` would pick the `SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory` that
-uses `HttpURLConnection`. This can explain subtle behavior difference at runtime at the HTTP level.
-
+=== Migrating from `RestTemplate` to `RestClient`

 The following table shows `RestClient` equivalents for `RestTemplate` methods.
+It can be used to migrate from the latter to the former.

 .RestClient equivalents for RestTemplate methods
 [cols="1,1", options="header"]
@@ -944,11 +854,6 @@ The following table shows `RestClient` equivalents for `RestTemplate` methods.

 |===

-`RestClient` and `RestTemplate` instances share the same behavior when it comes to throwing exceptions
-(with the `RestClientException` type being at the top of the hierarchy).
-When `RestTemplate` consistently throws `HttpClientErrorException` for "4xx" response statues,
-`RestClient` allows for more flexibility with custom xref:integration/rest-clients.adoc#rest-http-service-client-exceptions["status handlers"].
-

 [[rest-http-service-client]]
 == HTTP Service Clients
@@ -1252,7 +1157,7 @@ built-in decorators to suppress 404 exceptions and return a `ResponseEntity` wit
 [source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	// For RestClient
-	HttpServiceProxyFactory factory = HttpServiceProxyFactory.builderFor(restClientAdapter)
+	HttpServiceProxyFactory factory = HttpServiceProxyFactory.builderFor(restCqlientAdapter)
 			.exchangeAdapterDecorator(NotFoundRestClientAdapterDecorator::new)
 			.build();

@@ -533,7 +533,8 @@ that returns a value:
 ----

 TIP: `@Async` methods may not only declare a regular `java.util.concurrent.Future` return
-type but also `java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture`, for richer interaction with
+type but also Spring's `org.springframework.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture` or, as of
+Spring 4.2, JDK 8's `java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture`, for richer interaction with
 the asynchronous task and for immediate composition with further processing steps.

