Update version to 3.2.0RC.

Also, transferred fibers should kick the root fiber at termination.

.editorconfig

@@ -29,9 +29,10 @@ indent_style = space
 trim_trailing_whitespace = true
 #max_line_length = 120
 
+# limitation to US-ASCII
 [*.bat]
-charset = latin1
 end_of_line = crlf
+indent_style = space
 #max_line_length = 80
 
 [*.{yaml,yml}]

.git-blame-ignore-revs

@@ -2,3 +2,5 @@
 6fc5dc986a5ffc1a74c63ad0617ea1dcc10d3cdd
 # reformatted doc/opcode.md
 61e8a540869c57ebddac53cf9d243db407d57fff
+# reindent parse.y
+650ffb9d8410e1ae2206890ef6e2a8643c600454

.github/linters/.markdown-lint.yml

@@ -4,9 +4,6 @@
 # MD001 heading-increment/header-increment - Heading levels should only increment by one level at a time
 MD001: false
 
-# MD010 no-hard-tabs - Hard tabs
-MD010: false
-
 # MD013 line-length - Line length
 MD013: false
 

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -2,15 +2,32 @@ name: Build & Test
 
 on: [push, pull_request]
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
-  Ubuntu-1804-gcc:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-18.04
+  GCC-CLANG:
+    name: "${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.altname || matrix.cc }}"
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     timeout-minutes: 10
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      max-parallel: 8
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: gcc, cxx: g++}
+          - {os: ubuntu-22.04, cc: clang, cxx: clang++}
+          - {os: ubuntu-20.04, cc: gcc, cxx: g++}
+          - {os: ubuntu-20.04, cc: clang, cxx: clang++}
+          - {os: macos-latest, cc: clang, cxx: clang++}
+          - {os: windows-latest, cc: gcc, cxx: g++, altname: "mingw-gcc"}
     env:
       MRUBY_CONFIG: ci/gcc-clang
-      CC: gcc
+      CC: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+      CXX: ${{ matrix.cxx }}
+      LD: ${{ matrix.cc }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - name: Ruby version
         run: ruby -v
       - name: Compiler version
@@ -18,138 +35,17 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build and test
         run: rake -m test:build && rake test:run
 
-  Ubuntu-1804-clang:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-18.04
-    timeout-minutes: 10
-    env:
-      MRUBY_CONFIG: ci/gcc-clang
-      CC: clang
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
-      - name: Ruby version
-        run: ruby -v
-      - name: Compiler version
-        run: ${{ env.CC }} --version
-      - name: Build and test
-        run: rake -m test:build && rake test:run
-
-  Ubuntu-2004-gcc:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    timeout-minutes: 10
-    env:
-      MRUBY_CONFIG: ci/gcc-clang
-      CC: gcc
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
-      - name: Ruby version
-        run: ruby -v
-      - name: Compiler version
-        run: ${{ env.CC }} --version
-      - name: Build and test
-        run: rake -m test:build && rake test:run
-
-  Ubuntu-2004-clang:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    timeout-minutes: 10
-    env:
-      MRUBY_CONFIG: ci/gcc-clang
-      CC: clang
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
-      - name: Ruby version
-        run: ruby -v
-      - name: Compiler version
-        run: ${{ env.CC }} --version
-      - name: Build and test
-        run: rake -m test:build && rake test:run
-
-  macOS:
-    runs-on: macos-latest
-    timeout-minutes: 10
-    env:
-      MRUBY_CONFIG: ci/gcc-clang
-      CC: clang
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
-      - name: Ruby version
-        run: ruby -v
-      - name: Compiler version
-        run: ${{ env.CC }} --version
-      - name: Build and test
-        run: rake -m test:build && rake test:run
-
-  Windows-MinGW:
-    runs-on: windows-latest
-    timeout-minutes: 10
-    env:
-      MRUBY_CONFIG: ci/gcc-clang
-      CC: gcc
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
-      - name: Ruby version
-        run: ruby -v
-      - name: Compiler version
-        run: ${{ env.CC }} --version
-      - name: Build and test
-        run: rake -m test:build && rake test:run
-
-  Windows-Cygwin:
-    runs-on: windows-latest
-    timeout-minutes: 15
-    env:
-      ACTIONS_ALLOW_UNSECURE_COMMANDS: true
-      MRUBY_CONFIG: ci/gcc-clang
-      CC: gcc
-      installer-path: '%TMP%\cygwin-setup.exe'
-      cygwin-root: C:\cygwin
-      package-dir: C:\cygwin-package
-      cache-version: v1
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
-      - uses: actions/cache@v2.1.7
-        with:
-          path: ${{ env.package-dir }}
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cygwin-${{ env.cache-version }}
-      - name: Download Cygwin installer
-        shell: cmd
-        run: >
-          bitsadmin /transfer download /priority foreground
-          https://cygwin.com/setup-x86_64.exe ${{ env.installer-path }}
-      - name: Install Cygwin
-        shell: cmd
-        run: >
-          ${{ env.installer-path }}
-          --quiet-mode --no-shortcuts --no-startmenu --no-desktop --no-admin
-          --only-site --site http://mirrors.kernel.org/sourceware/cygwin/
-          --root ${{ env.cygwin-root }}
-          --local-package-dir ${{ env.package-dir }}
-          --packages gcc-core,gcc-g++,ruby
-      - name: Set PATH for Cygwin
-        run: |
-          echo '::set-env name=PATH::${{ env.cygwin-root }}\bin;${{ env.cygwin-root }}\usr\bin'
-      - name: Ruby version
-        shell: cmd
-        run: ruby -v
-      - name: Compiler version
-        run: ${{ env.CC }} --version
-      - name: Build and test
-        shell: cmd
-        run: ruby /usr/bin/rake -m test:build && ruby /usr/bin/rake test:run
-      - name: Set PATH for cache archiving (tar)
-        # set Windows path so that Cygwin tar is not used for cache archiving
-        run: echo '::set-env name=PATH::C:\windows\System32'
-
   Windows-VC:
-    runs-on: windows-latest
+    runs-on: windows-2022
     timeout-minutes: 10
     env:
       MRUBY_CONFIG: ci/msvc
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - name: Ruby version
         run: ruby -v
       - name: Build and test
         shell: cmd
         run: |
-          call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
+          call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
           rake -m test:build && rake test:run

.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml

@@ -1,19 +1,26 @@
-name: "Code scanning - action"
+name: Code scanning - action
 
 on:
   push:
+    branches-ignore:
+      - dependabot/**
   pull_request:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 19 * * 4'
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   CodeQL-Build:
-
+    permissions:
+      actions: read  # for github/codeql-action/init to get workflow details
+      contents: read  # for actions/checkout to fetch code
+      security-events: write  # for github/codeql-action/autobuild to send a status report
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           # We must fetch at least the immediate parents so that if this is
           # a pull request then we can checkout the head.
@@ -21,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
 
       # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
       - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v1
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v2
         # Override language selection by uncommenting this and choosing your languages
         # with:
         #   languages: go, javascript, csharp, python, cpp, java
@@ -29,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
       # Autobuild attempts to build any compiled languages  (C/C++, C#, or Java).
       # If this step fails, then you should remove it and run the build manually (see below)
       - name: Autobuild
-        uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v1
+        uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v2
 
       # ℹ️ Command-line programs to run using the OS shell.
       # 📚 https://git.io/JvXDl
@@ -43,4 +50,4 @@ jobs:
       #    make release
 
       - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v1
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v2

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -2,29 +2,33 @@ name: Lint
 
 on: [pull_request]
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   misspell:
     name: Check spelling with misspell
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Check Out
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - name: Install
         run: wget -O - -q https://git.io/misspell | sh -s -- -b .
-      - name: Misspell
+      - name: Run misspell
         run: git ls-files --empty-directory | xargs ./misspell -error
   pre-commit:
     name: Run pre-commit
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
-      - name: Check merge conflict
+      - name: Check Out
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Install
         run: |
           python -m pip install --upgrade pip
           pip install pre-commit
       - name: Set PY
         run: echo "PY=$(python -VV | sha256sum | cut -d' ' -f1)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - uses: actions/cache@v2.1.7
+      - uses: actions/cache@v3
         with:
           path: ~/.cache/pre-commit
           key: pre-commit|${{ env.PY }}|${{ hashFiles('.pre-commit-config.yaml') }}

.github/workflows/oss-fuzz.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 name: CIFuzz
 on: [pull_request]
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   Fuzzing:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -16,7 +19,7 @@ jobs:
           fuzz-seconds: 600
           dry-run: false
       - name: Upload Crash
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2.3.1
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         if: failure()
         with:
           name: artifacts

.github/workflows/super-linter.yml

@@ -1,23 +1,31 @@
-name: Super Linter
+name: Super-Linter
 
-on:
-  push:
-    branches-ignore: [master]
-    # Remove the line above to run when pushing to master
-  pull_request:
-    branches: [master]
+on: [pull_request]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
 
 jobs:
   build:
+    permissions:
+      contents: read  # for actions/checkout to fetch code
+      statuses: write  # for github/super-linter/slim to mark status of each linter run
     name: Lint Code Base
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
-      - uses: github/super-linter@v4.8.5
+      - name: Checkout Code
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        with:
+          # Full git history is needed to get a proper list of changed files within `super-linter`
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - name: Lint Code Base
+        uses: github/super-linter/slim@v4.10.0
         env:
           ERROR_ON_MISSING_EXEC_BIT: true
           VALIDATE_BASH: true
           # VALIDATE_BASH_EXEC: true
           # VALIDATE_EDITORCONFIG: true
           # VALIDATE_SHELL_SHFMT: true
+          DEFAULT_BRANCH: master
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          VALIDATE_ALL_CODEBASE: false

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -3,20 +3,21 @@ default_stages: [commit, push]
 default_language_version:
   # force all unspecified Python hooks to run python3
   python: python3
-minimum_pre_commit_version: "1.20.0"
+minimum_pre_commit_version: '2.18.1'
 repos:
   - repo: meta
     hooks:
       - id: identity
       - id: check-hooks-apply
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v4.1.0
+    rev: v4.4.0
     hooks:
       - id: check-added-large-files
       - id: check-case-conflict
       - id: check-executables-have-shebangs
         exclude: ^test/t/lang\.rb$
       - id: check-merge-conflict
+      - id: check-shebang-scripts-are-executable
       - id: check-vcs-permalinks
       - id: check-yaml
       - id: detect-private-key
@@ -26,20 +27,29 @@ repos:
       - id: fix-byte-order-marker
       - id: mixed-line-ending
       - id: trailing-whitespace
-  # - repo: git://github.com/Lucas-C/pre-commit-hooks
-  #  rev: v1.1.9
-  #  hooks:
-  #    - id: forbid-tabs
-  #    - id: remove-tabs
+  - repo: https://github.com/Lucas-C/pre-commit-hooks
+    rev: v1.3.1
+    hooks:
+      - id: forbid-tabs
+        exclude: Makefile$|Makefile\..+$|makefile$|\.mk$
+      - id: remove-tabs
+        args: [--whitespaces-count, '2']
+        exclude: Makefile$|Makefile\..+$|makefile$|\.mk$
   - repo: https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell
-    rev: v2.1.0
+    rev: v2.2.2
     hooks:
       - id: codespell
         name: Run codespell
         description: Check spelling with codespell
         entry: codespell --ignore-words=codespell.txt
+  - repo: https://github.com/jumanjihouse/pre-commit-hooks
+    rev: 3.0.0
+    hooks:
+      - id: script-must-not-have-extension
+        name: Local policy is to exclude extension from all shell files
+        types: [shell]
   - repo: https://github.com/igorshubovych/markdownlint-cli
-    rev: v0.30.0
+    rev: v0.33.0
     hooks:
       - id: markdownlint
         name: Run markdownlint
@@ -48,7 +58,7 @@ repos:
         types: [markdown]
         files: \.(md|mdown|markdown)$
   - repo: https://github.com/adrienverge/yamllint
-    rev: v1.26.3
+    rev: v1.28.0
     hooks:
       - id: yamllint
         name: Run yamllint

.yardopts

@@ -11,7 +11,13 @@ mrbgems/*/src/**/*.c
 mrbgems/*/mrblib/**/*.rb
 mrbgems/*/include/**/*.h
 -
-AUTHORS
-LICENSE
 CONTRIBUTING.md
+SECURITY.md
+TODO.md
+doc/*.md
 doc/guides/*.md
+doc/internal/*.md
+AUTHORS
+LEGAL
+LICENSE
+NEWS

AUTHORS

@@ -1,48 +1,49 @@
 # Authors of mruby (mruby developers)
 
-## The List of Contributors sorted by number of commits (as of 2022-01-10 69b1667)
+## The List of Contributors sorted by number of commits (as of 2022-01-08 4462e3d)
 
