Release v0.22.0

* Add benchmark unit test

* Update

* Update

* Update

* Change the default value of CPPHTTPLIB_IDLE_INTERVAL_USECOND to 1ms

README.md

@@ -285,6 +285,22 @@ svr.set_post_routing_handler([](const auto& req, auto& res) {
 });
 ```
 
+### Pre request handler
+
+```cpp
+svr.set_pre_request_handler([](const auto& req, auto& res) {
+  if (req.matched_route == "/user/:user") {
+    auto user = req.path_params.at("user");
+    if (user != "john") {
+      res.status = StatusCode::Forbidden_403;
+      res.set_content("error", "text/html");
+      return Server::HandlerResponse::Handled;
+    }
+  }
+  return Server::HandlerResponse::Unhandled;
+});
+```
+
 ### 'multipart/form-data' POST data
 
 ```cpp
@@ -655,7 +671,7 @@ cli.set_connection_timeout(0, 300000); // 300 milliseconds
 cli.set_read_timeout(5, 0); // 5 seconds
 cli.set_write_timeout(5, 0); // 5 seconds
 
-// This method works the same as curl's `--max-timeout` option
+// This method works the same as curl's `--max-time` option
 svr.set_max_timeout(5000); // 5 seconds
 ```
 

httplib.h

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_HTTPLIB_H
 #define CPPHTTPLIB_HTTPLIB_H
 
-#define CPPHTTPLIB_VERSION "0.20.1"
+#define CPPHTTPLIB_VERSION "0.22.0"
 
 /*
  * Configuration
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
 
 #ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_IDLE_INTERVAL_USECOND
 #ifdef _WIN32
-#define CPPHTTPLIB_IDLE_INTERVAL_USECOND 10000
+#define CPPHTTPLIB_IDLE_INTERVAL_USECOND 1000
 #else
 #define CPPHTTPLIB_IDLE_INTERVAL_USECOND 0
 #endif
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@
 #define CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_LENGTH 8192
 #endif
 
+#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_COUNT
+#define CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_COUNT 100
+#endif
+
 #ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_REDIRECT_MAX_COUNT
 #define CPPHTTPLIB_REDIRECT_MAX_COUNT 20
 #endif
@@ -192,8 +196,13 @@ using ssize_t = long;
 #include <winsock2.h>
 #include <ws2tcpip.h>
 
+#if defined(__has_include)
+#if __has_include(<afunix.h>)
 // afunix.h uses types declared in winsock2.h, so has to be included after it.
 #include <afunix.h>
+#define CPPHTTPLIB_HAVE_AFUNIX_H 1
+#endif
+#endif
 
 #ifndef WSA_FLAG_NO_HANDLE_INHERIT
 #define WSA_FLAG_NO_HANDLE_INHERIT 0x80
@@ -539,6 +548,7 @@ struct MultipartFormData {
   std::string content;
   std::string filename;
   std::string content_type;
+  Headers headers;
 };
 using MultipartFormDataItems = std::vector<MultipartFormData>;
 using MultipartFormDataMap = std::multimap<std::string, MultipartFormData>;
@@ -631,6 +641,7 @@ using Ranges = std::vector<Range>;
 struct Request {
   std::string method;
   std::string path;
+  std::string matched_route;
   Params params;
   Headers headers;
   std::string body;
@@ -882,10 +893,16 @@ namespace detail {
 
 class MatcherBase {
 public:
+  MatcherBase(std::string pattern) : pattern_(pattern) {}
   virtual ~MatcherBase() = default;
 
+  const std::string &pattern() const { return pattern_; }
+
   // Match request path and populate its matches and
   virtual bool match(Request &request) const = 0;
+
+private:
+  std::string pattern_;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -937,7 +954,8 @@ private:
  */
 class RegexMatcher final : public MatcherBase {