 You can not use `@Async` in conjunction with lifecycle callbacks such as `@PostConstruct`.
@@ -0,0 +1,831 @@
+[[dynamic-language]]
+= Dynamic Language Support
+
+Spring provides comprehensive support for using classes and objects that have been
+defined by using a dynamic language (such as Groovy) with Spring. This support lets
+you write any number of classes in a supported dynamic language and have the Spring
+container transparently instantiate, configure, and dependency inject the resulting
+objects.
+
+Spring's scripting support primarily targets Groovy and BeanShell. Beyond those
+specifically supported languages, the JSR-223 scripting mechanism is supported
+for integration with any JSR-223 capable language provider (as of Spring 4.2),
+for example, JRuby.
+
+You can find fully working examples of where this dynamic language support can be
+immediately useful in xref:languages/dynamic.adoc#dynamic-language-scenarios[Scenarios].
+
+
+[[dynamic-language-a-first-example]]
+== A First Example
+
+The bulk of this chapter is concerned with describing the dynamic language support in
+detail. Before diving into all of the ins and outs of the dynamic language support,
+we look at a quick example of a bean defined in a dynamic language. The dynamic
+language for this first bean is Groovy. (The basis of this example was taken from the
+Spring test suite. If you want to see equivalent examples in any of the other
+supported languages, take a look at the source code).
+
+The next example shows the `Messenger` interface, which the Groovy bean is going to
+implement. Note that this interface is defined in plain Java. Dependent objects that
+are injected with a reference to the `Messenger` do not know that the underlying
+implementation is a Groovy script. The following listing shows the `Messenger` interface:
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",chomp="-packages"]
+----
+	package org.springframework.scripting;
+
+	public interface Messenger {
+
+		String getMessage();
+	}
+----
+
+The following example defines a class that has a dependency on the `Messenger` interface:
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",chomp="-packages"]
+----
+	package org.springframework.scripting;
+
+	public class DefaultBookingService implements BookingService {
+
+		private Messenger messenger;
+
+		public void setMessenger(Messenger messenger) {
+			this.messenger = messenger;
+		}
+
+		public void processBooking() {
+			// use the injected Messenger object...
+		}
+	}
+----
+
+The following example implements the `Messenger` interface in Groovy:
+
+[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",chomp="-packages",fold="none"]
+----
+	package org.springframework.scripting.groovy
+
+	// Import the Messenger interface (written in Java) that is to be implemented
+	import org.springframework.scripting.Messenger
+
+	// Define the implementation in Groovy in file 'Messenger.groovy'
+	class GroovyMessenger implements Messenger {
+
+		String message
+	}
+----
+
+[NOTE]
+====
+To use the custom dynamic language tags to define dynamic-language-backed beans, you
+need to have the XML Schema preamble at the top of your Spring XML configuration file.
+You also need to use a Spring `ApplicationContext` implementation as your IoC
+container. Using the dynamic-language-backed beans with a plain `BeanFactory`
+implementation is supported, but you have to manage the plumbing of the Spring internals
+to do so.
+
+For more information on schema-based configuration, see xref:languages/dynamic.adoc#xsd-schemas-lang[XML Schema-based Configuration]
+.
+====
+
+Finally, the following example shows the bean definitions that effect the injection of the
+Groovy-defined `Messenger` implementation into an instance of the
+`DefaultBookingService` class:
+
+[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+	<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+		xmlns:lang="http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang"
+		xsi:schemaLocation="
+			http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
+			http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang https://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang.xsd">
+
+		<!-- this is the bean definition for the Groovy-backed Messenger implementation -->
+		<lang:groovy id="messenger" script-source="classpath:Messenger.groovy">
+			<lang:property name="message" value="I Can Do The Frug" />
+		</lang:groovy>
+
+		<!-- an otherwise normal bean that will be injected by the Groovy-backed Messenger -->
+		<bean id="bookingService" class="x.y.DefaultBookingService">
+			<property name="messenger" ref="messenger" />
+		</bean>
+
+	</beans>
+----
+
+The `bookingService` bean (a `DefaultBookingService`) can now use its private `messenger`
+member variable as normal, because the `Messenger` instance that was injected into it is
+a `Messenger` instance. There is nothing special going on here -- just plain Java and
+plain Groovy.
+
+Hopefully, the preceding XML snippet is self-explanatory, but do not worry unduly if it is not.
+Keep reading for the in-depth detail on the whys and wherefores of the preceding configuration.
+
+
+[[dynamic-language-beans]]
+== Defining Beans that Are Backed by Dynamic Languages
+
+This section describes exactly how you define Spring-managed beans in any of the
+supported dynamic languages.
+
+Note that this chapter does not attempt to explain the syntax and idioms of the supported
+dynamic languages. For example, if you want to use Groovy to write certain of the classes
+in your application, we assume that you already know Groovy. If you need further details
+about the dynamic languages themselves, see
+xref:languages/dynamic.adoc#dynamic-language-resources[Further Resources] at the end of
+this chapter.
+
+[[dynamic-language-beans-concepts]]
+=== Common Concepts
+
+The steps involved in using dynamic-language-backed beans are as follows:
+
+. Write the test for the dynamic language source code (naturally).
+. Then write the dynamic language source code itself.
+. Define your dynamic-language-backed beans by using the appropriate `<lang:language/>`
+  element in the XML configuration (you can define such beans programmatically by
+  using the Spring API, although you will have to consult the source code for
+  directions on how to do this, as this chapter does not cover this type of advanced configuration).
+  Note that this is an iterative step. You need at least one bean definition for each dynamic
+  language source file (although multiple bean definitions can reference the same source file).
+
+The first two steps (testing and writing your dynamic language source files) are beyond
+the scope of this chapter. See the language specification and reference manual
+for your chosen dynamic language and crack on with developing your dynamic language
+source files. You first want to read the rest of this chapter, though, as
+Spring's dynamic language support does make some (small) assumptions about the contents
+of your dynamic language source files.
+
+[[dynamic-language-beans-concepts-xml-language-element]]
+==== The <lang:language/> element
+
+The final step in the list in the xref:languages/dynamic.adoc#dynamic-language-beans-concepts[preceding section]
+involves defining dynamic-language-backed bean definitions, one for each bean that you
+want to configure (this is no different from normal JavaBean configuration). However,
+instead of specifying the fully qualified class name of the class that is to be
+instantiated and configured by the container, you can use the `<lang:language/>`
+element to define the dynamic language-backed bean.
+
+Each of the supported languages has a corresponding `<lang:language/>` element:
+
+* `<lang:groovy/>` (Groovy)
+* `<lang:bsh/>` (BeanShell)
+* `<lang:std/>` (JSR-223, for example, with JRuby)
+
+The exact attributes and child elements that are available for configuration depends on
+exactly which language the bean has been defined in (the language-specific sections
+later in this chapter detail this).
+
+[[dynamic-language-refreshable-beans]]
+==== Refreshable Beans
+
+One of the (and perhaps the single) most compelling value adds of the dynamic language
+support in Spring is the "`refreshable bean`" feature.
+
+A refreshable bean is a dynamic-language-backed bean. With a small amount of
+configuration, a dynamic-language-backed bean can monitor changes in its underlying
+source file resource and then reload itself when the dynamic language source file is
+changed (for example, when you edit and save changes to the file on the file system).
+
+This lets you deploy any number of dynamic language source files as part of an
+application, configure the Spring container to create beans backed by dynamic
+language source files (using the mechanisms described in this chapter), and (later,
+as requirements change or some other external factor comes into play) edit a dynamic
+language source file and have any change they make be reflected in the bean that is
+backed by the changed dynamic language source file. There is no need to shut down a
+running application (or redeploy in the case of a web application). The
+dynamic-language-backed bean so amended picks up the new state and logic from the
+changed dynamic language source file.
+
+NOTE: This feature is off by default.
+
+Now we can take a look at an example to see how easy it is to start using refreshable
+beans. To turn on the refreshable beans feature, you have to specify exactly one
+additional attribute on the `<lang:language/>` element of your bean definition. So,
+if we stick with xref:languages/dynamic.adoc#dynamic-language-a-first-example[the example] from earlier in
+this chapter, the following example shows what we would change in the Spring XML
+configuration to effect refreshable beans:
+
+[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	<beans>
+
+		<!-- this bean is now 'refreshable' due to the presence of the 'refresh-check-delay' attribute -->
+		<lang:groovy id="messenger"
+				refresh-check-delay="5000" <!-- switches refreshing on with 5 seconds between checks -->
+				script-source="classpath:Messenger.groovy">
+			<lang:property name="message" value="I Can Do The Frug" />
+		</lang:groovy>
+
+		<bean id="bookingService" class="x.y.DefaultBookingService">
+			<property name="messenger" ref="messenger" />
+		</bean>
+
+	</beans>
+----
+
+That really is all you have to do. The `refresh-check-delay` attribute defined on the
+`messenger` bean definition is the number of milliseconds after which the bean is
+refreshed with any changes made to the underlying dynamic language source file.
+You can turn off the refresh behavior by assigning a negative value to the
+`refresh-check-delay` attribute. Remember that, by default, the refresh behavior is
+disabled. If you do not want the refresh behavior, do not define the attribute.
+
+If we then run the following application, we can exercise the refreshable feature.
+(Please excuse the "`jumping-through-hoops-to-pause-the-execution`" shenanigans
+in this next slice of code.) The `System.in.read()` call is only there so that the
+execution of the program pauses while you (the developer in this scenario) go off
+and edit the underlying dynamic language source file so that the refresh triggers
+on the dynamic-language-backed bean when the program resumes execution.
+
+The following listing shows this sample application:
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
+	import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
+	import org.springframework.scripting.Messenger;
+
+	public final class Boot {
+
+		public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception {
+			ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
+			Messenger messenger = (Messenger) ctx.getBean("messenger");
+			System.out.println(messenger.getMessage());
+			// pause execution while I go off and make changes to the source file...
+			System.in.read();
+			System.out.println(messenger.getMessage());
+		}
+	}
+----
+
+Assume then, for the purposes of this example, that all calls to the `getMessage()`
+method of `Messenger` implementations have to be changed such that the message is
+surrounded by quotation marks. The following listing shows the changes that you
+(the developer) should make to the `Messenger.groovy` source file when the
+execution of the program is paused:
+
+[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",chomp="-packages"]
+----
+	package org.springframework.scripting
+
+	class GroovyMessenger implements Messenger {
+
+		private String message = "Bingo"
+
+		public String getMessage() {
+			// change the implementation to surround the message in quotes
+			return "'" + this.message + "'"
+		}
+
+		public void setMessage(String message) {
+			this.message = message
+		}
+	}
+----
+
+When the program runs, the output before the input pause will be `I Can Do The Frug`.
+After the change to the source file is made and saved and the program resumes execution,
+the result of calling the `getMessage()` method on the dynamic-language-backed
+`Messenger` implementation is `'I Can Do The Frug'` (notice the inclusion of the
+additional quotation marks).
+
+Changes to a script do not trigger a refresh if the changes occur within the window of
+the `refresh-check-delay` value. Changes to the script are not actually picked up until
+a method is called on the dynamic-language-backed bean. It is only when a method is
+called on a dynamic-language-backed bean that it checks to see if its underlying script
+source has changed. Any exceptions that relate to refreshing the script (such as
+encountering a compilation error or finding that the script file has been deleted)
+results in a fatal exception being propagated to the calling code.
+
+The refreshable bean behavior described earlier does not apply to dynamic language
+source files defined with the `<lang:inline-script/>` element notation (see
+xref:languages/dynamic.adoc#dynamic-language-beans-inline[Inline Dynamic Language Source Files]).
+Additionally, it applies only to beans where changes to the underlying source file can
+actually be detected (for example, by code that checks the last modified date of a
+dynamic language source file that exists on the file system).
+
+[[dynamic-language-beans-inline]]
+==== Inline Dynamic Language Source Files
+
+The dynamic language support can also cater to dynamic language source files that are
+embedded directly in Spring bean definitions. More specifically, the
+`<lang:inline-script/>` element lets you define dynamic language source immediately
+inside a Spring configuration file. An example might clarify how the inline script
+feature works:
+
+[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	<lang:groovy id="messenger">
+		<lang:inline-script>
+
+			package org.springframework.scripting.groovy
+
+			import org.springframework.scripting.Messenger
+
+			class GroovyMessenger implements Messenger {
+				String message
+			}
+
+		</lang:inline-script>
+		<lang:property name="message" value="I Can Do The Frug" />
+	</lang:groovy>
+----
+
+If we put to one side the issues surrounding whether it is good practice to define
+dynamic language source inside a Spring configuration file, the `<lang:inline-script/>`
+element can be useful in some scenarios. For instance, we might want to quickly add a
+Spring `Validator` implementation to a Spring MVC `Controller`. This is but a moment's
+work using inline source. (See
+xref:languages/dynamic.adoc#dynamic-language-scenarios-validators[Scripted Validators]
+for such an example.)
+
+[[dynamic-language-beans-ctor-injection]]
+==== Understanding Constructor Injection in the Context of Dynamic-language-backed Beans
+
+There is one very important thing to be aware of with regard to Spring's dynamic
+language support. Namely, you can not (currently) supply constructor arguments
+to dynamic-language-backed beans (and, hence, constructor-injection is not available for
+dynamic-language-backed beans). In the interests of making this special handling of
+constructors and properties 100% clear, the following mixture of code and configuration
+does not work:
+
+.An approach that cannot work
+[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",chomp="-packages"]
+----
+	package org.springframework.scripting.groovy
+
+	import org.springframework.scripting.Messenger
+
+	// from the file 'Messenger.groovy'
+	class GroovyMessenger implements Messenger {
+
+		GroovyMessenger() {}
+
+		// this constructor is not available for Constructor Injection
+		GroovyMessenger(String message) {
+			this.message = message;
+		}
+
+		String message
+
+		String anotherMessage
+	}
+----
+
+[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	<lang:groovy id="badMessenger"
+		script-source="classpath:Messenger.groovy">
+		<!-- this next constructor argument will not be injected into the GroovyMessenger -->
+		<!-- in fact, this isn't even allowed according to the schema -->
+		<constructor-arg value="This will not work" />
+
+		<!-- only property values are injected into the dynamic-language-backed object -->
+		<lang:property name="anotherMessage" value="Passed straight through to the dynamic-language-backed object" />
+
+	</lang>
+----
+
+In practice this limitation is not as significant as it first appears, since setter
+injection is the injection style favored by the overwhelming majority of developers
+(we leave the discussion as to whether that is a good thing to another day).
+
+[[dynamic-language-beans-groovy]]
+=== Groovy Beans
+
+This section describes how to use beans defined in Groovy in Spring.
+
+The Groovy homepage includes the following description:
+
+"`Groovy is an agile dynamic language for the Java 2 Platform that has many of the
+features that people like so much in languages like Python, Ruby and Smalltalk, making
+them available to Java developers using a Java-like syntax.`"
+
+If you have read this chapter straight from the top, you have already
+xref:languages/dynamic.adoc#dynamic-language-a-first-example[seen an example] of a Groovy-dynamic-language-backed
+bean. Now consider another example (again using an example from the Spring test suite):
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",chomp="-packages"]
+----
+	package org.springframework.scripting;
+
+	public interface Calculator {
+
+		int add(int x, int y);
+	}
+----
+
+The following example implements the `Calculator` interface in Groovy:
+
+[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",chomp="-packages"]
+----
+	package org.springframework.scripting.groovy
+
+	// from the file 'calculator.groovy'
+	class GroovyCalculator implements Calculator {
+
+		int add(int x, int y) {
+			x + y
+		}
+	}
+----
+
+The following bean definition uses the calculator defined in Groovy:
+
+[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	<!-- from the file 'beans.xml' -->
+	<beans>
+		<lang:groovy id="calculator" script-source="classpath:calculator.groovy"/>
+	</beans>
+----
+
+Finally, the following small application exercises the preceding configuration:
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",chomp="-packages"]
+----
+	package org.springframework.scripting;
+
+	import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
+	import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
+
+	public class Main {
+
+		public static void main(String[] args) {
+			ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
+			Calculator calc = ctx.getBean("calculator", Calculator.class);
+			System.out.println(calc.add(2, 8));
+		}
+	}
+----
+
+The resulting output from running the above program is (unsurprisingly) `10`.
+(For more interesting examples, see the dynamic language showcase project for a more
+complex example or see the examples xref:languages/dynamic.adoc#dynamic-language-scenarios[Scenarios] later in this chapter).
+
+You must not define more than one class per Groovy source file. While this is perfectly
+legal in Groovy, it is (arguably) a bad practice. In the interests of a consistent
+approach, you should (in the opinion of the Spring team) respect the standard Java
+conventions of one (public) class per source file.
+
+[[dynamic-language-beans-groovy-customizer]]
+==== Customizing Groovy Objects by Using a Callback
+
+The `GroovyObjectCustomizer` interface is a callback that lets you hook additional
+creation logic into the process of creating a Groovy-backed bean. For example,
+implementations of this interface could invoke any required initialization methods,
+set some default property values, or specify a custom `MetaClass`. The following listing
+shows the `GroovyObjectCustomizer` interface definition:
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	public interface GroovyObjectCustomizer {
+
+		void customize(GroovyObject goo);
+	}
+----
+
+The Spring Framework instantiates an instance of your Groovy-backed bean and then
+passes the created `GroovyObject` to the specified `GroovyObjectCustomizer` (if one
+has been defined). You can do whatever you like with the supplied `GroovyObject`
+reference. We expect that most people want to set a custom `MetaClass` with this
+callback, and the following example shows how to do so:
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	public final class SimpleMethodTracingCustomizer implements GroovyObjectCustomizer {
+
+		public void customize(GroovyObject goo) {
+			DelegatingMetaClass metaClass = new DelegatingMetaClass(goo.getMetaClass()) {
+
+				public Object invokeMethod(Object object, String methodName, Object[] arguments) {
+					System.out.println("Invoking '" + methodName + "'.");
+					return super.invokeMethod(object, methodName, arguments);
+				}
+			};
+			metaClass.initialize();
+			goo.setMetaClass(metaClass);
+		}
+
+	}
+----
+
+A full discussion of meta-programming in Groovy is beyond the scope of the Spring
+reference manual. See the relevant section of the Groovy reference manual or do a
+search online. Plenty of articles address this topic. Actually, making use of a
+`GroovyObjectCustomizer` is easy if you use the Spring namespace support, as the
+following example shows:
+
+[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	<!-- define the GroovyObjectCustomizer just like any other bean -->
+	<bean id="tracingCustomizer" class="example.SimpleMethodTracingCustomizer"/>
+
+		<!-- ... and plug it into the desired Groovy bean via the 'customizer-ref' attribute -->
+		<lang:groovy id="calculator"
+			script-source="classpath:org/springframework/scripting/groovy/Calculator.groovy"
+			customizer-ref="tracingCustomizer"/>
+----
+
+If you do not use the Spring namespace support, you can still use the
+`GroovyObjectCustomizer` functionality, as the following example shows:
+
+[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	<bean id="calculator" class="org.springframework.scripting.groovy.GroovyScriptFactory">
+		<constructor-arg value="classpath:org/springframework/scripting/groovy/Calculator.groovy"/>
+		<!-- define the GroovyObjectCustomizer (as an inner bean) -->
+		<constructor-arg>
+			<bean id="tracingCustomizer" class="example.SimpleMethodTracingCustomizer"/>
+		</constructor-arg>
+	</bean>
+
+	<bean class="org.springframework.scripting.support.ScriptFactoryPostProcessor"/>
+----
+
+NOTE: You may also specify a Groovy `CompilationCustomizer` (such as an `ImportCustomizer`)
+or even a full Groovy `CompilerConfiguration` object in the same place as Spring's
+`GroovyObjectCustomizer`. Furthermore, you may set a common `GroovyClassLoader` with custom
+configuration for your beans at the `ConfigurableApplicationContext.setClassLoader` level;
+this also leads to shared `GroovyClassLoader` usage and is therefore recommendable in case of
+a large number of scripted beans (avoiding an isolated `GroovyClassLoader` instance per bean).
+
+[[dynamic-language-beans-bsh]]
+=== BeanShell Beans
+
+This section describes how to use BeanShell beans in Spring.
+
+The https://beanshell.github.io/intro.html[BeanShell homepage] includes the following
+description:
+
+----
+BeanShell is a small, free, embeddable Java source interpreter with dynamic language
+features, written in Java. BeanShell dynamically runs standard Java syntax and
+extends it with common scripting conveniences such as loose types, commands, and method
+closures like those in Perl and JavaScript.
+----
+
+In contrast to Groovy, BeanShell-backed bean definitions require some (small) additional
+configuration. The implementation of the BeanShell dynamic language support in Spring is
+interesting, because Spring creates a JDK dynamic proxy that implements all of the
+interfaces that are specified in the `script-interfaces` attribute value of the
+`<lang:bsh>` element (this is why you must supply at least one interface in the value
+of the attribute, and, consequently, program to interfaces when you use BeanShell-backed
+beans). This means that every method call on a BeanShell-backed object goes through the
+JDK dynamic proxy invocation mechanism.
+
+Now we can show a fully working example of using a BeanShell-based bean that implements
+the `Messenger` interface that was defined earlier in this chapter. We again show the
+definition of the `Messenger` interface:
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",chomp="-packages"]
+----
+	package org.springframework.scripting;
+
+	public interface Messenger {
+
+		String getMessage();
+	}
+----
+
+The following example shows the BeanShell "`implementation`" (we use the term loosely here)
+of the `Messenger` interface:
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	String message;
+
+	String getMessage() {
+		return message;
+	}
+
+	void setMessage(String aMessage) {
+		message = aMessage;
+	}
+----
+
+The following example shows the Spring XML that defines an "`instance`" of the above
+"`class`" (again, we use these terms very loosely here):
+
+[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	<lang:bsh id="messageService" script-source="classpath:BshMessenger.bsh"
+		script-interfaces="org.springframework.scripting.Messenger">
+
+		<lang:property name="message" value="Hello World!" />
+	</lang:bsh>
+----
+
+See xref:languages/dynamic.adoc#dynamic-language-scenarios[Scenarios] for some scenarios
+where you might want to use BeanShell-based beans.
+
+
+[[dynamic-language-scenarios]]
+== Scenarios
+
+The possible scenarios where defining Spring managed beans in a scripting language would
+be beneficial are many and varied. This section describes two possible use cases for the
+dynamic language support in Spring.
+
+[[dynamic-language-scenarios-controllers]]
+=== Scripted Spring MVC Controllers
+
+One group of classes that can benefit from using dynamic-language-backed beans is that
+of Spring MVC controllers. In pure Spring MVC applications, the navigational flow
+through a web application is, to a large extent, determined by code encapsulated within
+your Spring MVC controllers. As the navigational flow and other presentation layer logic
+of a web application needs to be updated to respond to support issues or changing
+business requirements, it may well be easier to effect any such required changes by
+editing one or more dynamic language source files and seeing those changes being
+immediately reflected in the state of a running application.
+
+Remember that, in the lightweight architectural model espoused by projects such as
+Spring, you typically aim to have a really thin presentation layer, with all
+the meaty business logic of an application being contained in the domain and service
+layer classes. Developing Spring MVC controllers as dynamic-language-backed beans lets
+you change presentation layer logic by editing and saving text files. Any
+changes to such dynamic language source files is (depending on the configuration)
+automatically reflected in the beans that are backed by dynamic language source files.
+
+NOTE: To effect this automatic "`pickup`" of any changes to dynamic-language-backed
+beans, you have to enable the "`refreshable beans`" functionality. See
+xref:languages/dynamic.adoc#dynamic-language-refreshable-beans[Refreshable Beans] for a full treatment of this feature.
+
+The following example shows an `org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.Controller` implemented
+by using the Groovy dynamic language:
+
+[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes",chomp="-packages"]
+----
+	package org.springframework.showcase.fortune.web
+
+	import org.springframework.showcase.fortune.service.FortuneService
+	import org.springframework.showcase.fortune.domain.Fortune
+	import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView
+	import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.Controller
+
+	import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest
+	import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse
+
+	// from the file '/WEB-INF/groovy/FortuneController.groovy'
+	class FortuneController implements Controller {
+
+		@Property FortuneService fortuneService
+
+		ModelAndView handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request,
+				HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse) {
+			return new ModelAndView("tell", "fortune", this.fortuneService.tellFortune())
+		}
+	}
+----
+
+[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	<lang:groovy id="fortune"
+			refresh-check-delay="3000"
+			script-source="/WEB-INF/groovy/FortuneController.groovy">
+		<lang:property name="fortuneService" ref="fortuneService"/>
+	</lang:groovy>
+----
+
+[[dynamic-language-scenarios-validators]]
+=== Scripted Validators
+
+Another area of application development with Spring that may benefit from the
+flexibility afforded by dynamic-language-backed beans is that of validation. It can
+be easier to express complex validation logic by using a loosely typed dynamic language
+(that may also have support for inline regular expressions) as opposed to regular Java.
+
+Again, developing validators as dynamic-language-backed beans lets you change
+validation logic by editing and saving a simple text file. Any such changes is
+(depending on the configuration) automatically reflected in the execution of a
+running application and would not require the restart of an application.
+
+NOTE: To effect the automatic "`pickup`" of any changes to dynamic-language-backed
+beans, you have to enable the 'refreshable beans' feature. See
+xref:languages/dynamic.adoc#dynamic-language-refreshable-beans[Refreshable Beans]
+for a full and detailed treatment of this feature.
+
+The following example shows a Spring `org.springframework.validation.Validator`
+implemented by using the Groovy dynamic language (see
+xref:core/validation/validator.adoc[Validation using Spring’s Validator interface]
+for a discussion of the `Validator` interface):
+
+[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	import org.springframework.validation.Validator
+	import org.springframework.validation.Errors
+	import org.springframework.beans.TestBean
+
+	class TestBeanValidator implements Validator {
+
+		boolean supports(Class clazz) {
+			return TestBean.class.isAssignableFrom(clazz)
+		}
+
+		void validate(Object bean, Errors errors) {
+			if(bean.name?.trim()?.size() > 0) {
+				return
+			}
+			errors.reject("whitespace", "Cannot be composed wholly of whitespace.")
+		}
+	}
+----
+
+
+[[dynamic-language-final-notes]]
+== Additional Details
+
+This last section contains some additional details related to the dynamic language support.
+
+[[dynamic-language-final-notes-aop]]
+=== AOP -- Advising Scripted Beans
+
+You can use the Spring AOP framework to advise scripted beans. The Spring AOP
+framework actually is unaware that a bean that is being advised might be a scripted
+bean, so all of the AOP use cases and functionality that you use (or aim to use)
+work with scripted beans. When you advise scripted beans, you cannot use class-based
+proxies. You must use xref:core/aop/proxying.adoc[interface-based proxies].
+
+You are not limited to advising scripted beans. You can also write aspects themselves
+in a supported dynamic language and use such beans to advise other Spring beans.
+This really would be an advanced use of the dynamic language support though.
+
+[[dynamic-language-final-notes-scopes]]
+=== Scoping
+
+In case it is not immediately obvious, scripted beans can be scoped in the same way as
+any other bean. The `scope` attribute on the various `<lang:language/>` elements lets
+you control the scope of the underlying scripted bean, as it does with a regular
+bean. (The default scope is xref:core/beans/factory-scopes.adoc#beans-factory-scopes-singleton[singleton],
+as it is with "`regular`" beans.)
+
+The following example uses the `scope` attribute to define a Groovy bean scoped as
+a xref:core/beans/factory-scopes.adoc#beans-factory-scopes-prototype[prototype]:
+
+[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+	<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+		xmlns:lang="http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang"
+		xsi:schemaLocation="
+			http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
+			http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang https://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang.xsd">
+
+		<lang:groovy id="messenger" script-source="classpath:Messenger.groovy" scope="prototype">
+			<lang:property name="message" value="I Can Do The RoboCop" />
+		</lang:groovy>
+
+		<bean id="bookingService" class="x.y.DefaultBookingService">
+			<property name="messenger" ref="messenger" />
+		</bean>
+
+	</beans>
+----
+
+See xref:core/beans/factory-scopes.adoc[Bean Scopes] in
+xref:web/webmvc-view/mvc-xslt.adoc#mvc-view-xslt-beandefs[The IoC Container]
+for a full discussion of the scoping support in the Spring Framework.
+
+[[xsd-schemas-lang]]
+=== The `lang` XML schema
+
+The `lang` elements in Spring XML configuration deal with exposing objects that have been
+written in a dynamic language (such as Groovy or BeanShell) as beans in the Spring container.
+
+These elements (and the dynamic language support) are comprehensively covered in
+xref:languages/dynamic.adoc[Dynamic Language Support]. See that section
+for full details on this support and the `lang` elements.
+
+To use the elements in the `lang` schema, you need to have the following preamble at the
+top of your Spring XML configuration file. The text in the following snippet references
+the correct schema so that the tags in the `lang` namespace are available to you:
+
+[source,xml,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+	<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
+		xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+		xmlns:lang="http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang"
+		xsi:schemaLocation="
+			http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
+			http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang https://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang.xsd">
+
+		<!-- bean definitions here -->
+
+	</beans>
+----
+
+
+[[dynamic-language-resources]]
+== Further Resources
+
+The following links go to further resources about the various dynamic languages referenced
+in this chapter:
+
+* The https://www.groovy-lang.org/[Groovy] homepage
+* The https://beanshell.github.io/intro.html[BeanShell] homepage
+* The https://www.jruby.org[JRuby] homepage
@@ -6,37 +6,9 @@ Groovy is a powerful, optionally typed, and dynamic language, with static-typing
 compilation capabilities. It offers a concise syntax and integrates smoothly with any
 existing Java application.