-   7956 Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto (@matz)*
+   8860 Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto (@matz)*
     586 KOBAYASHI Shuji (@shuujii)
-    376 Daniel Bovensiepen (@bovi)
+    441 dearblue (@dearblue)*
+    378 Daniel Bovensiepen (@bovi)*
     346 Takeshi Watanabe (@take-cheeze)*
-    342 dearblue (@dearblue)*
     334 Masaki Muranaka (@monaka)
-    298 Tomoyuki Sahara (@tsahara)*
+    328 Tomoyuki Sahara (@tsahara)*
     234 Jun Hiroe (@suzukaze)
-    219 Cremno (@cremno)*
-    208 Yuki Kurihara (@ksss)+
-    148 Yasuhiro Matsumoto (@mattn)*
+    220 Cremno (@cremno)*
+    209 Yuki Kurihara (@ksss)+
+    151 Yasuhiro Matsumoto (@mattn)*
     113 Carson McDonald (@carsonmcdonald)
+    113 John Bampton (@jbampton)
     103 Tomasz Dąbrowski (@dabroz)*
+     84 Akira Yumiyama (@akiray03)*
      84 skandhas (@skandhas)
      80 Masamitsu MURASE (@masamitsu-murase)
      74 Yuichiro MASUI (@masuidrive)
+     73 Hiroshi Mimaki (@mimaki)*
      71 Tatsuhiko Kubo (@cubicdaiya)*
-     68 Hiroshi Mimaki (@mimaki)*
-     63 Akira Yumiyama (@akiray03)*
-     62 Paolo Bosetti (@pbosetti)*
+     65 Yuichiro Kaneko (@yui-knk)+
+     64 Paolo Bosetti (@pbosetti)*
      59 Kurebayashi, Takahiro (@crimsonwoods)*
      56 h2so5 (@h2so5)
      52 Ralph Desir (@Mav7)*
-     49 John Bampton (@jbampton)
      45 Rory O'Connell (@RoryO)*
-     43 Yuichiro Kaneko (@yui-knk)+
      42 fleuria (@flaneur2020)
      40 Christopher Aue (@christopheraue)
      40 Seba Gamboa (@sagmor)
      38 Koji Yoshioka (@kyab)*+
      38 Kouhei Sutou (@kou)*
+     32 Masayoshi Takahashi (@takahashim)+
      31 MATSUMOTO Ryosuke (@matsumotory)*
      30 Nobuyoshi Nakada (@nobu)
-     28 Masayoshi Takahashi (@takahashim)+
-     24 Julian Aron Prenner (@furunkel)*
+     26 Julian Aron Prenner (@furunkel)*
      24 Ryan Scott (@ryan-scott-dev)*
      22 Clayton Smith (@clayton-shopify)
+     22 Uchio Kondo (@udzura)*
      22 Zachary Scott (@zzak)*
      22 mirichi (@mirichi)
      21 Jared Breeden (@jbreeden)*
-     20 Uchio Kondo (@udzura)*
+     21 Ryan Lopopolo (@lopopolo)
      19 Bouke van der Bijl (@bouk)
      19 Felix Jones (@felixjones)*
      19 Hidetaka Takano (@TJ-Hidetaka-Takano)
@@ -50,13 +51,13 @@
      18 Corey Powell (@IceDragon200)
      18 Jon Maken (@jonforums)+
      18 Mitchell Blank Jr (@mitchblank)*
-     17 Ryan Lopopolo (@lopopolo)
      16 bggd (@bggd)
      16 kano4 (@kano4)
      14 Blaž Hrastnik (@archseer)*
      14 Jose Narvaez (@goyox86)
      14 Kazuki Tsujimoto (@k-tsj)
      14 Tadashi FUKUZAWA (@FUKUZAWA-Tadashi)+
+     14 fn ⌃ ⌥ (@FnControlOption)
      13 Patrick Hogan (@pbhogan)
      12 Akira Kuroda (@akuroda)
      12 Kouki Ooyatsu (kaishuu0123)*
@@ -66,10 +67,10 @@
      12 Ukrainskiy Sergey (@ukrainskiysergey)
      12 Xuejie "Rafael" Xiao (@xxuejie)*
      11 Julien Ammous (@schmurfy)
+     11 Kazuho Oku (@kazuho)
      11 Seeker (@SeekingMeaning)
      11 YAMAMOTO Masaya (pandax381)
      11 takkaw (@takkaw)
-     10 Kazuho Oku (@kazuho)
      10 Miura Hideki (@miura1729)
      10 Narihiro Nakamura (@authorNari)
      10 Ray Chason (@chasonr)*
@@ -95,18 +96,22 @@
       6 Kenji Okimoto (@okkez)+
       6 Selman ULUG (@selman)
       6 Yusuke Endoh (@mame)*
+      5 Chris Reuter (@suetanvil)
       5 Davide D'Agostino (@DAddYE)
       5 Eric Hodel (@drbrain)
       5 Hendrik (@Asmod4n)
       5 Ichito Nagata (@i110)
       5 Keita Obo (@ktaobo)*
       5 Max Anselm (@silverhammermba)
+      5 Rodrigo Malizia (@rmalizia44)+
       5 SiZiOUS (@sizious)
       5 Syohei YOSHIDA (@syohex)
       5 TOMITA Masahiro (@tmtm)
       5 Yurie Yamane (@yurie)+
       5 dreamedge (@dreamedge)
+      5 masahino (@masahino)
       5 nkshigeru (@nkshigeru)
+      5 xuejianqing (@joans321)
       4 Dante Catalfamo (@dantecatalfamo)
       4 Goro Kikuchi (@gorogit)
       4 Herwin Weststrate (@herwinw)
@@ -121,26 +126,26 @@
       4 Yuhei Okazaki (@Yuuhei-Okazaki)*
       4 Yuji Yamano (@yyamano)
       4 kurodash (@kurodash)*
-      4 masahino (@masahino)
       4 wanabe (@wanabe)*
-      4 xuejianqing (@joans321)
       3 Anton Davydov (@davydovanton)
       3 Carlo Prelz (@asfluido)*
       3 David Turnbull (@AE9RB)
       3 Franck Verrot (@franckverrot)
+      3 HASUMI Hitoshi (@hasumikin)
       3 Horimoto Yasuhiro (@komainu8)
       3 J. Mutua (@katmutua)+
       3 Jan Berdajs (@mrbrdo)
+      3 Jonas Minnberg (@sasq64)
       3 Joseph McCullough (@joequery)
       3 Mark McCurry (@fundamental)
       3 Nobuhiro Iwamatsu (@iwamatsu)
       3 Per Lundberg (@perlun)*
       3 Rob Fors (@robfors)*
-      3 Rodrigo Malizia (@rmalizia44)+
       3 Sebastián Katzer (@katzer)*
       3 Shouji Kuboyama (@Shokuji)*
       3 Shuta Kimura (@kimushu)+
       3 TERAJIMA, Motoyuki (@trmmy)
+      3 Taichi AOKI (@aoki1980taichi)
       3 Takashi Kokubun (@k0kubun)
       3 Tatsuhiro Tsujikawa (@tatsuhiro-t)
       3 Thiago Scalone (@scalone)
@@ -148,6 +153,7 @@
       3 William Light (@wrl)
       3 bamchoh (@bamchoh)
       3 sasaki takeru (@takeru)
+      3 windwiny (@windwiny)
       2 Akira Moroo (@retrage)
       2 Artur K (@nemerle)
       2 Christian Mauceri (@mauceri)
@@ -158,7 +164,6 @@
       2 Francois Chagnon (@EiNSTeiN-)*
       2 Gilad Zohari (@gzohari)
       2 Go Saito (@govm)
-      2 HASUMI Hitoshi (@hasumikin)
       2 Hirohito Higashi (@HirohitoHigashi)
       2 Hiroyuki Iwatsuki (@iwadon)
       2 Huei-Horng Yo (@hiroshiyui)
@@ -188,15 +193,14 @@
       2 Yutaka HARA (@yhara)*+
       2 Zhang Xiaohui (@hifoolno)
       2 icm7216 (@icm7216)
-      2 windwiny (@windwiny)
       1 A-Sat (@asatou)+
       1 Abinoam Praxedes Marques Junior (@abinoam)
       1 Alex Wang (@nanamiwang)+
       1 Andrew Nordman (@cadwallion)
+      1 Ashish Kurmi (@boahc077)
       1 Atsushi Morimoto (@mynz)
       1 Ben A Morgan (@BenMorganIO)
       1 Benoit Daloze (@eregon)
-      1 Chris Reuter (@suetanvil)
       1 Daehyub Kim (@lateau)
       1 Daniel Varga (@vargad)
       1 Edgar Boda-Majer (@eboda)
@@ -205,6 +209,8 @@
       1 Francis Bogsanyi (@fbogsany)
       1 Guo Xiao (@guoxiao)
       1 Gwen Boatrite (@boatrit)
+      1 Gwendolyn Boatrite (@boatrite)
+      1 HARADA Makoto (@haramako)
       1 HAYASHI Kentaro (@kenhys)
       1 Hiroki Mori (@yamori813)+
       1 Hiromasa Ishii (@Hir0)+
@@ -225,6 +231,7 @@
       1 Kazuhiro NISHIYAMA (@znz)
       1 Kei Sawada (@remore)
       1 Kim H Madsen (@kimhmadsen)
+      1 Koichi ITO (@koic)
       1 Konstantin Haase (@rkh)
       1 Leo Neat (@Leo-Neat)
       1 Lian Cheng (@liancheng)
@@ -253,13 +260,17 @@
       1 Robert Rowe (@CaptainJet)
       1 Ryan Scott Lewis (@RyanScottLewis)
       1 Ryo Okubo (@syucream)
+      1 SAkira a.k.a. Akira Suzuki (@sakisakira)
       1 Santiago Rodriguez (@sanrodari)
       1 Satoh, Hiroh (@cho45)+
       1 Sayed Abdelhaleem (@visualsayed)
+      1 Sergey Ukrainskiy (@ukrainskiysergey)
       1 Shugo Maeda (@shugo)
       1 Sorah Fukumori (@sorah)
+      1 Stephen Jothen (@sjothen)
       1 Stuart Hinson (@stuarth)
       1 Takuma Kume (@takumakume)+
+      1 Takuya ASADA (@syuu1228)
       1 Thomas Schmidt (@digitaltom)
       1 Timo Schilling (@timoschilling)
       1 Tom Black (@blacktm)