 public:
-  RegexMatcher(const std::string &pattern) : regex_(pattern) {}
+  RegexMatcher(const std::string &pattern)
+      : MatcherBase(pattern), regex_(pattern) {}
 
   bool match(Request &request) const override;
 
@@ -1004,9 +1022,12 @@ public:
   }
 
   Server &set_exception_handler(ExceptionHandler handler);
+
   Server &set_pre_routing_handler(HandlerWithResponse handler);
   Server &set_post_routing_handler(Handler handler);
 
+  Server &set_pre_request_handler(HandlerWithResponse handler);
+
   Server &set_expect_100_continue_handler(Expect100ContinueHandler handler);
   Server &set_logger(Logger logger);
 
@@ -1087,8 +1108,7 @@ private:
   bool listen_internal();
 
   bool routing(Request &req, Response &res, Stream &strm);
-  bool handle_file_request(const Request &req, Response &res,
-                           bool head = false);
+  bool handle_file_request(const Request &req, Response &res);
   bool dispatch_request(Request &req, Response &res,
                         const Handlers &handlers) const;
   bool dispatch_request_for_content_reader(
@@ -1149,6 +1169,7 @@ private:
   ExceptionHandler exception_handler_;
   HandlerWithResponse pre_routing_handler_;
   Handler post_routing_handler_;
+  HandlerWithResponse pre_request_handler_;
   Expect100ContinueHandler expect_100_continue_handler_;
 
   Logger logger_;
@@ -2066,7 +2087,9 @@ template <size_t N> inline constexpr size_t str_len(const char (&)[N]) {
 }
 
 inline bool is_numeric(const std::string &str) {
-  return !str.empty() && std::all_of(str.begin(), str.end(), ::isdigit);
+  return !str.empty() &&
+         std::all_of(str.cbegin(), str.cend(),
+                     [](unsigned char c) { return std::isdigit(c); });
 }
 
 inline uint64_t get_header_value_u64(const Headers &headers,
@@ -3550,6 +3573,7 @@ socket_t create_socket(const std::string &host, const std::string &ip, int port,
     hints.ai_flags = socket_flags;
   }
 
+#if !defined(_WIN32) || defined(CPPHTTPLIB_HAVE_AFUNIX_H)
   if (hints.ai_family == AF_UNIX) {
     const auto addrlen = host.length();
     if (addrlen > sizeof(sockaddr_un::sun_path)) { return INVALID_SOCKET; }
@@ -3594,6 +3618,7 @@ socket_t create_socket(const std::string &host, const std::string &ip, int port,
     }
     return sock;
   }
+#endif
 
   auto service = std::to_string(port);
 
@@ -4334,6 +4359,8 @@ inline bool read_headers(Stream &strm, Headers &headers) {
   char buf[bufsiz];
   stream_line_reader line_reader(strm, buf, bufsiz);
 
+  size_t header_count = 0;
+
   for (;;) {
     if (!line_reader.getline()) { return false; }
 
@@ -4354,6 +4381,9 @@ inline bool read_headers(Stream &strm, Headers &headers) {
 
     if (line_reader.size() > CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_LENGTH) { return false; }
 
+    // Check header count limit
+    if (header_count >= CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_COUNT) { return false; }
+
     // Exclude line terminator
     auto end = line_reader.ptr() + line_reader.size() - line_terminator_len;
 
@@ -4363,6 +4393,8 @@ inline bool read_headers(Stream &strm, Headers &headers) {
                       })) {
       return false;
     }
+
+    header_count++;
   }
 
   return true;
@@ -4465,9 +4497,13 @@ inline bool read_content_chunked(Stream &strm, T &x,
   // chunked transfer coding data without the final CRLF.