-[[beans-factory-groovy]]
-== The Groovy Bean Definition DSL
-
 The Spring Framework provides a dedicated `ApplicationContext` that supports a Groovy-based
-Bean Definition DSL, as known from the Grails framework.
-
-Typically, such configuration live in a ".groovy" file with the structure shown in the
-following example:
-
-[source,groovy,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	beans {
-		dataSource(BasicDataSource) {
-			driverClassName = "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver"
-			url = "jdbc:hsqldb:mem:grailsDB"
-			username = "sa"
-			password = ""
-			settings = [mynew:"setting"]
-		}
-		sessionFactory(SessionFactory) {
-			dataSource = dataSource
-		}
-		myService(MyService) {
-			nestedBean = { AnotherBean bean ->
-				dataSource = dataSource
-			}
-		}
-	}
----
-
-This configuration style is largely equivalent to XML bean definitions and even
-supports Spring's XML configuration namespaces. It also allows for importing XML
-bean definition files through an `importBeans` directive.
+Bean Definition DSL. For more details, see
+xref:core/beans/basics.adoc#beans-factory-groovy[The Groovy Bean Definition DSL].

+Further support for Groovy, including beans written in Groovy, refreshable script beans,
+and more is available in xref:languages/dynamic.adoc[Dynamic Language Support].
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-[[kotlin-bean-registration-dsl]]
-= Bean Registration DSL
+[[kotlin-bean-definition-dsl]]
+= Bean Definition DSL

 See xref:core/beans/java/programmatic-bean-registration.adoc[Programmatic Bean Registration].
@@ -3,16 +3,14 @@
 :page-section-summary-toc: 1

 The Spring Framework supports various Kotlin constructs, such as instantiating Kotlin classes
-through primary constructors, data binding for immutable classes, and optional parameters
-with default values for functions.
+through primary constructors, immutable classes data binding, and function optional parameters
+with default values.

 Kotlin parameter names are recognized through a dedicated `KotlinReflectionParameterNameDiscoverer`,
-which allows finding interface method parameter names without requiring the Java `-parameters`
-compiler flag to be enabled during compilation.
-
-TIP: For completeness, we nevertheless recommend running the Kotlin compiler with its
-`-java-parameters` flag for standard Java parameter exposure.
+which allows finding interface method parameter names without requiring the Java 8 `-parameters`
+compiler flag to be enabled during compilation. (For completeness, we nevertheless recommend
+running the Kotlin compiler with its `-java-parameters` flag for standard Java parameter exposure.)

 You can declare configuration classes as
 {kotlin-docs}/nested-classes.html[top level or nested but not inner],
-since the latter requires a reference to the outer class.
+since the later requires a reference to the outer class.
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 [[coroutines]]
 = Coroutines

-Kotlin {kotlin-docs}/coroutines-overview.html[Coroutines] are instances of
-suspendable computations allowing to write non-blocking code in an imperative way. On language side,
+Kotlin {kotlin-docs}/coroutines-overview.html[Coroutines] are Kotlin
+lightweight threads allowing to write non-blocking code in an imperative way. On language side,
 suspending functions provides an abstraction for asynchronous operations while on library side
 {kotlin-github-org}/kotlinx.coroutines[kotlinx.coroutines] provides functions like
 {kotlin-coroutines-api}/kotlinx-coroutines-core/kotlinx.coroutines/async.html[`async { }`]
@@ -264,11 +264,9 @@ The {spring-framework-api-kdoc}/spring-core/org.springframework.core/-propagatio
 {micrometer-context-propagation-docs}/[Micrometer Context Propagation library] works with Kotlin Coroutines.

 It requires the `io.micrometer:context-propagation` dependency and optionally the
-`org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-reactor` one. Automatic context propagation via
-`CoroutinesUtils#invokeSuspendingFunction` (used by Spring to adapt Coroutines to Reactor `Flux` or `Mono`) can be
-enabled by invoking `Hooks.enableAutomaticContextPropagation()`.
+`org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-reactor` one.