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ Contributors agree to license their contribution(s) under MIT license.
 To make it easy to review and understand your change please keep the following
 things in mind before submitting your pull request:
 
-* Work on the latest possible state of **mruby/master**
-* Create a branch which is dedicated to your change
-* Test your changes before creating a pull request (`rake test`)
-* If possible write a test case which confirms your change
-* Don't mix several features or bug-fixes in one pull request
-* Create a meaningful commit message
-* Explain your change (i.e. with a link to the issue you are fixing)
-* Use mrbgem to provide non ISO features (classes, modules and methods) unless
+- Work on the latest possible state of **mruby/master**
+- Create a branch which is dedicated to your change
+- Test your changes before creating a pull request (`rake test`)
+- If possible write a test case which confirms your change
+- Don't mix several features or bug-fixes in one pull request
+- Create a meaningful commit message
+- Explain your change (i.e. with a link to the issue you are fixing)
+- Use mrbgem to provide non ISO features (classes, modules and methods) unless
   you have a special reason to implement them in the core
 
 ## pre-commit
@@ -33,9 +33,22 @@ To run a single hook use `pre-commit run --all-files <hook_id>`
 
 To update use `pre-commit autoupdate`
 
-* [Quick start](https://pre-commit.com/#quick-start)
-* [Usage](https://pre-commit.com/#usage)
-* [pre-commit-autoupdate](https://pre-commit.com/#pre-commit-autoupdate)
+Sometimes you might need to skip one or more hooks which can be done with the `SKIP` environment variable.
+
+`$ SKIP=yamllint git commit -m "foo"`
+
+For convenience, we have added `pre-commit run --all-files` and `pre-commit autoupdate`
+to both the Makefile and the Rakefile. Run them with:
+
+- `make check` or `rake check`
+- `make checkupdate` or `rake checkupdate`
+
+### pre-commit quick links
+
+- [Quick start](https://pre-commit.com/#quick-start)
+- [Usage](https://pre-commit.com/#usage)
+- [pre-commit autoupdate](https://pre-commit.com/#pre-commit-autoupdate)
+- [Temporarily disabling hooks](https://pre-commit.com/#temporarily-disabling-hooks)
 
 ## Spell Checking
 
@@ -50,8 +63,8 @@ find . -type f | xargs ./misspell -error
 
 Notable `misspell` help options or flags are:
 
-* `-i` string: ignore the following corrections, comma separated
-* `-w`: Overwrite file with corrections (default is just to display)
+- `-i` string: ignore the following corrections, comma separated
+- `-w`: Overwrite file with corrections (default is just to display)
 
 ## Coding conventions
 
@@ -101,3 +114,16 @@ language itself. Please note the following hints for your Ruby code:
 mruby is currently targeting to execute Ruby code which complies to ISO/IEC
 30170:2012 (<https://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=59579>),
 unless there's a clear reason, e.g. the latest Ruby has changed behavior from ISO.
+
+## Building documentation
+
+### mruby API
+
+- [YARD](https://yardoc.org/) - YARD is a documentation generation tool for the Ruby programming language
+- [yard-mruby](https://rubygems.org/gems/yard-mruby) - Document MRuby sources with YARD
+- [yard-coderay](https://rubygems.org/gems/yard-coderay) - Adds coderay syntax highlighting to YARD docs
+
+### C API
+
+- [Doxygen](https://www.doxygen.nl/) - Generate documentation from source code
+- [Graphviz](https://graphviz.org/) - Graphviz is open source graph visualization software

Doxyfile

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 DOXYFILE_ENCODING      = UTF-8
 PROJECT_NAME           = "mruby"
-PROJECT_NUMBER         = 3.0.0
+PROJECT_NUMBER         = 3.1.0
 
 PROJECT_BRIEF          = "mruby is the lightweight implementation of the Ruby language"
 
@@ -16,13 +16,20 @@ OUTPUT_DIRECTORY       = doc/capi
 
 USE_MDFILE_AS_MAINPAGE = README.md
 
-INPUT                  = README.md \
+INPUT                  = CONTRIBUTING.md \
+                         README.md \
+                         SECURITY.md \
+                         TODO.md \
                          src \
                          include \
                          include/mruby \
                          mrblib \
                          doc \
-                         doc/guides
+                         doc/guides \
+                         doc/internal \
+                         LEGAL \
+                         LICENSE \
+                         NEWS
 
 # Red for Ruby
 HTML_COLORSTYLE_HUE    = 359
@@ -275,7 +282,7 @@ OPTIMIZE_OUTPUT_VHDL   = NO
 # Note that for custom extensions you also need to set FILE_PATTERNS otherwise
 # the files are not read by doxygen.
 