   if (!line_reader.getline()) { return true; }
 
+  size_t trailer_header_count = 0;
   while (strcmp(line_reader.ptr(), "\r\n") != 0) {
     if (line_reader.size() > CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_LENGTH) { return false; }
 
+    // Check trailer header count limit
+    if (trailer_header_count >= CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_COUNT) { return false; }
+
     // Exclude line terminator
     constexpr auto line_terminator_len = 2;
     auto end = line_reader.ptr() + line_reader.size() - line_terminator_len;
@@ -4477,6 +4513,8 @@ inline bool read_content_chunked(Stream &strm, T &x,
                    x.headers.emplace(key, val);
                  });
 
+    trailer_header_count++;
+
     if (!line_reader.getline()) { return false; }
   }
 
@@ -5025,6 +5063,16 @@ public:
             return false;
           }
 
+          // parse and emplace space trimmed headers into a map
+          if (!parse_header(
+                  header.data(), header.data() + header.size(),
+                  [&](const std::string &key, const std::string &val) {
+                    file_.headers.emplace(key, val);
+                  })) {
+            is_valid_ = false;
+            return false;
+          }
+
           constexpr const char header_content_type[] = "Content-Type:";
 
           if (start_with_case_ignore(header, header_content_type)) {
@@ -5124,6 +5172,7 @@ private:
     file_.name.clear();
     file_.filename.clear();
     file_.content_type.clear();
+    file_.headers.clear();
   }
 
   bool start_with_case_ignore(const std::string &a, const char *b) const {
@@ -5297,13 +5346,68 @@ serialize_multipart_formdata(const MultipartFormDataItems &items,
   return body;
 }
 
+inline void coalesce_ranges(Ranges &ranges, size_t content_length) {
+  if (ranges.size() <= 1) return;
+
+  // Sort ranges by start position
+  std::sort(ranges.begin(), ranges.end(),
+            [](const Range &a, const Range &b) { return a.first < b.first; });
+
+  Ranges coalesced;
+  coalesced.reserve(ranges.size());
+
+  for (auto &r : ranges) {
+    auto first_pos = r.first;
+    auto last_pos = r.second;
+
+    // Handle special cases like in range_error
+    if (first_pos == -1 && last_pos == -1) {
+      first_pos = 0;
+      last_pos = static_cast<ssize_t>(content_length);
+    }
+
+    if (first_pos == -1) {
+      first_pos = static_cast<ssize_t>(content_length) - last_pos;
+      last_pos = static_cast<ssize_t>(content_length) - 1;
+    }
+
+    if (last_pos == -1 || last_pos >= static_cast<ssize_t>(content_length)) {
+      last_pos = static_cast<ssize_t>(content_length) - 1;
+    }
+
+    // Skip invalid ranges
+    if (!(0 <= first_pos && first_pos <= last_pos &&
+          last_pos < static_cast<ssize_t>(content_length))) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // Coalesce with previous range if overlapping or adjacent (but not
+    // identical)
+    if (!coalesced.empty()) {
+      auto &prev = coalesced.back();
+      // Check if current range overlaps or is adjacent to previous range
+      // but don't coalesce identical ranges (allow duplicates)
+      if (first_pos <= prev.second + 1 &&
+          !(first_pos == prev.first && last_pos == prev.second)) {
+        // Extend the previous range
+        prev.second = (std::max)(prev.second, last_pos);
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Add new range
+    coalesced.emplace_back(first_pos, last_pos);
+  }
+
+  ranges = std::move(coalesced);
+}
+
 inline bool range_error(Request &req, Response &res) {
   if (!req.ranges.empty() && 200 <= res.status && res.status < 300) {
     ssize_t content_len = static_cast<ssize_t>(
         res.content_length_ ? res.content_length_ : res.body.size());
 
-    ssize_t prev_first_pos = -1;
-    ssize_t prev_last_pos = -1;
+    std::vector<std::pair<ssize_t, ssize_t>> processed_ranges;
     size_t overwrapping_count = 0;
 
     // NOTE: The following Range check is based on '14.2. Range' in RFC 9110
@@ -5346,18 +5450,21 @@ inline bool range_error(Request &req, Response &res) {
         return true;
       }
 
-      // Ranges must be in ascending order
-      if (first_pos <= prev_first_pos) { return true; }
-
       // Request must not have more than two overlapping ranges
-      if (first_pos <= prev_last_pos) {