-Applications can also use `PropagationContextElement` explicitly to augment the `CoroutineContext`
+Applications can then use the `PropagationContextElement` to augment the `CoroutineContext`
 with the context propagation mechanism:

 include-code::./ContextPropagationSample[tag=context,indent=0]
@@ -319,17 +319,9 @@ progresses.
 == Testing

 This section addresses testing with the combination of Kotlin and Spring Framework.
-The recommended testing framework is https://junit.org/[JUnit] along with
+The recommended testing framework is https://junit.org/junit5/[JUnit] along with
 https://mockk.io/[Mockk] for mocking.

-[TIP]
-====
-Kotlin lets you specify meaningful test function names between backticks (```).
-
-For a concrete example, see the `+++`Find all users on HTML page`()+++` test function later
-in this section.
-====
-
 NOTE: If you are using Spring Boot, see
 {spring-boot-docs-ref}/features/kotlin.html#features.kotlin.testing[this related documentation].

@@ -360,6 +352,7 @@ file with a `spring.test.constructor.autowire.mode = all` property.
 [[per_class-lifecycle]]
 === `PER_CLASS` Lifecycle

+Kotlin lets you specify meaningful test function names between backticks (```).
 With JUnit Jupiter, Kotlin test classes can use the `@TestInstance(TestInstance.Lifecycle.PER_CLASS)`
 annotation to enable single instantiation of test classes, which allows the use of `@BeforeAll`
 and `@AfterAll` annotations on non-static methods, which is a good fit for Kotlin.
@@ -237,8 +237,8 @@ Java::
 [source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	RSocketStrategies strategies = RSocketStrategies.builder()
-		.encoders(encoders -> encoders.add(new JacksonCborEncoder()))
-		.decoders(decoders -> decoders.add(new JacksonCborDecoder()))
+		.encoders(encoders -> encoders.add(new Jackson2CborEncoder()))
+		.decoders(decoders -> decoders.add(new Jackson2CborDecoder()))
 		.build();

 	RSocketRequester requester = RSocketRequester.builder()
@@ -251,8 +251,8 @@ Kotlin::
 [source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	val strategies = RSocketStrategies.builder()
-			.encoders { it.add(JacksonCborEncoder()) }
-			.decoders { it.add(JacksonCborDecoder()) }
+			.encoders { it.add(Jackson2CborEncoder()) }
+			.decoders { it.add(Jackson2CborDecoder()) }
 			.build()

 	val requester = RSocketRequester.builder()
@@ -681,8 +681,8 @@ Java::
 		@Bean
 		public RSocketStrategies rsocketStrategies() {
 			return RSocketStrategies.builder()
-				.encoders(encoders -> encoders.add(new JacksonCborEncoder()))
-				.decoders(decoders -> decoders.add(new JacksonCborDecoder()))
+				.encoders(encoders -> encoders.add(new Jackson2CborEncoder()))
+				.decoders(decoders -> decoders.add(new Jackson2CborDecoder()))
 				.routeMatcher(new PathPatternRouteMatcher())
 				.build();
 		}
@@ -703,8 +703,8 @@ Kotlin::

 		@Bean
 		fun rsocketStrategies() = RSocketStrategies.builder()
-				.encoders { it.add(JacksonCborEncoder()) }
-				.decoders { it.add(JacksonCborDecoder()) }
+				.encoders { it.add(Jackson2CborEncoder()) }
+				.decoders { it.add(Jackson2CborDecoder()) }
 				.routeMatcher(PathPatternRouteMatcher())
 				.build()
 	}
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@

 The following annotations are supported when used in conjunction with the
 xref:testing/testcontext-framework/support-classes.adoc#testcontext-junit-jupiter-extension[`SpringExtension`]
-and the JUnit Jupiter testing framework:
+and JUnit Jupiter (that is, the programming model in JUnit):

-* xref:testing/annotations/integration-junit-jupiter.adoc#integration-testing-annotations-springextensionconfig[`@SpringExtensionConfig`]
 * xref:testing/annotations/integration-junit-jupiter.adoc#integration-testing-annotations-junit-jupiter-springjunitconfig[`@SpringJUnitConfig`]
 * xref:testing/annotations/integration-junit-jupiter.adoc#integration-testing-annotations-junit-jupiter-springjunitwebconfig[`@SpringJUnitWebConfig`]
 * xref:testing/annotations/integration-junit-jupiter.adoc#integration-testing-annotations-testconstructor[`@TestConstructor`]
@@ -15,56 +14,6 @@ and the JUnit Jupiter testing framework:
 * xref:testing/annotations/integration-spring/annotation-disabledinaotmode.adoc[`@DisabledInAotMode`]


-[[integration-testing-annotations-springextensionconfig]]
-== `@SpringExtensionConfig`
-
-`@SpringExtensionConfig` is a type-level annotation that can be used to configure the
-behavior of the `SpringExtension`.
-
-As of Spring Framework 7.0, the `SpringExtension` is configured to use a test-method
-scoped `ExtensionContext`, which enables consistent dependency injection into fields and
-constructors from the `ApplicationContext` for the current test method in a `@Nested`
-test class hierarchy. However, if a third-party `TestExecutionListener` is not compatible
-with the semantics associated with a test-method scoped extension context — or if a
-developer wishes to switch to test-class scoped semantics — the `SpringExtension` can be
-configured to use a test-class scoped `ExtensionContext` by annotating a top-level test
-class with `@SpringExtensionConfig(useTestClassScopedExtensionContext = true)`.
-
-Alternatively, you can change the global default by setting the
-`spring.test.extension.context.scope` property to `test_class`. The property is resolved
-first via the xref:appendix.adoc#appendix-spring-properties[`SpringProperties`] mechanism
-which also supports JVM system properties — for example,
-`-Dspring.test.extension.context.scope=test_class`. If the Spring property has not been
-set, the `SpringExtension` will attempt to resolve the property as a
-https://docs.junit.org/current/running-tests/configuration-parameters.html[JUnit Platform configuration parameter]
-as a fallback mechanism. If the property has not been set via either of those mechanisms,
-the `SpringExtension` will use a test-method scoped extension context by default. Note,
-however, that a `@SpringExtensionConfig` declaration always takes precedence over this
-property.
-
-[TIP]
-====
-If a test class uses JUnit Jupiter's `@TestInstance(Lifecycle.PER_CLASS)` semantics, the
-`SpringExtension` will always use a test-class scoped `ExtensionContext`, and
-configuration via `@SpringExtensionConfig(useTestClassScopedExtensionContext = true)` or
-the `spring.test.extension.context.scope` property will have no effect for that test
-class.
-====
-
-[NOTE]
-====
-This annotation is currently only applicable to `@Nested` test class hierarchies and
-should be applied to the top-level enclosing class of a `@Nested` test class hierarchy.
-Consequently, there is no need to declare this annotation on a test class that does not
-contain `@Nested` test classes.
-
-In addition,
-xref:testing/annotations/integration-junit-jupiter.adoc#integration-testing-annotations-nestedtestconfiguration[`@NestedTestConfiguration`]
-does not apply to this annotation. `@SpringExtensionConfig` will always be detected
-within a `@Nested` test class hierarchy, effectively disregarding any
-`@NestedTestConfiguration(OVERRIDE)` declarations.
-====
-
 [[integration-testing-annotations-junit-jupiter-springjunitconfig]]
 == `@SpringJUnitConfig`

@@ -238,7 +187,7 @@ default mode may be set via the
 xref:appendix.adoc#appendix-spring-properties[`SpringProperties`] mechanism.

 The default mode may also be configured as a
-https://docs.junit.org/current/running-tests/configuration-parameters.html[JUnit Platform configuration parameter].
+https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide/#running-tests-config-params[JUnit Platform configuration parameter].

 If the `spring.test.constructor.autowire.mode` property is not set, test class
 constructors will not be automatically autowired.
@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@
 = Meta-Annotation Support for Testing

 You can use most test-related annotations as
-xref:core/beans/classpath-scanning.adoc#beans-meta-annotations[meta-annotations] to
-create custom composed annotations and reduce configuration duplication across a test
-suite.
+xref:core/beans/classpath-scanning.adoc#beans-meta-annotations[meta-annotations] to create custom composed
+annotations and reduce configuration duplication across a test suite.

-For example, you can use each of the following as a meta-annotation in conjunction with
-the xref:testing/testcontext-framework.adoc[TestContext framework].
+You can use each of the following as a meta-annotation in conjunction with the
+xref:testing/testcontext-framework.adoc[TestContext framework].

 * `@BootstrapWith`
 * `@ContextConfiguration`
@@ -38,7 +37,111 @@ the xref:testing/testcontext-framework.adoc[TestContext framework].
 * `@EnabledIf` _(only supported on JUnit Jupiter)_
 * `@DisabledIf` _(only supported on JUnit Jupiter)_

-Consider the following test classes that use the `SpringExtension` with JUnit Jupiter:
+Consider the following example:
+
+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
+	@ContextConfiguration({"/app-config.xml", "/test-data-access-config.xml"})
+	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
+	@Transactional
+	public class OrderRepositoryTests { }
+
+	@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
+	@ContextConfiguration({"/app-config.xml", "/test-data-access-config.xml"})
+	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
+	@Transactional
+	public class UserRepositoryTests { }
+----
+
+Kotlin::
+
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	@RunWith(SpringRunner::class)
+	@ContextConfiguration("/app-config.xml", "/test-data-access-config.xml")
+	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
+	@Transactional
+	class OrderRepositoryTests { }
+
+	@RunWith(SpringRunner::class)
+	@ContextConfiguration("/app-config.xml", "/test-data-access-config.xml")
+	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
+	@Transactional
+	class UserRepositoryTests { }
+----
+======
+
+If we discover that we are repeating the preceding configuration across our JUnit 4-based
+test suite, we can reduce the duplication by introducing a custom composed annotation
+that centralizes the common test configuration for Spring, as follows:
+
+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
+	@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
+	@ContextConfiguration({"/app-config.xml", "/test-data-access-config.xml"})
+	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
+	@Transactional
+	public @interface TransactionalDevTestConfig { }
+----
+
+Kotlin::
+
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	@Target(AnnotationTarget.TYPE)
+	@Retention(AnnotationRetention.RUNTIME)
+	@ContextConfiguration("/app-config.xml", "/test-data-access-config.xml")
+	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
+	@Transactional
+	annotation class TransactionalDevTestConfig { }
+----
+======
+
+Then we can use our custom `@TransactionalDevTestConfig` annotation to simplify the
+configuration of individual JUnit 4 based test classes, as follows:
+
+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
+	@TransactionalDevTestConfig
+	public class OrderRepositoryTests { }
+
+	@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
+	@TransactionalDevTestConfig
+	public class UserRepositoryTests { }
+----
+
+Kotlin::
+
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	@RunWith(SpringRunner::class)
+	@TransactionalDevTestConfig
+	class OrderRepositoryTests
+
+	@RunWith(SpringRunner::class)
+	@TransactionalDevTestConfig
+	class UserRepositoryTests
+----
+======
+
+If we write tests that use JUnit Jupiter, we can reduce code duplication even further,
+since annotations in JUnit Jupiter can also be used as meta-annotations. Consider the
+following example:

 [tabs]
 ======
@@ -47,13 +150,13 @@ Java::
 [source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
-	@ContextConfiguration(classes = {AppConfig.class, TestDataAccessConfig.class})
+	@ContextConfiguration({"/app-config.xml", "/test-data-access-config.xml"})
 	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
 	@Transactional
 	class OrderRepositoryTests { }

 	@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
-	@ContextConfiguration(classes = {AppConfig.class, TestDataAccessConfig.class})
+	@ContextConfiguration({"/app-config.xml", "/test-data-access-config.xml"})
 	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
 	@Transactional
 	class UserRepositoryTests { }
@@ -64,22 +167,23 @@ Kotlin::
 [source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
 	@ExtendWith(SpringExtension::class)
-	@ContextConfiguration(classes = [AppConfig::class, TestDataAccessConfig::class])
+	@ContextConfiguration("/app-config.xml", "/test-data-access-config.xml")
 	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
 	@Transactional
 	class OrderRepositoryTests { }