-EXTENSION_MAPPING      =
+EXTENSION_MAPPING      = no_extension=md
 
 # If the MARKDOWN_SUPPORT tag is enabled then doxygen pre-processes all comments
 # according to the Markdown format, which allows for more readable

LICENSE

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2010-2021 mruby developers
+Copyright (c) 2010-2022 mruby developers
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),

Makefile

@@ -13,3 +13,11 @@ test : all
 clean :
 	$(RAKE) clean
 .PHONY : clean
+
+check :
+	pre-commit run --all-files
+.PHONY : check
+
+checkupdate :
+	pre-commit autoupdate
+.PHONY : checkupdate

NEWS

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-* NEWS
+NEWS
+----
 
 This document is a list of user visible feature changes made between
 releases except for bug fixes.

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # mruby
 
-[![Build Status][build-status-img]][travis-ci]
 [![GitHub Super-Linter](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/workflows/Lint%20Code%20Base/badge.svg)](https://github.com/marketplace/actions/super-linter)
 
 ## What is mruby
@@ -8,10 +7,10 @@
 mruby is the lightweight implementation of the Ruby language complying to (part
 of) the [ISO standard][ISO-standard]. Its syntax is Ruby 2.x compatible.
 
-mruby can be linked and embedded within your application.  We provide the
+mruby can be linked and embedded within your application. We provide the
 interpreter program "mruby", and the interactive mruby shell "mirb" as examples.
 You can also compile Ruby programs into compiled byte code using the mruby
-compiler "mrbc".  All those tools reside in the "bin" directory.  "mrbc" is
+compiler "mrbc". All those tools reside in the "bin" directory. "mrbc" is
 also able to generate compiled byte code in a C source file, see the "mrbtest"
 program under the "test" directory for an example.
 
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan.
 
 ## How to get mruby
 
-The release candidate version 3.1.0 of mruby can be downloaded via the following URL: [https://github.com/mruby/mruby/archive/3.1.0-rc2.zip](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/archive/3.1.0-rc2.zip)
+The release candidate version 3.2.0 of mruby can be downloaded via the following URL: [https://github.com/mruby/mruby/archive/3.2.0-rc.zip](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/archive/3.2.0-rc.zip)
 
 The latest development version of mruby can be downloaded via the following URL: [https://github.com/mruby/mruby/zipball/master](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/zipball/master)
 
@@ -43,11 +42,17 @@ We don't have a mailing list, but you can use [GitHub issues](https://github.com
 
 ## How to compile, test, and install (mruby and gems)
 
-See the [compile.md](doc/guides/compile.md) file.
+For the simplest case, type
+
+```
+rake all test
+```
+
+See the [compile.md](doc/guides/compile.md) file for the detail.
 
 ## Building documentation
 
-There are two sets of documentation in mruby: the mruby API (generated by yard) and C API (Doxygen)
+There are two sets of documentation in mruby: the mruby API (generated by yard) and C API (Doxygen and Graphviz)
 
 To build both of them, simply go
 
@@ -67,7 +72,7 @@ rake view_capi
 mruby contains a package manager called *mrbgems*. To create extensions
 in C and/or Ruby you should create a *GEM*. For a documentation of how to
 use mrbgems consult the file [mrbgems.md](doc/guides/mrbgems.md).
-For example code of how to use mrbgems look into the folder *examples/mrbgems/*.
+For example code of how to use mrbgems look into the folder [examples/mrbgems/](examples/mrbgems).
 
 ## License
 
@@ -79,7 +84,7 @@ mruby has chosen a MIT License due to its permissive license allowing
 developers to target various environments such as embedded systems.
 However, the license requires the display of the copyright notice and license
 information in manuals for instance. Doing so for big projects can be
-complicated or troublesome.  This is why mruby has decided to display "mruby
+complicated or troublesome. This is why mruby has decided to display "mruby
 developers" as the copyright name to make it simple conventionally.
 In the future, mruby might ask you to distribute your new code
 (that you will commit,) under the MIT License as a member of
@@ -93,10 +98,8 @@ Please ask us if you want to distribute your code under another license.
 ## How to Contribute
 
 See the [contribution guidelines][contribution-guidelines], and then send a pull
-request to <https://github.com/mruby/mruby>.  We consider you have granted
+request to <https://github.com/mruby/mruby>. We consider you have granted
 non-exclusive right to your contributed code under MIT license.
 
 [ISO-standard]: https://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=59579
-[build-status-img]: https://travis-ci.org/mruby/mruby.svg?branch=master
 [contribution-guidelines]: https://github.com/mruby/mruby/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md
-[travis-ci]: https://travis-ci.org/mruby/mruby

Rakefile

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 # Build description.
 # basic build file for mruby
 MRUBY_ROOT = File.dirname(File.expand_path(__FILE__))
@@ -67,3 +66,41 @@ task :deep_clean => %w[clean doc:clean] do
   end
   puts "Cleaned up mrbgems build folder"
 end
+
+PREFIX = ENV['PREFIX'] || ENV['INSTALL_PREFIX'] || '/usr/local'
+
+desc "install compiled products"
+task :install => :install_bin do
+  if host = MRuby.targets['host']
+    install_D host.libmruby_static, File.join(PREFIX, "lib", File.basename(host.libmruby_static))
+    # install mruby.h and mrbconf.h
+    Dir.glob(File.join(MRUBY_ROOT, "include", "*.h")) do |src|
+      install_D src, File.join(PREFIX, "include", File.basename(src))
+    end
+    Dir.glob(File.join(MRUBY_ROOT, "include", "mruby", "*.h")) do |src|
+      install_D src, File.join(PREFIX, "include", "mruby", File.basename(src))
+    end
+    Dir.glob(File.join(File.join(MRUBY_ROOT, "build", "host", "include", "mruby", "presym", "*.h"))) do |src|
+      install_D src, File.join(PREFIX, "include", "mruby", "presym", File.basename(src))
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+desc "install compiled executable (on host)"
+task :install_bin => :all do
+  if host = MRuby.targets['host']
+    Dir.glob(File.join(MRUBY_ROOT, "bin", "*")) do |src|
+      install_D src, File.join(PREFIX, "bin", File.basename(src))
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+desc "run all pre-commit hooks against all files"
+task :check do
+  sh "pre-commit run --all-files"
+end
+
+desc "check the pre-commit hooks for updates"
+task :checkupdate do
+  sh "pre-commit autoupdate"
+end

SECURITY.md

@@ -6,13 +6,15 @@ If you have any security concern, contact <matz@ruby.or.jp>.
 