-        overwrapping_count++;
-        if (overwrapping_count > 2) { return true; }
+      for (const auto &processed_range : processed_ranges) {
+        if (!(last_pos < processed_range.first ||
+              first_pos > processed_range.second)) {
+          overwrapping_count++;
+          if (overwrapping_count > 2) { return true; }
+          break; // Only count once per range
+        }
       }
 
-      prev_first_pos = (std::max)(prev_first_pos, first_pos);
-      prev_last_pos = (std::max)(prev_last_pos, last_pos);
+      processed_ranges.emplace_back(first_pos, last_pos);
     }
+
+    // After validation, coalesce overlapping ranges as per RFC 9110
+    coalesce_ranges(req.ranges, static_cast<size_t>(content_len));
   }
 
   return false;
@@ -6216,7 +6323,8 @@ inline time_t BufferStream::duration() const { return 0; }
 
 inline const std::string &BufferStream::get_buffer() const { return buffer; }
 
-inline PathParamsMatcher::PathParamsMatcher(const std::string &pattern) {
+inline PathParamsMatcher::PathParamsMatcher(const std::string &pattern)
+    : MatcherBase(pattern) {
   constexpr const char marker[] = "/:";
 
   // One past the last ending position of a path param substring
@@ -6467,6 +6575,11 @@ inline Server &Server::set_post_routing_handler(Handler handler) {
   return *this;
 }
 
+inline Server &Server::set_pre_request_handler(HandlerWithResponse handler) {
+  pre_request_handler_ = std::move(handler);
+  return *this;
+}
+
 inline Server &Server::set_logger(Logger logger) {
   logger_ = std::move(logger);
   return *this;
@@ -6878,8 +6991,7 @@ Server::read_content_core(Stream &strm, Request &req, Response &res,
   return true;
 }
 
-inline bool Server::handle_file_request(const Request &req, Response &res,
-                                        bool head) {
+inline bool Server::handle_file_request(const Request &req, Response &res) {
   for (const auto &entry : base_dirs_) {
     // Prefix match
     if (!req.path.compare(0, entry.mount_point.size(), entry.mount_point)) {
@@ -6912,7 +7024,7 @@ inline bool Server::handle_file_request(const Request &req, Response &res,
                 return true;
               });
 
-          if (!head && file_request_handler_) {
+          if (req.method != "HEAD" && file_request_handler_) {
             file_request_handler_(req, res);
           }
 
@@ -7046,9 +7158,8 @@ inline bool Server::routing(Request &req, Response &res, Stream &strm) {
   }
 
   // File handler
-  auto is_head_request = req.method == "HEAD";
-  if ((req.method == "GET" || is_head_request) &&
-      handle_file_request(req, res, is_head_request)) {
+  if ((req.method == "GET" || req.method == "HEAD") &&
+      handle_file_request(req, res)) {
     return true;
   }
 
@@ -7123,7 +7234,11 @@ inline bool Server::dispatch_request(Request &req, Response &res,
     const auto &handler = x.second;
 
     if (matcher->match(req)) {
-      handler(req, res);
+      req.matched_route = matcher->pattern();
+      if (!pre_request_handler_ ||
+          pre_request_handler_(req, res) != HandlerResponse::Handled) {
+        handler(req, res);
+      }
       return true;
     }
   }
@@ -7250,7 +7365,11 @@ inline bool Server::dispatch_request_for_content_reader(
     const auto &handler = x.second;
 
     if (matcher->match(req)) {
-      handler(req, res, content_reader);
+      req.matched_route = matcher->pattern();
+      if (!pre_request_handler_ ||
+          pre_request_handler_(req, res) != HandlerResponse::Handled) {
+        handler(req, res, content_reader);
+      }
       return true;
     }
   }

meson.build

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ if get_option('cpp-httplib_compile')
     soversion: version.split('.')[0] + '.' + version.split('.')[1],
     install: true
   )
-  cpp_httplib_dep = declare_dependency(compile_args: args, dependencies: deps, link_with: lib, sources: httplib_ch[1])
+  cpp_httplib_dep = declare_dependency(compile_args: args, dependencies: deps, link_with: lib, sources: httplib_ch[1], version: version)
 
   import('pkgconfig').generate(
     lib,
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ if get_option('cpp-httplib_compile')
   )
 else
   install_headers('httplib.h')
-  cpp_httplib_dep = declare_dependency(compile_args: args, dependencies: deps, include_directories: '.')