 	@ExtendWith(SpringExtension::class)
-	@ContextConfiguration(classes = [AppConfig::class, TestDataAccessConfig::class])
+	@ContextConfiguration("/app-config.xml", "/test-data-access-config.xml")
 	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
 	@Transactional
 	class UserRepositoryTests { }
 ----
 ======

-If we discover that we are repeating the preceding configuration across our test suite,
-we can reduce the duplication by introducing a custom composed annotation that
-centralizes the common test configuration for Spring and JUnit Jupiter, as follows:
+If we discover that we are repeating the preceding configuration across our JUnit
+Jupiter-based test suite, we can reduce the duplication by introducing a custom composed
+annotation that centralizes the common test configuration for Spring and JUnit Jupiter,
+as follows:

 [tabs]
 ======
@@ -90,7 +194,7 @@ Java::
 	@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
 	@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
 	@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
-	@ContextConfiguration(classes = {AppConfig.class, TestDataAccessConfig.class})
+	@ContextConfiguration({"/app-config.xml", "/test-data-access-config.xml"})
 	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
 	@Transactional
 	public @interface TransactionalDevTestConfig { }
@@ -103,7 +207,7 @@ Kotlin::
 	@Target(AnnotationTarget.TYPE)
 	@Retention(AnnotationRetention.RUNTIME)
 	@ExtendWith(SpringExtension::class)
-	@ContextConfiguration(classes = [AppConfig::class, TestDataAccessConfig::class])
+	@ContextConfiguration("/app-config.xml", "/test-data-access-config.xml")
 	@ActiveProfiles("dev")
 	@Transactional
 	annotation class TransactionalDevTestConfig { }
@@ -72,13 +72,6 @@ bean definition profiles programmatically by implementing a custom
 xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/env-profiles.adoc#testcontext-ctx-management-env-profiles-ActiveProfilesResolver[`ActiveProfilesResolver`]
 and registering it by using the `resolver` attribute of `@ActiveProfiles`.

-NOTE: When `@ActiveProfiles` is declared on a test class, the `spring.profiles.active`
-property (whether configured as a JVM system property or environment variable) is not
-taken into account by the TestContext Framework when determining active profiles. If
-you need to allow `spring.profiles.active` to override the profiles configured via
-`@ActiveProfiles`, you can implement a custom `ActiveProfilesResolver` as described in
-xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/env-profiles.adoc[Context Configuration with Environment Profiles].
-
 See xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/env-profiles.adoc[Context Configuration with Environment Profiles],
 xref:testing/testcontext-framework/support-classes.adoc#testcontext-junit-jupiter-nested-test-configuration[`@Nested` test class configuration], and the
 {spring-framework-api}/test/context/ActiveProfiles.html[`@ActiveProfiles`] javadoc for
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 `@AfterTransaction` indicates that the annotated `void` method should be run after a
 transaction is ended, for test methods that have been configured to run within a
 transaction by using Spring's `@Transactional` annotation. `@AfterTransaction` methods
-are not required to be `public` and may be declared on interface default methods.
+are not required to be `public` and may be declared on Java 8-based interface default
+methods.

 [tabs]
 ======
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 `@BeforeTransaction` indicates that the annotated `void` method should be run before a
 transaction is started, for test methods that have been configured to run within a
 transaction by using Spring's `@Transactional` annotation. `@BeforeTransaction` methods
-are not required to be `public` and may be declared on interface default methods.
+are not required to be `public` and may be declared on Java 8-based interface default
+methods.

 The following example shows how to use the `@BeforeTransaction` annotation:

@@ -12,20 +12,18 @@ The annotations can be applied in the following ways.
 * On a non-static field in a test class or any of its superclasses.
 * On a non-static field in an enclosing class for a `@Nested` test class or in any class
  in the type hierarchy or enclosing class hierarchy above the `@Nested` test class.
-* On a parameter in the constructor for a test class.
 * At the type level on a test class or any superclass or implemented interface in the
  type hierarchy above the test class.
 * At the type level on an enclosing class for a `@Nested` test class or on any class or
  interface in the type hierarchy or enclosing class hierarchy above the `@Nested` test
  class.

-When `@MockitoBean` or `@MockitoSpyBean` is declared on a field or constructor parameter,
-the bean to mock or spy is inferred from the type of the annotated field or parameter. If
-multiple candidates exist in the `ApplicationContext`, a `@Qualifier` annotation can be
-declared on the field or parameter to help disambiguate. In the absence of a `@Qualifier`
-annotation, the name of the annotated field or parameter will be used as a _fallback
-qualifier_. Alternatively, you can explicitly specify a bean name to mock or spy by
-setting the `value` or `name` attribute in the annotation.
+When `@MockitoBean` or `@MockitoSpyBean` is declared on a field, the bean to mock or spy
+is inferred from the type of the annotated field. If multiple candidates exist in the
+`ApplicationContext`, a `@Qualifier` annotation can be declared on the field to help
+disambiguate. In the absence of a `@Qualifier` annotation, the name of the annotated
+field will be used as a _fallback qualifier_. Alternatively, you can explicitly specify a
+bean name to mock or spy by setting the `value` or `name` attribute in the annotation.

 When `@MockitoBean` or `@MockitoSpyBean` is declared at the type level, the type of bean
 (or beans) to mock or spy must be supplied via the `types` attribute in the annotation –
@@ -104,10 +102,6 @@ will be replaced with a singleton mock of the type of object created by the `Fac

 Similarly, when using `@MockitoSpyBean` to create a spy for a `FactoryBean`, a spy will
 be created for the object created by the `FactoryBean`, not for the `FactoryBean` itself.
-
-Furthermore, `@MockitoSpyBean` cannot be used to spy on a scoped proxy — for example, a
-bean annotated with `@Scope(proxyMode = ScopedProxyMode.TARGET_CLASS)`. Any attempt to do
-so will fail with an exception.
 ====

 [NOTE]
@@ -142,21 +136,6 @@ Java::
 	}
 ----
 <1> Replace the bean with type `CustomService` with a Mockito mock.
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@SpringJUnitConfig(TestConfig::class)
-	class BeanOverrideTests {
-
-		@MockitoBean // <1>
-		lateinit var customService: CustomService
-
-		// tests...
-	}
----
-<1> Replace the bean with type `CustomService` with a Mockito mock.
 ======

 In the example above, we are creating a mock for `CustomService`. If more than one bean
@@ -185,98 +164,6 @@ Java::
 	}
 ----
 <1> Replace the bean named `service` with a Mockito mock.
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@SpringJUnitConfig(TestConfig::class)
-	class BeanOverrideTests {
-
-		@MockitoBean("service") // <1>
-		lateinit var customService: CustomService
-
-		// tests...
-
-	}
----
-<1> Replace the bean named `service` with a Mockito mock.
-======
-
-The following example shows how to use `@MockitoBean` on a constructor parameter for a
-by-type lookup.
-
-[tabs]
-======
-Java::
-+
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@SpringJUnitConfig(TestConfig.class)
-	class BeanOverrideTests {
-
-		private final CustomService customService;
-
-		BeanOverrideTests(@MockitoBean CustomService customService) { // <1>
-			this.customService = customService;
-		}
-
-		// tests...
-	}
----
-<1> Replace the bean with type `CustomService` with a Mockito mock and inject it into
-    the constructor.
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@SpringJUnitConfig(TestConfig::class)
-	class BeanOverrideTests(@MockitoBean val customService: CustomService) { // <1>
-
-		// tests...
-	}
----
-<1> Replace the bean with type `CustomService` with a Mockito mock and inject it into
-    the constructor.
-======
-
-The following example shows how to use `@MockitoBean` on a constructor parameter for a
-by-name lookup.
-
-[tabs]
-======
-Java::
-+
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@SpringJUnitConfig(TestConfig.class)
-	class BeanOverrideTests {
-
-		private final CustomService customService;
-
-		BeanOverrideTests(@MockitoBean("service") CustomService customService) { // <1>
-			this.customService = customService;
-		}
-
-		// tests...
-	}
----
-<1> Replace the bean named `service` with a Mockito mock and inject it into the
-    constructor.
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@SpringJUnitConfig(TestConfig::class)
-	class BeanOverrideTests(@MockitoBean("service") val customService: CustomService) { // <1>
-
-		// tests...
-	}
----
-<1> Replace the bean named `service` with a Mockito mock and inject it into the
-    constructor.
 ======

 The following `@SharedMocks` annotation registers two mocks by-type and one mock by-name.
@@ -296,19 +183,6 @@ Java::
 ----
 <1> Register `OrderService` and `UserService` mocks by-type.
 <2> Register `PrintingService` mock by-name.
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@Target(AnnotationTarget.CLASS)
-	@Retention(AnnotationRetention.RUNTIME)
-	@MockitoBean(types = [OrderService::class, UserService::class]) // <1>
-	@MockitoBean(name = "ps1", types = [PrintingService::class]) // <2>
-	annotation class SharedMocks
----
-<1> Register `OrderService` and `UserService` mocks by-type.
-<2> Register `PrintingService` mock by-name.
 ======

 The following demonstrates how `@SharedMocks` can be used on a test class.
@@ -339,34 +213,6 @@ Java::
 ----
 <1> Register common mocks via the custom `@SharedMocks` annotation.
 <2> Optionally inject mocks to _stub_ or _verify_ them.
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@SpringJUnitConfig(TestConfig::class)
-	@SharedMocks // <1>
-	class BeanOverrideTests {
-
-		@Autowired
-		lateinit var orderService: OrderService // <2>
-
-		@Autowired
-		lateinit var userService: UserService // <2>
-
-		@Autowired
-		lateinit var ps1: PrintingService // <2>
-
-		// Inject other components that rely on the mocks.
-
-		@Test
-		fun testThatDependsOnMocks() {
-			// ...
-		}
-	}
----
-<1> Register common mocks via the custom `@SharedMocks` annotation.
-<2> Optionally inject mocks to _stub_ or _verify_ them.
 ======

 TIP: The mocks can also be injected into `@Configuration` classes or other test-related
@@ -396,21 +242,6 @@ Java::
 	}
 ----
 <1> Wrap the bean with type `CustomService` with a Mockito spy.
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@SpringJUnitConfig(TestConfig::class)
-	class BeanOverrideTests {
-
-		@MockitoSpyBean // <1>
-		lateinit var customService: CustomService
-
-		// tests...
-	}
----
-<1> Wrap the bean with type `CustomService` with a Mockito spy.
 ======

 In the example above, we are wrapping the bean with type `CustomService`. If more than
@@ -436,95 +267,6 @@ Java::
 	}
 ----
 <1> Wrap the bean named `service` with a Mockito spy.
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@SpringJUnitConfig(TestConfig::class)
-	class BeanOverrideTests {
-
-		@MockitoSpyBean("service") // <1>
-		lateinit var customService: CustomService
-
-		// tests...
-	}
----
-<1> Wrap the bean named `service` with a Mockito spy.
-======
-
-The following example shows how to use `@MockitoSpyBean` on a constructor parameter for
-a by-type lookup.
-
-[tabs]
-======
-Java::
-+
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@SpringJUnitConfig(TestConfig.class)
-	class BeanOverrideTests {
-
-		private final CustomService customService;
-
-		BeanOverrideTests(@MockitoSpyBean CustomService customService) { // <1>
-			this.customService = customService;
-		}
-
-		// tests...
-	}
----
-<1> Wrap the bean with type `CustomService` with a Mockito spy and inject it into the
-    constructor.
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@SpringJUnitConfig(TestConfig::class)
-	class BeanOverrideTests(@MockitoSpyBean val customService: CustomService) { // <1>
-
-		// tests...
-	}
----
-<1> Wrap the bean with type `CustomService` with a Mockito spy and inject it into the
-    constructor.
-======
-
-The following example shows how to use `@MockitoSpyBean` on a constructor parameter for
-a by-name lookup.
-
-[tabs]
-======
-Java::
-+
-[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@SpringJUnitConfig(TestConfig.class)
-	class BeanOverrideTests {
-
-		private final CustomService customService;
-
-		BeanOverrideTests(@MockitoSpyBean("service") CustomService customService) { // <1>
-			this.customService = customService;
-		}
-
-		// tests...
-	}
----
-<1> Wrap the bean named `service` with a Mockito spy and inject it into the constructor.
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@SpringJUnitConfig(TestConfig::class)
-	class BeanOverrideTests(@MockitoSpyBean("service") val customService: CustomService) { // <1>
-
-		// tests...
-	}
----
-<1> Wrap the bean named `service` with a Mockito spy and inject it into the constructor.
 ======