 ## Scope
 
-We consider following issues as vulnerabilities:
+We consider the following issues as vulnerabilities:
 
-* Remote code execution
-* Crash caused by a valid Ruby script
+- Remote code execution
+- Crash caused by a valid Ruby script
 
-We *don't* consider following issues as vulnerabilities:
+We *don't* consider the following issues as vulnerabilities:
 
-* Runtime C undefined behavior (including integer overflow)
-* Crash caused by misused API
-* Crash caused by tweaked compiled binary
+- Runtime C undefined behavior (including integer overflow)
+- Crash caused by misused API
+- Crash caused by modified compiled binary
+- ASAN/Valgrind warning for too big memory allocation
+  mruby assumes `malloc(3)` returns `NULL` for too big allocations

TODO.md

@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-# Thing to Do in the future
+# Things to Do in the future
 
 # After mruby 3.1
 
-* multi-precision integer
-* parser and code generator independent from `mrb_state` (picoruby?)
-* variable sized AST node
-* iv/hash entry cache
-* more peephole optimization (if possible)
+- parser and code generator independent from `mrb_state` (picoruby?)
+- variable sized AST node
+- iv/hash entry cache
+- more peephole optimization (if possible)
 
 # Things to do (Things we need to consider)
 
-* `begin ... end while cond` to behave as CRuby
-* special variables ($1,$2..)
+- `begin ... end while cond` to behave as CRuby
+- special variables ($1,$2..)

benchmark/bm_ao_render.rb

@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ def clamp(f)
   i.to_i
 end
 
-def otherBasis(basis, n)
+def orthoBasis(basis, n)
   basis[2] = Vec.new(n.x, n.y, n.z)
   basis[1] = Vec.new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
 
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class Scene
 
   def ambient_occlusion(isect)
     basis = Array.new(3)
-    otherBasis(basis, isect.n)
+    orthoBasis(basis, isect.n)
 
     ntheta    = NAO_SAMPLES
     nphi      = NAO_SAMPLES
@@ -243,8 +243,6 @@ class Scene
         @plane.intersect(ray, occisect)
         if occisect.hit
           occlusion = occlusion + 1.0
-        else
-          0.0
         end
       end
     end
@@ -254,7 +252,6 @@ class Scene
   end
 
   def render(w, h, nsubsamples)
-    cnt = 0
     nsf = nsubsamples.to_f
     h.times do |y|
       w.times do |x|
@@ -263,7 +260,6 @@ class Scene
         # Subsampling
         nsubsamples.times do |v|
           nsubsamples.times do |u|
-            cnt = cnt + 1
             wf = w.to_f
             hf = h.to_f
             xf = x.to_f
@@ -288,8 +284,6 @@ class Scene
               rad.x = rad.x + col.x
               rad.y = rad.y + col.y
               rad.z = rad.z + col.z
-            else
-              0.0
             end
           end
         end

benchmark/bm_fib.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 def fib n
   return n if n < 2
   fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)

benchmark/bm_so_lists.rb

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 # from http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/bench/lists/lists.ruby
+# which is lost long time ago. The past content can be retrieved from
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20040805115204/http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/bench/lists/lists.ruby
 
 NUM = 300
 SIZE = 10000
 
-def test_lists()
+def test_lists
   # create a list of integers (Li1) from 1 to SIZE
   li1 = (1..SIZE).to_a
   # copy the list to li2 (not by individual items)

build_config/IntelGalileo.rb

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ MRuby::CrossBuild.new("Galileo") do |conf|
   #ARDUINO_GALILEO_PATH = '/opt/arduino'
 
   GALILEO_BIN_PATH = "#{GALILEO_ARDUINO_PATH}/hardware/tools/x86/i386-pokysdk-darwin/usr/bin/i586-poky-linux-uclibc"
-  GALILEO_SYSROOT =  "#{GALILEO_ARDUINO_PATH}/hardware/tools/x86/i586-poky-linux-uclibc"
+  GALILEO_SYSROOT  = "#{GALILEO_ARDUINO_PATH}/hardware/tools/x86/i586-poky-linux-uclibc"
   GALILEO_X86_PATH = "#{GALILEO_ARDUINO_PATH}/hardware/arduino/x86"
 
 

build_config/android_arm64_v8a.rb

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 MRuby::CrossBuild.new('android-arm64-v8a') do |conf|
   params = {
     :arch => 'arm64-v8a',
-    :platform => 'android-24',
+    :sdk_version => 26,
     :toolchain => :clang,
   }
   toolchain :android, params

build_config/android_armeabi.rb

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 MRuby::CrossBuild.new('android-armeabi') do |conf|
   params = {
     :arch => 'armeabi',
-    :platform => 'android-24',
+    :sdk_version => 26,
     :toolchain => :clang,
   }
   toolchain :android, params

build_config/android_armeabi_v7a_neon_hard.rb

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ MRuby::CrossBuild.new('android-armeabi-v7a-neon-hard') do |conf|
     :arch => 'armeabi-v7a',
     :mfpu => 'neon',
     :mfloat_abi => 'hard',
-    :platform => 'android-24',
+    :sdk_version => 26,
     :toolchain => :clang,
   }
   toolchain :android, params

build_config/boxing.rb

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ ints = [64, 32]
 boxings.product(bits, ints) do |boxing, bit, int|
   MRuby::Build.new("boxing-#{boxing}-m#{bit}-i#{int}") do |conf|
     conf.toolchain :gcc
-    conf.gembox 'default'
+    conf.gembox 'full-core'
     conf.compilers.each do |c|
       c.defines << "MRB_#{boxing.upcase}_BOXING"
       c.defines << "MRB_INT#{int}"

build_config/cross-mingw-winetest.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 # Cross-compile using MinGW and test using Wine.
 #
 # Steps:
@@ -16,11 +15,11 @@
 #
 #   4. Confirm that drive 'z:' is mapped to your root filesystem.
 #      (This is supposed to be a default but it helps to
-#      double-check.)  To confirm, run:
+#      double-check.) To confirm, run:
 #
 #           wine cmd /c dir 'z:\\'
 #
-#      This should give you a DOS-style equivalent of 'ls /'.  If not,
+#      This should give you a DOS-style equivalent of 'ls /'. If not,
 #      you'll need to fix that with winecfg or by adding a symlink to
 #      '~/.wine/dosdevices'.
 #
@@ -40,8 +39,8 @@
 #
 #    1. This works by using a helper script that rewrites test output
 #       to make it look *nix-like and then handing it back to the test
-#       cases.  Some of the existing tests were (slightly) modified to
-#       make this easier but only for the 'full-core' gembox.  Other
+#       cases. Some of the existing tests were (slightly) modified to
+#       make this easier but only for the 'full-core' gembox. Other
 #       gems' bintests may or may not work with the helper script and
 #       may or may not be fixable by extending the script.
 #
@@ -50,11 +49,11 @@
 #
 #   3.  This script assumes you are running it on a *nix-style OS.
 #
-#   4.  I recommend building 64-bit targets only.  Building a 32-bit
+#   4.  I recommend building 64-bit targets only. Building a 32-bit
 #       Windows binary with i686-w64-mingw32 seems to work (at least,
 #       it did for me) but the resulting executable failed a number of
-#       unit tests due to small errors in some floating point
-#       operations.  It's unclear if this indicates more serious problems.
+#       unit tests due to small errors in some floating-point
+#       operations. It's unclear if this indicates more serious problems.
 #
 