+  cpp_httplib_dep = declare_dependency(compile_args: args, dependencies: deps, include_directories: '.', version: version)
 
   import('pkgconfig').generate(
     name: 'cpp-httplib',

test/test.cc

@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@
 #include <signal.h>
 
 #ifndef _WIN32
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
 #include <curl/curl.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 #endif
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
@@ -2263,7 +2267,7 @@ TEST(NoContentTest, ContentLength) {
   }
 }
 
-TEST(RoutingHandlerTest, PreRoutingHandler) {
+TEST(RoutingHandlerTest, PreAndPostRoutingHandlers) {
 #ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
   SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
   ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
@@ -2354,6 +2358,63 @@ TEST(RoutingHandlerTest, PreRoutingHandler) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST(RequestHandlerTest, PreRequestHandler) {
+  auto route_path = "/user/:user";
+
+  Server svr;
+
+  svr.Get("/hi", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
+    res.set_content("hi", "text/plain");
+  });
+
+  svr.Get(route_path, [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
+    res.set_content(req.path_params.at("user"), "text/plain");
+  });
+
+  svr.set_pre_request_handler([&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
+    if (req.matched_route == route_path) {
+      auto user = req.path_params.at("user");
+      if (user != "john") {
+        res.status = StatusCode::Forbidden_403;
+        res.set_content("error", "text/html");
+        return Server::HandlerResponse::Handled;
+      }
+    }
+    return Server::HandlerResponse::Unhandled;
+  });
+
+  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
+  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
+    svr.stop();
+    thread.join();
+    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
+  });
+
+  svr.wait_until_ready();
+
+  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
+  {
+    auto res = cli.Get("/hi");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
+    EXPECT_EQ("hi", res->body);
+  }
+
+  {
+    auto res = cli.Get("/user/john");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
+    EXPECT_EQ("john", res->body);
+  }
+
+  {
+    auto res = cli.Get("/user/invalid-user");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::Forbidden_403, res->status);
+    EXPECT_EQ("error", res->body);
+  }
+}
+
 TEST(InvalidFormatTest, StatusCode) {
   Server svr;
 
@@ -3098,6 +3159,47 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethod200) {
   EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
 }
 
+TEST(BenchmarkTest, SimpleGetPerformance) {
+  Server svr;
+  
+  svr.Get("/benchmark", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
+    res.set_content("Benchmark Response", "text/plain");
+  });
+
+  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
+  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
+    svr.stop();
+    listen_thread.join();
+    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
+  });
+
+  svr.wait_until_ready();
+
+  Client cli("localhost", PORT);
+  
+  const int NUM_REQUESTS = 50;
+  const int MAX_AVERAGE_MS = 5;
+  
+  auto warmup = cli.Get("/benchmark");
+  ASSERT_TRUE(warmup);
+  
+  auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_REQUESTS; ++i) {
+    auto res = cli.Get("/benchmark");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Request " << i << " failed";
+    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
+  }
+  auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+  
+  auto total_ms = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - start).count();
+  double avg_ms = static_cast<double>(total_ms) / NUM_REQUESTS;
+  
+  std::cout << "Standalone: " << NUM_REQUESTS << " requests in " << total_ms 
+            << "ms (avg: " << avg_ms << "ms)" << std::endl;
+  
+  EXPECT_LE(avg_ms, MAX_AVERAGE_MS) << "Standalone test too slow: " << avg_ms << "ms (Issue #1777)";
+}
+
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetEmptyFile) {
   auto res = cli_.Get("/empty_file");
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
@@ -3725,6 +3827,50 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, TooLongHeader) {
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
 }
 
+TEST_F(ServerTest, HeaderCountAtLimit) {
+  // Test with headers just under the 100 limit
+  httplib::Headers headers;
+  
+  // Add 95 custom headers (the client will add Host, User-Agent, Accept, etc.)