 The following `@SharedSpies` annotation registers two spies by-type and one spy by-name.
@@ -544,19 +286,6 @@ Java::
 ----
 <1> Register `OrderService` and `UserService` spies by-type.
 <2> Register `PrintingService` spy by-name.
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@Target(AnnotationTarget.CLASS)
-	@Retention(AnnotationRetention.RUNTIME)
-	@MockitoSpyBean(types = [OrderService::class, UserService::class]) // <1>
-	@MockitoSpyBean(name = "ps1", types = [PrintingService::class]) // <2>
-	annotation class SharedSpies
----
-<1> Register `OrderService` and `UserService` spies by-type.
-<2> Register `PrintingService` spy by-name.
 ======

 The following demonstrates how `@SharedSpies` can be used on a test class.
@@ -587,34 +316,6 @@ Java::
 ----
 <1> Register common spies via the custom `@SharedSpies` annotation.
 <2> Optionally inject spies to _stub_ or _verify_ them.
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	@SpringJUnitConfig(TestConfig::class)
-	@SharedSpies // <1>
-	class BeanOverrideTests {
-
-		@Autowired
-		lateinit var orderService: OrderService // <2>
-
-		@Autowired
-		lateinit var userService: UserService // <2>
-
-		@Autowired
-		lateinit var ps1: PrintingService // <2>
-
-		// Inject other components that rely on the spies.
-
-		@Test
-		fun testThatDependsOnMocks() {
-			// ...
-		}
-	}
----
-<1> Register common spies via the custom `@SharedSpies` annotation.
-<2> Optionally inject spies to _stub_ or _verify_ them.
 ======

 TIP: The spies can also be injected into `@Configuration` classes or other test-related
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@

 `@SqlGroup` is a container annotation that aggregates several `@Sql` annotations. You can
 use `@SqlGroup` natively to declare several nested `@Sql` annotations, or you can use it
-in conjunction with Java's support for repeatable annotations, where `@Sql` can be
+in conjunction with Java 8's support for repeatable annotations, where `@Sql` can be
 declared several times on the same class or method, implicitly generating this container
 annotation. The following example shows how to declare an SQL group:

@@ -73,27 +73,6 @@ Java::
 ----
 <1> Mark a field for overriding the bean with type `CustomService`.
 <2> The result of this static method will be used as the instance and injected into the field.
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	class OverrideBeanTests {
-		@TestBean // <1>
-		lateinit var customService: CustomService
-
-		// test case body...
-
-		companion object {
-			@JvmStatic
-			fun customService(): CustomService { // <2>
-				return MyFakeCustomService()
-			}
-		}
-	}
----
-<1> Mark a field for overriding the bean with type `CustomService`.
-<2> The result of this static method will be used as the instance and injected into the field.
 ======

 In the example above, we are overriding the bean with type `CustomService`. If more than
@@ -123,28 +102,6 @@ Java::
 <1> Mark a field for overriding the bean with name `service`, and specify that the
    factory method is named `createCustomService`.
 <2> The result of this static method will be used as the instance and injected into the field.
-
-Kotlin::
-+
-[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
----
-	class OverrideBeanTests {
-		@TestBean(name = "service", methodName = "createCustomService") // <1>
-		lateinit var customService: CustomService
-
-		// test case body...
-
-		companion object {
-			@JvmStatic
-			fun createCustomService(): CustomService { // <2>
-				return MyFakeCustomService()
-			}
-		}
-	}
----
-<1> Mark a field for overriding the bean with name `service`, and specify that the
-    factory method is named `createCustomService`.
-<2> The result of this static method will be used as the instance and injected into the field.
 ======

 [TIP]
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ and can be used anywhere in the Spring Framework.
 * `@Qualifier`
 * `@Value`
 * `@Resource` (jakarta.annotation) if JSR-250 is present
+* `@ManagedBean` (jakarta.annotation) if JSR-250 is present
 * `@Inject` (jakarta.inject) if JSR-330 is present
 * `@Named` (jakarta.inject) if JSR-330 is present
 * `@PersistenceContext` (jakarta.persistence) if JPA is present
@@ -5,25 +5,24 @@ It is important to be able to perform some integration testing without requiring
 deployment to your application server or connecting to other enterprise infrastructure.
 Doing so lets you test things such as:

-* The correct wiring of your Spring components.
-* Data access using JDBC or an ORM tool.
-  ** This can include such things as the correctness of SQL statements, Hibernate queries,
-     JPA entity mappings, and so forth.
+* The correct wiring of your Spring IoC container contexts.
+* Data access using JDBC or an ORM tool. This can include such things as the correctness
+  of SQL statements, Hibernate queries, JPA entity mappings, and so forth.

 The Spring Framework provides first-class support for integration testing in the
-`spring-test` module. The name of the actual JAR file might include the release version,
-depending on where you get it from (see the
-{spring-framework-wiki}/Spring-Framework-Artifacts[Spring Framework Artifacts] wiki page
-for details). This library includes the `org.springframework.test` package, which
+`spring-test` module. The name of the actual JAR file might include the release version
+and might also be in the long `org.springframework.test` form, depending on where you get
+it from (see the xref:core/beans/dependencies.adoc[section on Dependency Management]
+for an explanation). This library includes the `org.springframework.test` package, which
 contains valuable classes for integration testing with a Spring container. This testing
 does not rely on an application server or other deployment environment. Such tests are
 slower to run than unit tests but much faster than the equivalent Selenium tests or
 remote tests that rely on deployment to an application server.

 Unit and integration testing support is provided in the form of the annotation-driven
-xref:testing/testcontext-framework.adoc[Spring TestContext Framework]. The TestContext
-framework is agnostic of the actual testing framework in use, which allows
-instrumentation of tests in various environments, including JUnit, TestNG, and others.
+xref:testing/testcontext-framework.adoc[Spring TestContext Framework]. The TestContext framework is
+agnostic of the actual testing framework in use, which allows instrumentation of tests
+in various environments, including JUnit, TestNG, and others.

 The following section provides an overview of the high-level goals of Spring's
 integration support, and the rest of this chapter then focuses on dedicated topics:
@@ -184,10 +184,7 @@ Kotlin::
 +
 [source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
-	standaloneSetup(SimpleController())
-		.alwaysExpect<StandaloneMockMvcBuilder>(status().isOk())
-		.alwaysExpect<StandaloneMockMvcBuilder>(content().contentType("application/json;charset=UTF-8"))
-		.build()
+	// Not possible in Kotlin until {kotlin-issues}/KT-22208 is fixed
 ----
 ======

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Kotlin::
 +
 [source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
-	mockMvc = standaloneSetup(PersonController()).addFilters<StandaloneMockMvcBuilder>(CharacterEncodingFilter()).build()
+	// Not possible in Kotlin until {kotlin-issues}/KT-22208 is fixed
 ----
 ======

@@ -159,18 +159,7 @@ Kotlin::
 +
 [source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
-	class MyWebTests {
-
-		lateinit var mockMvc: MockMvc
-
-		@BeforeEach
-		fun setup() {
-			mockMvc = standaloneSetup(AccountController())
-				.defaultRequest<StandaloneMockMvcBuilder>(get("/")
-				.contextPath("/app").servletPath("/main")
-				.accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)).build()
-		}
-	}
+	// Not possible in Kotlin until {kotlin-issues}/KT-22208 is fixed
 ----
 ======

@@ -25,13 +25,7 @@ Kotlin::
 +
 [source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
-	// static import of MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup
-
-	val mockMvc = standaloneSetup(MusicController())
-		.defaultRequest<StandaloneMockMvcBuilder>(get("/").accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
-		.alwaysExpect<StandaloneMockMvcBuilder>(status().isOk())
-		.alwaysExpect<StandaloneMockMvcBuilder>(content().contentType("application/json;charset=UTF-8"))
-		.build()
+	// Not possible in Kotlin until {kotlin-issues}/KT-22208 is fixed
 ----
 ======

@@ -59,13 +53,7 @@ Kotlin::
 +
 [source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
-	// static import of SharedHttpSessionConfigurer.sharedHttpSession
-
-	val mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(TestController())
-			.apply<StandaloneMockMvcBuilder>(sharedHttpSession())
-			.build()
-
-	// Use mockMvc to perform requests...
+	// Not possible in Kotlin until {kotlin-issues}/KT-22208 is fixed
 ----
 ======

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ use https://www.gebish.org/[Geb] to make our tests even Groovy-er.
 == Why Geb and MockMvc?

 Geb is backed by WebDriver, so it offers many of the
-xref:testing/mockmvc/htmlunit/webdriver.adoc#mockmvc-server-htmlunit-webdriver-why[same benefits]
-that we get from WebDriver. However, Geb makes things even easier by taking care of some
-of the boilerplate code for us.
+xref:testing/mockmvc/htmlunit/webdriver.adoc#spring-mvc-test-server-htmlunit-webdriver-why[same benefits] that we get from
+WebDriver. However, Geb makes things even easier by taking care of some of the
+boilerplate code for us.

 [[mockmvc-server-htmlunit-geb-setup]]
 == MockMvc and Geb Setup
@@ -28,8 +28,7 @@ def setup() {
 ----

 NOTE: This is a simple example of using `MockMvcHtmlUnitDriverBuilder`. For more advanced
-usage, see
-xref:testing/mockmvc/htmlunit/webdriver.adoc#mockmvc-server-htmlunit-webdriver-advanced-builder[Advanced `MockMvcHtmlUnitDriverBuilder`].
+usage, see xref:testing/mockmvc/htmlunit/webdriver.adoc#spring-mvc-test-server-htmlunit-webdriver-advanced-builder[Advanced `MockMvcHtmlUnitDriverBuilder`].

 This ensures that any URL referencing `localhost` as the server is directed to our
 `MockMvc` instance without the need for a real HTTP connection. Any other URL is
@@ -63,10 +62,10 @@ forwarded to the current page object. This removes a lot of the boilerplate code
 needed when using WebDriver directly.

 As with direct WebDriver usage, this improves on the design of our
-xref:testing/mockmvc/htmlunit/mah.adoc#mockmvc-server-htmlunit-mah-usage[HtmlUnit test]
-by using the Page Object Pattern. As mentioned previously, we can use the Page Object
-Pattern with HtmlUnit and WebDriver, but it is even easier with Geb. Consider our new
-Groovy-based `CreateMessagePage` implementation:
+xref:testing/mockmvc/htmlunit/mah.adoc#spring-mvc-test-server-htmlunit-mah-usage[HtmlUnit test] by using the Page Object
+Pattern. As mentioned previously, we can use the Page Object Pattern with HtmlUnit and
+WebDriver, but it is even easier with Geb. Consider our new Groovy-based
+`CreateMessagePage` implementation:

 [source,groovy]
 ----
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ to use the raw HtmlUnit libraries.
 [[mockmvc-server-htmlunit-mah-setup]]
 == MockMvc and HtmlUnit Setup

-First, make sure that you have included a test dependency on `org.htmlunit:htmlunit`.
+First, make sure that you have included a test dependency on
+`org.htmlunit:htmlunit`.

 We can easily create an HtmlUnit `WebClient` that integrates with MockMvc by using the
 `MockMvcWebClientBuilder`, as follows:
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ Kotlin::
 ======

 NOTE: This is a simple example of using `MockMvcWebClientBuilder`. For advanced usage,
-see <<mockmvc-server-htmlunit-mah-advanced-builder>>.
+see xref:testing/mockmvc/htmlunit/mah.adoc#spring-mvc-test-server-htmlunit-mah-advanced-builder[Advanced `MockMvcWebClientBuilder`].