 

build_config/helpers/wine_runner.rb

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def clean(output, stderr = false)
 
   result_text = results.join("\n")
   result_text += "\n" if ends_with_newline
-  return result_text
+  result_text
 end
 
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def main
   end
 
   # For simplicity, just read all of stdin into memory and pass that
-  # as an argument when invoking wine.  (Skipped if STDIN was not
+  # as an argument when invoking wine. (Skipped if STDIN was not
   # redirected.)
   if !STDIN.tty?
     input = STDIN.read

build_config/host-debug.rb

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ MRuby::Build.new('host') do |conf|
   conf.gembox 'full-core'
 
   # C compiler settings
-  conf.cc.defines = %w(MRB_USE_DEBUG_HOOK MRB_NO_BOXING)
+  conf.cc.defines = %w(MRB_USE_DEBUG_HOOK MRB_NO_BOXING MRB_UTF8_STRING)
 
   # Generate mruby debugger command (require mruby-eval)
   conf.gem :core => "mruby-bin-debugger"

build_config/host-f32.rb

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ MRuby::Build.new do |conf|
   toolchain :gcc
 
   # include the GEM box
-  conf.gembox 'default'
+  conf.gembox 'full-core'
 
   conf.cc.defines << 'MRB_USE_FLOAT32'
 

build_config/host-gprof.rb

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ MRuby::Build.new do |conf|
   toolchain :gcc
 
   # include the GEM box
-  conf.gembox 'default'
+  conf.gembox 'full-core'
 
   conf.cc.flags << '-pg'
   conf.linker.flags << '-pg'

build_config/host-m32.rb

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ MRuby::Build.new do |conf|
   toolchain :gcc
 
   # include the GEM box
-  conf.gembox 'default'
+  conf.gembox 'full-core'
 
   conf.cc.flags << '-m32'
   conf.linker.flags << '-m32'

codespell.txt

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 ans
 ba
+clen
 creat
 delet
 disabl
+falsy
 filetest
 fo
 hel
@@ -12,6 +14,7 @@ methid
 nd
 quitt
 remore
+ro
 runn
 sting
 upto

doc/guides/compile.md

@@ -7,17 +7,17 @@ binaries.
 
 To compile mruby out of the source code you need the following tools:
 
-* C Compiler (e.g. `gcc` or `clang`)
-* Linker (e.g. `gcc` or `clang`)
-* Archive utility (e.g. `ar`)
-* Ruby 2.5 or later (e.g. `ruby` or `jruby`)
+- C Compiler (e.g. `gcc` or `clang`)
+- Linker (e.g. `gcc` or `clang`)
+- Archive utility (e.g. `ar`)
+- Ruby 2.5 or later (e.g. `ruby` or `jruby`)
 
 Optional:
 
-* Git (to update mruby source and integrate mrbgems easier)
-* C++ compiler (to use mrbgems which include `*.cpp`, `*.cxx`, `*.cc`)
-* Bison (to compile `mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/parse.y`)
-* gperf (to compile `mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/keywords`)
+- Git (to update mruby source and integrate mrbgems easier)
+- C++ compiler (to use mrbgems which include `*.cpp`, `*.cxx`, `*.cc`)
+- Bison (to compile `mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/parse.y`)
+- gperf (to compile `mrbgems/mruby-compiler/core/keywords`)
 
 Note that `bison` bundled with macOS is too old to compile `mruby`.
 Try `brew install bison` and follow the instruction shown to update
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ in `ANDROID_STANDALONE_TOOLCHAIN`.
 It is possible to select which tools should be compiled during the compilation
 process. For example,
 
-* `mruby`
-* `mirb`
+- `mruby`
+- `mirb`
 
 The configuration are done via `mrbgems`. See `Mrbgems` section.
 
@@ -332,11 +332,11 @@ conf.enable_debug
 
 When debugging mode is enabled
 
-* Macro `MRB_DEBUG` would be defined.
-  * Which means `mrb_assert()` macro is enabled.
-* Debug information of irep would be generated by `mrbc`.
-  * Because `-g` flag would be added to `mrbc` runner.
-    * You can have better backtrace of mruby scripts with this.
+- Macro `MRB_DEBUG` would be defined.
+  - Which means `mrb_assert()` macro is enabled.
+- Debug information of irep would be generated by `mrbc`.
+  - Because `-g` flag would be added to `mrbc` runner.
+    - You can have better backtrace of mruby scripts with this.
 
 ## Cross-Compilation
 
@@ -401,19 +401,19 @@ root directory. The structure of this directory will look like this:
 
 The compilation workflow will look like this:
 
-* compile minimal `mrbc` from `src` and `mrblib` sources
-  * compile all files under `src` (object files will be stored in `build/host/mrbc/src`)
-  * compile `mruby-compiler` gem
-  * create `build/host/mrbc/lib/libmruby_core.a` out of all object files (C only)
-  * create `build/host/mrbc/bin/mrbc` via `mruby-bin-mrbc` gem
-* compile all files under `src` and store result in `build/host/src`
-* create `build/host/mrblib/mrblib.c` by compiling all `*.rb` files under `mrblib` with `build/host/mrbc/bin/mrbc`
-* compile `build/host/mrblib/mrblib.c` to `build/host/mrblib/mrblib.o`
-* create `build/host/lib/libmruby.a` out of all object files (C and Ruby)
-* compile (normal) mrbgems specified in the configuration file
-* create `build/host/lib/libmruby.a` from object files from gems and `libmruby_core.a`
-* create binary commands according to binary gems (e.g. `mirb` and `mruby`)
-* copy binaries under `build/host/bin` to `bin` directory
+- compile minimal `mrbc` from `src` and `mrblib` sources
+  - compile all files under `src` (object files will be stored in `build/host/mrbc/src`)
+  - compile `mruby-compiler` gem
+  - create `build/host/mrbc/lib/libmruby_core.a` out of all object files (C only)
+  - create `build/host/mrbc/bin/mrbc` via `mruby-bin-mrbc` gem
+- compile all files under `src` and store result in `build/host/src`
+- create `build/host/mrblib/mrblib.c` by compiling all `*.rb` files under `mrblib` with `build/host/mrbc/bin/mrbc`
+- compile `build/host/mrblib/mrblib.c` to `build/host/mrblib/mrblib.o`
+- create `build/host/lib/libmruby.a` out of all object files (C and Ruby)
+- compile (normal) mrbgems specified in the configuration file
+- create `build/host/lib/libmruby.a` from object files from gems and `libmruby_core.a`
+- create binary commands according to binary gems (e.g. `mirb` and `mruby`)
+- copy binaries under `build/host/bin` to `bin` directory
 
 ```
  _____    _____    ______    ____    ____    _____    _____    ____
@@ -465,13 +465,13 @@ for we don't have `host/mrbc` directory (`host` directory itself works
 as placeholder for `mrbc`). Afterwards the cross compilation process
 proceeds like this:
 
-* cross-compile all files under `src` and store result in `build/i386/src`
-* create `build/i386/lib/libmruby_core.a` out of C object files
-* create `build/i386/mrblib/mrblib.c` by compiling all `*.rb` files under `mrblib` with native `build/host/bin/mrbc`
-* cross-compile `build/i386/mrblib/mrblib.c` to `build/i386/mrblib/mrblib.o`
-* create `build/i386/lib/libmruby.a` from object files from gems and `libmruby_core.a`
-* create binary commands according to binary gems (e.g. `mirb` and `mruby`)
-* copy binaries under `build/host/bin` to `bin` directory
+- cross-compile all files under `src` and store result in `build/i386/src`
+- create `build/i386/lib/libmruby_core.a` out of C object files
+- create `build/i386/mrblib/mrblib.c` by compiling all `*.rb` files under `mrblib` with native `build/host/bin/mrbc`
+- cross-compile `build/i386/mrblib/mrblib.c` to `build/i386/mrblib/mrblib.o`
+- create `build/i386/lib/libmruby.a` from object files from gems and `libmruby_core.a`
+- create binary commands according to binary gems (e.g. `mirb` and `mruby`)
+- copy binaries under `build/host/bin` to `bin` directory
 