+  // This should keep us just under the 100 header limit
+  for (int i = 0; i < 95; i++) {
+    std::string name = "X-Test-Header-" + std::to_string(i);
+    std::string value = "value" + std::to_string(i);
+    headers.emplace(name, value);
+  }
+  
+  // This should work fine as we're under the limit
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/hi", headers);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(res);
+  if (res) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(ServerTest, HeaderCountExceedsLimit) {
+  // Test with many headers to exceed the 100 limit
+  httplib::Headers headers;
+  
+  // Add 150 headers to definitely exceed the 100 limit
+  for (int i = 0; i < 150; i++) {
+    std::string name = "X-Test-Header-" + std::to_string(i);
+    std::string value = "value" + std::to_string(i);
+    headers.emplace(name, value);
+  }
+  
+  // This should fail due to exceeding header count limit
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/hi", headers);
+  
+  // The request should either fail or return 400 Bad Request
+  if (res) {
+    // If we get a response, it should be 400 Bad Request
+    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::BadRequest_400, res->status);
+  } else {
+    // Or the request should fail entirely
+    EXPECT_FALSE(res);
+  }
+}
+
 TEST_F(ServerTest, PercentEncoding) {
   auto res = cli_.Get("/e%6edwith%");
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
@@ -3762,6 +3908,32 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, PlusSignEncoding) {
   EXPECT_EQ("a +b", res->body);
 }
 
+TEST_F(ServerTest, HeaderCountSecurityTest) {
+  // This test simulates a potential DoS attack using many headers
+  // to verify our security fix prevents memory exhaustion
+  
+  httplib::Headers attack_headers;
+  
+  // Attempt to add many headers like an attacker would (200 headers to far exceed limit)
+  for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
+    std::string name = "X-Attack-Header-" + std::to_string(i);
+    std::string value = "attack_payload_" + std::to_string(i);
+    attack_headers.emplace(name, value);
+  }
+  
+  // Try to POST with excessive headers
+  auto res = cli_.Post("/", attack_headers, "test_data", "text/plain");
+  
+  // Should either fail or return 400 Bad Request due to security limit
+  if (res) {
+    // If we get a response, it should be 400 Bad Request
+    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::BadRequest_400, res->status);
+  } else {
+    // Request failed, which is the expected behavior for DoS protection
+    EXPECT_FALSE(res);
+  }
+}
+
 TEST_F(ServerTest, MultipartFormData) {
   MultipartFormDataItems items = {
       {"text1", "text default", "", ""},
@@ -3935,6 +4107,16 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangeMultipart) {
   EXPECT_EQ("267", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
   EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
   EXPECT_EQ(267U, res->body.size());
+
+  // Check that both range contents are present
+  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("bc\r\n") != std::string::npos);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("ef\r\n") != std::string::npos);
+
+  // Check that Content-Range headers are present for both ranges
+  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("Content-Range: bytes 1-2/7") !=
+              std::string::npos);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("Content-Range: bytes 4-5/7") !=
+              std::string::npos);
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithTooManyRanges) {
@@ -3952,14 +4134,59 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithTooManyRanges) {
   EXPECT_EQ(0U, res->body.size());
 }
 
-TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithNonAscendingRanges) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range?error",
-                      {{make_range_header({{0, -1}, {0, -1}})}});
+TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithOverwrapping) {
+  auto res =
+      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range", {{make_range_header({{1, 4}, {2, 5}})}});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
-  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
-  EXPECT_EQ("0", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
-  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
-  EXPECT_EQ(0U, res->body.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
+  EXPECT_EQ(5U, res->body.size());
+
+  // Check that overlapping ranges are coalesced into a single range
+  EXPECT_EQ("bcdef", res->body);
+  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 1-5/7", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
+
+  // Should be single range, not multipart
+  EXPECT_TRUE(res->has_header("Content-Range"));
+  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
+}
+
+TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithNonAscendingRanges) {
+  auto res =
+      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range", {{make_range_header({{4, 5}, {0, 2}})}});
+  ASSERT_TRUE(res);
+  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
+  EXPECT_EQ(268U, res->body.size());
+
+  // Check that both range contents are present
+  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("ef\r\n") != std::string::npos);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("abc\r\n") != std::string::npos);
+
+  // Check that Content-Range headers are present for both ranges
+  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("Content-Range: bytes 4-5/7") !=
+              std::string::npos);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("Content-Range: bytes 0-2/7") !=
+              std::string::npos);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithDuplicateRanges) {
+  auto res =
+      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range", {{make_range_header({{0, 2}, {0, 2}})}});