 This ensures that any URL that references `localhost` as the server is directed to our
 `MockMvc` instance without the need for a real HTTP connection. Any other URL is
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ Kotlin::
 ======

 NOTE: The default context path is `""`. Alternatively, we can specify the context path,
-as described in <<mockmvc-server-htmlunit-mah-advanced-builder>>.
+as described in xref:testing/mockmvc/htmlunit/mah.adoc#spring-mvc-test-server-htmlunit-mah-advanced-builder[Advanced `MockMvcWebClientBuilder`].

 Once we have a reference to the `HtmlPage`, we can then fill out the form and submit it
 to create a message, as the following example shows:
@@ -143,10 +144,10 @@ Kotlin::
 ======

 The preceding code improves on our
-xref:testing/mockmvc/htmlunit/why.adoc#mockmvc-server-htmlunit-why[MockMvc test] in a
-number of ways. First, we no longer have to explicitly verify our form and then create a
-request that looks like the form. Instead, we request the form, fill it out, and submit
-it, thereby significantly reducing the overhead.
+xref:testing/mockmvc/htmlunit/why.adoc#spring-mvc-test-server-htmlunit-mock-mvc-test[MockMvc test] in a number of ways.
+First, we no longer have to explicitly verify our form and then create a request that
+looks like the form. Instead, we request the form, fill it out, and submit it, thereby
+significantly reducing the overhead.

 Another important factor is that https://htmlunit.sourceforge.io/javascript.html[HtmlUnit
 uses the Mozilla Rhino engine] to evaluate JavaScript. This means that we can also test
@@ -266,19 +267,7 @@ Kotlin::
 +
 [source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
-	val mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders
-			.webAppContextSetup(context)
-			.apply<DefaultMockMvcBuilder>(springSecurity())
-			.build()
-
-	webClient = MockMvcWebClientBuilder
-			.mockMvcSetup(mockMvc)
-			// for illustration only - defaults to ""
-			.contextPath("")
-			// By default MockMvc is used for localhost only;
-			// the following will use MockMvc for example.com and example.org as well
-			.useMockMvcForHosts("example.com", "example.org")
-			.build()
+	// Not possible in Kotlin until {kotlin-issues}/KT-22208 is fixed
 ----
 ======

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@

 In the previous sections, we have seen how to use MockMvc in conjunction with the raw
 HtmlUnit APIs. In this section, we use additional abstractions within the Selenium
-https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/[WebDriver] to make things even easier.
+https://docs.seleniumhq.org/projects/webdriver/[WebDriver] to make things even easier.

 [[mockmvc-server-htmlunit-webdriver-why]]
 == Why WebDriver and MockMvc?
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ We can already use HtmlUnit and MockMvc, so why would we want to use WebDriver?
 Selenium WebDriver provides a very elegant API that lets us easily organize our code. To
 better show how it works, we explore an example in this section.

-NOTE: Despite being a part of https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/[Selenium],
-WebDriver does not require a Selenium Server to run your tests.
+NOTE: Despite being a part of https://docs.seleniumhq.org/[Selenium], WebDriver does not
+require a Selenium Server to run your tests.

 Suppose we need to ensure that a message is created properly. The tests involve finding
 the HTML form input elements, filling them out, and making various assertions.
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ Kotlin::
 ======

 NOTE: This is a simple example of using `MockMvcHtmlUnitDriverBuilder`. For more advanced
-usage, see <<mockmvc-server-htmlunit-webdriver-advanced-builder>>.
+usage, see xref:testing/mockmvc/htmlunit/webdriver.adoc#spring-mvc-test-server-htmlunit-webdriver-advanced-builder[Advanced `MockMvcHtmlUnitDriverBuilder`].

 The preceding example ensures that any URL that references `localhost` as the server is
 directed to our `MockMvc` instance without the need for a real HTTP connection. Any other
@@ -259,11 +259,10 @@ Kotlin::
 ======
 --

-This improves on the design of our
-xref:testing/mockmvc/htmlunit/mah.adoc#mockmvc-server-htmlunit-mah-usage[HtmlUnit test]
+This improves on the design of our xref:testing/mockmvc/htmlunit/mah.adoc#spring-mvc-test-server-htmlunit-mah-usage[HtmlUnit test]
 by leveraging the Page Object Pattern. As we mentioned in
-<<mockmvc-server-htmlunit-webdriver-why>>, we can use the Page Object Pattern with
-HtmlUnit, but it is much easier with WebDriver. Consider the following
+xref:testing/mockmvc/htmlunit/webdriver.adoc#mockmvc-server-htmlunit-webdriver-why[Why WebDriver and MockMvc?], we can use the Page Object Pattern
+with HtmlUnit, but it is much easier with WebDriver. Consider the following
 `CreateMessagePage` implementation:

 --
@@ -308,7 +307,7 @@ interested. These are of type `WebElement`. WebDriver's
 https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/PageFactory[`PageFactory`] lets us remove a
 lot of code from the HtmlUnit version of `CreateMessagePage` by automatically resolving
 each `WebElement`. The
-https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/docs/api/java/org/openqa/selenium/support/PageFactory.html#initElements-org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver-java.lang.Class-[`PageFactory#initElements(WebDriver,Class<T>)`]
+https://seleniumhq.github.io/selenium/docs/api/java/org/openqa/selenium/support/PageFactory.html#initElements-org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver-java.lang.Class-[`PageFactory#initElements(WebDriver,Class<T>)`]
 method automatically resolves each `WebElement` by using the field name and looking it up
 by the `id` or `name` of the element within the HTML page.
 <3> We can use the
@@ -352,7 +351,7 @@ interested. These are of type `WebElement`. WebDriver's
 https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/PageFactory[`PageFactory`] lets us remove a
 lot of code from the HtmlUnit version of `CreateMessagePage` by automatically resolving
 each `WebElement`. The
-https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/docs/api/java/org/openqa/selenium/support/PageFactory.html#initElements-org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver-java.lang.Class-[`PageFactory#initElements(WebDriver,Class<T>)`]
+https://seleniumhq.github.io/selenium/docs/api/java/org/openqa/selenium/support/PageFactory.html#initElements-org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver-java.lang.Class-[`PageFactory#initElements(WebDriver,Class<T>)`]
 method automatically resolves each `WebElement` by using the field name and looking it up
 by the `id` or `name` of the element within the HTML page.
 <3> We can use the
@@ -563,19 +562,7 @@ Kotlin::
 +
 [source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
 ----
-	val mockMvc: MockMvc = MockMvcBuilders
-			.webAppContextSetup(context)
-			.apply<DefaultMockMvcBuilder>(springSecurity())
-			.build()
-
-	driver = MockMvcHtmlUnitDriverBuilder
-			.mockMvcSetup(mockMvc)
-			// for illustration only - defaults to ""
-			.contextPath("")
-			// By default MockMvc is used for localhost only;
-			// the following will use MockMvc for example.com and example.org as well
-			.useMockMvcForHosts("example.com", "example.org")
-			.build()
+	// Not possible in Kotlin until {kotlin-issues}/KT-22208 is fixed
 ----
 ======

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ assume our form looks like the following snippet:
 	</form>
 ----

-How do we ensure that our form produces the correct request to create a new message? A
+How do we ensure that our form produce the correct request to create a new message? A
 naive attempt might resemble the following:

 [tabs]
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ validation.
 [[mockmvc-server-htmlunit-why-integration]]
 == Integration Testing to the Rescue?

-To resolve the issues mentioned above, we could perform end-to-end integration testing,
+To resolve the issues mentioned earlier, we could perform end-to-end integration testing,
 but this has some drawbacks. Consider testing the view that lets us page through the
 messages. We might need the following tests:

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ leads to a number of additional challenges:
 * Testing can become slow, since each test would need to ensure that the database is in
  the correct state.
 * Since our database needs to be in a specific state, we cannot run tests in parallel.
-* Performing assertions on items such as auto-generated IDs, timestamps, and others can
+* Performing assertions on such items as auto-generated IDs, timestamps, and others can
  be difficult.

 These challenges do not mean that we should abandon end-to-end integration testing
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ https://testng.org/[TestNG] ::
  testing, distributed testing, and other features. Supported in the
  xref:testing/testcontext-framework.adoc[Spring TestContext Framework].
 {assertj-docs}[AssertJ] ::
-  "Fluent assertions for Java", including support for lambda expressions, streams, and
+  "Fluent assertions for Java", including support for Java 8 lambdas, streams, and
  numerous other features. Supported in Spring's
  xref:testing/mockmvc/assertj.adoc[MockMvc testing support].
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_Object[Mock Objects] ::
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ applications without a running server via MockMvc.



-[[resttestclient.setup]]
+[[resttestclient-setup]]
 == Setup

 To set up a `RestTestClient` you need to choose a server setup to bind to. This can be one
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ of several MockMvc setup choices, or a connection to a live server.



-[[resttestclient.controller-config]]
+[[resttestclient-controller-config]]
 === Bind to Controller

 This setup allows you to test specific controller(s) via mock request and response objects,
@@ -42,17 +42,55 @@ Kotlin::
 ----
 ======

-[[resttestclient.context-config]]
+[[resttestclient-context-config]]
 === Bind to `ApplicationContext`

 This setup allows you to load Spring configuration with Spring MVC
 infrastructure and controller declarations and use it to handle requests via mock request
 and response objects, without a running server.

-include-code::./RestClientContextTests[indent=0]
+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	@SpringJUnitConfig(WebConfig.class) // <1>
+	class MyTests {

+		RestTestClient client;

-[[resttestclient.fn-config]]
+		@BeforeEach
+		void setUp(ApplicationContext context) {  // <2>
+			client = RestTestClient.bindToApplicationContext(context).build(); // <3>
+		}
+	}
+----
+<1> Specify the configuration to load
+<2> Inject the configuration
+<3> Create the `RestTestClient`
+
+Kotlin::
+
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	@SpringJUnitConfig(WebConfig::class) // <1>
+	class MyTests {
+
+		lateinit var client: RestTestClient
+
+		@BeforeEach
+		fun setUp(context: ApplicationContext) { // <2>
+			client = RestTestClient.bindToApplicationContext(context).build() // <3>
+		}
+	}
+----
+<1> Specify the configuration to load
+<2> Inject the configuration
+<3> Create the `RestTestClient`
+======
+
+[[resttestclient-fn-config]]
 === Bind to Router Function

 This setup allows you to test xref:web/webmvc-functional.adoc[functional endpoints] via
@@ -77,7 +115,7 @@ Kotlin::
 ----
 ======

-[[resttestclient.server-config]]
+[[resttestclient-server-config]]
 === Bind to Server

 This setup connects to a running server to perform full, end-to-end HTTP tests:
@@ -101,7 +139,7 @@ Kotlin::



-[[resttestclient.client-config]]
+[[resttestclient-client-config]]
 === Client Config

 In addition to the server setup options described earlier, you can also configure client
@@ -132,37 +170,75 @@ Kotlin::



-[[resttestclient.tests]]
+[[resttestclient-tests]]
 == Writing Tests

-xref:integration/rest-clients.adoc#rest-restclient[`RestClient`] and `RestTestClient` have
-the same API up to the point of the call to `exchange()`. After that, `RestTestClient`
-provides two alternative ways to verify the response:
+`RestTestClient` provides an API identical to xref:integration/rest-clients.adoc#rest-restclient[`RestClient`]
+up to the point of performing a request by using `exchange()`.

-1. xref:resttestclient-workflow[Built-in Assertions] extend the request workflow with a chain of expectations
-2. xref:resttestclient-assertj[AssertJ Integration] to verify the response via `assertThat()` statements
+After the call to `exchange()`, `RestTestClient` diverges from `RestClient`, and
+instead continues with a workflow to verify responses.