+  ASSERT_TRUE(res);
+  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
+  EXPECT_EQ(269U, res->body.size());
+
+  // Check that both duplicate range contents are present
+  size_t first_abc = res->body.find("abc\r\n");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(first_abc != std::string::npos);
+  size_t second_abc = res->body.find("abc\r\n", first_abc + 1);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(second_abc != std::string::npos);
+
+  // Check that Content-Range headers are present for both ranges
+  size_t first_range = res->body.find("Content-Range: bytes 0-2/7");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(first_range != std::string::npos);
+  size_t second_range =
+      res->body.find("Content-Range: bytes 0-2/7", first_range + 1);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(second_range != std::string::npos);
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangesMoreThanTwoOverwrapping) {
@@ -4065,6 +4292,19 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange4) {
   EXPECT_EQ(std::string("fg"), res->body);
 }
 
+TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange5) {
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", {
+                                         make_range_header({{0, 5}}),
+                                         {"Accept-Encoding", ""},
+                                     });
+  ASSERT_TRUE(res);
+  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
+  EXPECT_EQ("6", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
+  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 0-5/7", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("abcdef"), res->body);
+}
+
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRangeOffsetGreaterThanContent) {
   auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", {{make_range_header({{10000, 20000}})}});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
@@ -5732,6 +5972,41 @@ TEST(KeepAliveTest, ReadTimeout) {
   EXPECT_EQ("b", resb->body);
 }
 
+TEST(KeepAliveTest, MaxCount) {
+  size_t keep_alive_max_count = 3;
+
+  Server svr;
+  svr.set_keep_alive_max_count(keep_alive_max_count);
+
+  svr.Get("/hi", [](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response &res) {
+    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
+  });
+
+  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
+  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
+    svr.stop();
+    listen_thread.join();
+    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
+  });
+
+  svr.wait_until_ready();
+
+  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
+  cli.set_keep_alive(true);
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+    auto result = cli.Get("/hi");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result);
+    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, result->status);
+
+    if (i == keep_alive_max_count - 1) {
+      EXPECT_EQ("close", result->get_header_value("Connection"));
+    } else {
+      EXPECT_FALSE(result->has_header("Connection"));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 TEST(KeepAliveTest, Issue1041) {
   Server svr;
   svr.set_keep_alive_timeout(3);
@@ -7918,6 +8193,68 @@ TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, ContentLength) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(1, req, &response));
   ASSERT_EQ("200", response.substr(9, 3));
 }
+
+TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, AccessPartHeaders) {
+  auto handled = false;
+
+  Server svr;
+  svr.Post("/test", [&](const Request &req, Response &) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(2u, req.files.size());
+
+    auto it = req.files.begin();
+    ASSERT_EQ("text1", it->second.name);
+    ASSERT_EQ("text1", it->second.content);
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, it->second.headers.count("Content-Length"));
+    auto content_length = it->second.headers.find("CONTENT-length");
+    ASSERT_EQ("5", content_length->second);
+    ASSERT_EQ(3, it->second.headers.size());
+
+    ++it;
+    ASSERT_EQ("text2", it->second.name);
+    ASSERT_EQ("text2", it->second.content);
+    auto &headers = it->second.headers;
+    ASSERT_EQ(3, headers.size());
+    auto custom_header = headers.find("x-whatever");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(custom_header != headers.end());
+    ASSERT_NE("customvalue", custom_header->second);
+    ASSERT_EQ("CustomValue", custom_header->second);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(headers.find("X-Test") == headers.end()); // text1 header
+
+    handled = true;
+  });
+
+  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
+  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
+    svr.stop();
+    t.join();
+    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(handled);
+  });
+
+  svr.wait_until_ready();
+
+  auto req = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
+             "Content-Type: multipart/form-data;boundary=--------\r\n"
+             "Content-Length: 232\r\n"
+             "\r\n----------\r\n"
+             "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"text1\"\r\n"
+             "Content-Length: 5\r\n"
+             "X-Test: 1\r\n"
+             "\r\n"
+             "text1"
+             "\r\n----------\r\n"
+             "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"text2\"\r\n"
+             "Content-Type: text/plain\r\n"
+             "X-Whatever: CustomValue\r\n"
+             "\r\n"
+             "text2"
+             "\r\n------------\r\n"
+             "That should be disregarded. Not even read";
+
+  std::string response;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(1, req, &response));
+  ASSERT_EQ("200", response.substr(9, 3));
+}
 #endif
 
 TEST(TaskQueueTest, IncreaseAtomicInteger) {