-TIP: See the xref:integration/rest-clients.adoc#rest-message-conversion[HTTP Message Conversion]
-section for examples on how to prepare a request with any content, including form data and multipart data.
+To assert the response status and headers, use the following:

+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	client.get().uri("/persons/1")
+		.accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
+		.exchange()
+		.expectStatus().isOk()
+		.expectHeader().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON);
+----

-
-[[resttestclient.workflow]]
-=== Built-in Assertions
-
-To use the built-in assertions, remain in the workflow after the call to `exchange()`, and
-use one of the expectation methods. For example:
-
-include-code::./RestClientWorkflowTests[tag=test,indent=0]
-
+Kotlin::
+
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	client.get().uri("/persons/1")
+		.accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
+		.exchange()
+		.expectStatus().isOk()
+		.expectHeader().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
+----
+======

 If you would like for all expectations to be asserted even if one of them fails, you can
 use `expectAll(..)` instead of multiple chained `expect*(..)` calls. This feature is
 similar to the _soft assertions_ support in AssertJ and the `assertAll()` support in
 JUnit Jupiter.

-include-code::./RestClientWorkflowTests[tag=soft-assertions,indent=0]
+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	client.get().uri("/persons/1")
+		.accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
+		.exchange()
+		.expectAll(
+			spec -> spec.expectStatus().isOk(),
+			spec -> spec.expectHeader().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
+		);
+----

+Kotlin::
+
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	client.get().uri("/persons/1")
+		.accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
+		.exchange()
+		.expectAll(
+			{ spec -> spec.expectStatus().isOk() },
+			{ spec -> spec.expectHeader().contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) }
+		)
+----
+======

 You can then choose to decode the response body through one of the following:

@@ -173,70 +249,186 @@ You can then choose to decode the response body through one of the following:
 If the built-in assertions are insufficient, you can consume the object instead and
 perform any other assertions:

-include-code::./RestClientWorkflowTests[tag=consume,indent=0]
+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+    client.get().uri("/persons/1")
+            .exchange()
+            .expectStatus().isOk()
+            .expectBody(Person.class)
+            .consumeWith(result -> {
+                // custom assertions (for example, AssertJ)...
+            });
+----
+
+Kotlin::
+
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	client.get().uri("/persons/1")
+			.exchange()
+			.expectStatus().isOk()
+			.expectBody<Person>()
+			.consumeWith {
+				// custom assertions (for example, AssertJ)...
+			}
+----
+======

 Or you can exit the workflow and obtain a `EntityExchangeResult`:

-include-code::./RestClientWorkflowTests[tag=result,indent=0]
+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	EntityExchangeResult<Person> result = client.get().uri("/persons/1")
+			.exchange()
+			.expectStatus().isOk()
+			.expectBody(Person.class)
+			.returnResult();
+----

+Kotlin::
+
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	val result = client.get().uri("/persons/1")
+			.exchange()
+			.expectStatus().isOk
+			.expectBody<Person>()
+			.returnResult()
+----
+======

 TIP: When you need to decode to a target type with generics, look for the overloaded methods
 that accept {spring-framework-api}/core/ParameterizedTypeReference.html[`ParameterizedTypeReference`]
 instead of `Class<T>`.


-[[resttestclient.no-content]]
-==== No Content
+
+[[resttestclient-no-content]]
+=== No Content

 If the response is not expected to have content, you can assert that as follows:

-include-code::./NoContentTests[tag=emptyBody,indent=0]
+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	client.post().uri("/persons")
+			.body(person)
+			.exchange()
+			.expectStatus().isCreated()
+			.expectBody().isEmpty();
+----
+
+Kotlin::
+
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	client.post().uri("/persons")
+			.body(person)
+			.exchange()
+			.expectStatus().isCreated()
+			.expectBody().isEmpty()
+----
+======

 If you want to ignore the response content, the following releases the content without any assertions:

-include-code::./NoContentTests[tag=ignoreBody,indent=0]
+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	client.get().uri("/persons/123")
+			.exchange()
+			.expectStatus().isNotFound()
+			.expectBody(Void.class);
+----

-NOTE: Consuming the response body (for example, with `expectBody`) is required if your tests are running with
-leak detection for pooled buffers. Without that, the tool will report buffers being leaked.
+Kotlin::
+
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	client.get().uri("/persons/123")
+			.exchange()
+			.expectStatus().isNotFound
+			.expectBody<Unit>()
+----
+======


-[[resttestclient.json]]
-==== JSON Content
+
+[[resttestclient-json]]
+=== JSON Content

 You can use `expectBody()` without a target type to perform assertions on the raw
 content rather than through higher level Object(s).

 To verify the full JSON content with https://jsonassert.skyscreamer.org[JSONAssert]:

-include-code::./JsonTests[tag=jsonBody,indent=0]
+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	client.get().uri("/persons/1")
+			.exchange()
+			.expectStatus().isOk()
+			.expectBody()
+			.json("{\"name\":\"Jane\"}")
+----

+Kotlin::
+
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	client.get().uri("/persons/1")
+			.exchange()
+			.expectStatus().isOk()
+			.expectBody()
+			.json("{\"name\":\"Jane\"}")
+----
+======

 To verify JSON content with https://github.com/jayway/JsonPath[JSONPath]:

-include-code::./JsonTests[tag=jsonPath,indent=0]
+[tabs]
+======
+Java::
+
+[source,java,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	client.get().uri("/persons")
+			.exchange()
+			.expectStatus().isOk()
+			.expectBody()
+			.jsonPath("$[0].name").isEqualTo("Jane")
+			.jsonPath("$[1].name").isEqualTo("Jason");
+----
+
+Kotlin::
+
+[source,kotlin,indent=0,subs="verbatim,quotes"]
+----
+	client.get().uri("/persons")
+			.exchange()
+			.expectStatus().isOk()
+			.expectBody()
+			.jsonPath("$[0].name").isEqualTo("Jane")
+			.jsonPath("$[1].name").isEqualTo("Jason")
+----
+======


-[[resttestclient.multipart]]
-==== Multipart Content

-When testing endpoints that return multipart responses, you can decode the body to a
-`MultiValueMap<String, Part>` and assert individual parts using the `FormFieldPart`
-and `FilePart` subtypes.
-
-include-code::./MultipartTests[tag=multipart,indent=0]
-
-
-[[resttestclient.assertj]]
-=== AssertJ Integration
-
-`RestTestClientResponse` is the main entry point for the AssertJ integration.
-It is an `AssertProvider` that wraps the `ResponseSpec` of an exchange in order to enable
-use of `assertThat()` statements. For example:
-
-include-code::./AssertJTests[tag=withSpec,indent=0]
-
-
-You can also use the built-in workflow first, and then obtain an `ExchangeResult` to wrap
-and continue with AssertJ. For example:
-
-include-code::./AssertJTests[tag=withResult,indent=0]
@@ -43,16 +43,6 @@ alternative, you can set the same property via the
 xref:appendix.adoc#appendix-spring-properties[`SpringProperties`] mechanism.
 ====

-[TIP]
-====
-JPA's `@PersistenceContext` and `@PersistenceUnit` annotations cannot be used to perform
-dependency injection within test classes in AOT mode.
-
-However, as of Spring Framework 7.0, you can inject an `EntityManager` or
-`EntityManagerFactory` into tests using `@Autowired` instead of `@PersistenceContext` and
-`@PersistenceUnit`, respectively.
-====
-
 [NOTE]
 ====
 The `@ContextHierarchy` annotation is not supported in AOT mode.
@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@
 = Bean Overriding in Tests

 Bean overriding in tests refers to the ability to override specific beans in the
-`ApplicationContext` for a test class, by annotating the test class, one or more
-non-static fields in the test class, or one or more parameters in the constructor for the
-test class.
+`ApplicationContext` for a test class, by annotating the test class or one or more
+non-static fields in the test class.

 NOTE: This feature is intended as a less risky alternative to the practice of registering
 a bean via `@Bean` with the `DefaultListableBeanFactory`
@@ -43,9 +42,9 @@ The `spring-test` module registers implementations of the latter two
 {spring-framework-code}/spring-test/src/main/resources/META-INF/spring.factories[`META-INF/spring.factories`
 properties file].

-The bean overriding infrastructure searches for annotations on test classes, non-static
-fields in test classes, and parameters in test class constructors that are meta-annotated
-with `@BeanOverride`, and instantiates the corresponding `BeanOverrideProcessor` which is
+The bean overriding infrastructure searches for annotations on test classes as well as
+annotations on non-static fields in test classes that are meta-annotated with
+`@BeanOverride` and instantiates the corresponding `BeanOverrideProcessor` which is
 responsible for creating an appropriate `BeanOverrideHandler`.

 The internal `BeanOverrideBeanFactoryPostProcessor` then uses bean override handlers to
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ meta-annotation. If a bootstrapper is not explicitly configured by using
 `WebTestContextBootstrapper` is used, depending on the presence of `@WebAppConfiguration`.

 Since the `TestContextBootstrapper` SPI is likely to change in the future (to accommodate
-new requirements), we strongly encourage implementors not to implement this interface
+new requirements), we strongly encourage implementers not to implement this interface
 directly but rather to extend `AbstractTestContextBootstrapper` or one of its concrete
 subclasses instead.
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ Kotlin::
 <1> Injecting the `ApplicationContext`.
 ======

+
 Similarly, if your test is configured to load a `WebApplicationContext`, you can inject
 the web application context into your test, as follows:

@@ -86,6 +87,7 @@ Kotlin::
 <2> Injecting the `WebApplicationContext`.
 ======

+
 Dependency injection by using `@Autowired` is provided by the
 `DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener`, which is configured by default
 (see xref:testing/testcontext-framework/fixture-di.adoc[Dependency Injection of Test Fixtures]).
@@ -94,24 +96,22 @@ Dependency injection by using `@Autowired` is provided by the
 Test classes that use the TestContext framework do not need to extend any particular
 class or implement a specific interface to configure their application context. Instead,
 configuration is achieved by declaring the `@ContextConfiguration` annotation at the
-class level. If your test class does not explicitly declare component classes or resource
-locations, the configured `ContextLoader` determines how to load a context from _default_
-configuration classes or a _default_ location. In addition to component classes and
-context resource locations, an application context can also be configured through
-xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/context-customizers.adoc[context customizers]
-or xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/initializers.adoc[context initializers].
+class level. If your test class does not explicitly declare application context resource
+locations or component classes, the configured `ContextLoader` determines how to load a
+context from a default location or default configuration classes. In addition to context
+resource locations and component classes, an application context can also be configured
+through application context initializers.

-The following sections explain how to use `@ContextConfiguration` and related annotations
-to configure a test `ApplicationContext` by using component classes (typically
-`@Configuration` classes), XML configuration files, Groovy scripts, context customizers,
-or context initializers. Alternatively, you can implement and configure your own custom
-`SmartContextLoader` for advanced use cases.
+The following sections explain how to use Spring's `@ContextConfiguration` annotation to
+configure a test `ApplicationContext` by using XML configuration files, Groovy scripts,
+component classes (typically `@Configuration` classes), or context initializers.
+Alternatively, you can implement and configure your own custom `SmartContextLoader` for
+advanced use cases.

-* xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/javaconfig.adoc[Context Configuration with Component Classes]
-* xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/xml.adoc[Context Configuration with XML Resources]
+* xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/xml.adoc[Context Configuration with XML resources]
 * xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/groovy.adoc[Context Configuration with Groovy Scripts]
-* xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/default-config.adoc[Default Context Configuration]
-* xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/mixed-config.adoc[Mixing Component Classes, XML, and Groovy Scripts]
+* xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/javaconfig.adoc[Context Configuration with Component Classes]
+* xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/mixed-config.adoc[Mixing XML, Groovy Scripts, and Component Classes]
 * xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/context-customizers.adoc[Context Configuration with Context Customizers]
 * xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/initializers.adoc[Context Configuration with Context Initializers]
 * xref:testing/testcontext-framework/ctx-management/inheritance.adoc[Context Configuration Inheritance]
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More