 ```
  _______________________________________________________________
@@ -556,3 +556,7 @@ CFLAGS = `$(MRB_CONFIG) --cflags`
 LDFLAGS = `$(MRB_CONFIG) --ldflags`
 LIBS = `$(MRB_CONFIG) --libs`
 ```
+
+## Tips
+
+- If you see compilation troubles, try `rake clean` first.

doc/guides/debugger.md

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ To confirm mrdb was installed properly, run mrdb with the `--version` option:
 
 ```bash
 $ mrdb --version
-mruby 3.0.0 (2021-03-05)
+mruby 3.1.0 (2022-05-12)
 ```
 
 ## 2.2 Basic Operation
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ You can debug the mruby binary files.
 
 #### 2.2.2.1 Debugging the binary files
 
-* notice
+- notice
 To debug mruby binary files, you need to compile mruby files with option `-g`.
 
 ```bash

doc/guides/gc-arena-howto.md

@@ -7,19 +7,19 @@ _Some parts are updated to reflect recent changes._
 
 When you are extending mruby using C language, you may encounter
 mysterious "arena overflow error" or memory leak or very slow
-execution speed.  This is an error indicating overflow of "GC arena"
+execution speed. This is an error indicating overflow of "GC arena"
 implementing "conservative GC".
 
 GC (garbage collector) must ensure that object is "alive", in other
-words, that it is referenced by somewhere from the program.  This can be
+words, that it is referenced by somewhere from the program. This can be
 determined by checking if the object can be directly or indirectly
-referenced by root.  The local variables, global variables and
-constants etc are root.
+referenced by root. The local variables, global variables and
+constants etc. are root.
 
 If program execution is performed inside mruby VM, there is nothing to
 worry about because GC can access all roots owned by the VM.
 
-The problem arises when executing C functions.  The object referenced
+The problem arises when executing C functions. The object referenced
 by C variable is also "alive", but mruby GC cannot aware of this, so
 it might mistakenly recognize the objects referenced by only C
 variables as dead.
@@ -27,15 +27,15 @@ variables as dead.
 This can be a fatal bug if the GC tries to collect a live object.
 
 In CRuby, we scan C stack area, and use C variable as root to check
-whether object is alive or not.  Of course, because we are accessing C
+whether object is alive or not. Of course, because we are accessing C
 stack just as memory region, we never know it is an integer or a
-pointer.  We workaround this by assuming that if it looks like a
-pointer, then assume it as a pointer.  We call it "conservative".
+pointer. We work around this by assuming that if it looks like a
+pointer, then assume it as a pointer. We call it "conservative".
 
 By the way, CRuby's "conservative GC" has some problems.
 
 The biggest problem is we have no way to access to the stack area in
-portable way.  Therefore, we cannot use this method if we'd like to
+portable way. Therefore, we cannot use this method if we'd like to
 implement highly portable runtime, like mruby.
 
 So we came up with another plan to implement "conservative GC" in mruby.
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ objects (See `MRB_GC_FIXED_ARENA` and `MRB_GC_ARENA_SIZE` in
 doc/guides/mrbconf.md).
 
 If you create many objects in C functions, memory usage will increase, since
-GC never kick in.  This memory usage may look like memory leak, but will also
+GC never kicks in. This memory usage may look like memory leaks, but will also
 make execution slower as more memory will need to be allocated.
 
 With the build time configuration, you can limit the maximum size of
-arena (e.g., 100).  Then if you create many objects, arena overflows,
+arena (e.g., 100). Then if you create many objects, arena overflows,
 thus you will get an "arena overflow error".
 
-To workaround these problems, we have `mrb_gc_arena_save()` and
+To work around these problems, we have `mrb_gc_arena_save()` and
 `mrb_gc_arena_restore()` functions.
 
 `int mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb)` returns the current position of the stack
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ In mruby, C function calls are surrounded by this save/restore, but we
 can further optimize memory usage by surrounding save/restore, and can
 avoid creating arena overflow bugs.
 
-Let's take a real example.  Here is the source code of `Array#inspect`:
+Let's take a real example. Here is the source code of `Array#inspect`:
 
 ```c
 static mrb_value
@@ -146,23 +146,23 @@ of array using `inspect` method, we join them together so that we can
 get `inspect` representation of the entire array.
 
 After the `inspect` representation is created, we no longer require the
-individual string representation.  This means that we don't have to register
+individual string representation. This means that we don't have to register
 these temporal objects into GC arena.
 
 Therefore, in order to keep the arena size small; the `ary_inspect()` function
 will do the following:
 
-* save the position of the stack top using `mrb_gc_arena_save()`.
-* get `inspect` representation of each element.
-* append it to the constructing entire `inspect` representation of array.
-* restore stack top position using `mrb_gc_arena_restore()`.
+- save the position of the stack top using `mrb_gc_arena_save()`.
+- get `inspect` representation of each element.
+- append it to the constructing entire `inspect` representation of array.
+- restore stack top position using `mrb_gc_arena_restore()`.
 
 Please note that the final `inspect` representation of entire array
-was created before the call of `mrb_gc_arena_restore()`.  Otherwise,
+was created before the call of `mrb_gc_arena_restore()`. Otherwise,
 required temporal object may be deleted by GC.
 
 We may have an usecase where after creating many temporal objects, we'd
-like to keep some of them.  In this case, we cannot use the same idea
+like to keep some of them. In this case, we cannot use the same idea
 in `ary_inspect()` like appending objects to existing one.
 Instead, after `mrb_gc_arena_restore()`, we must re-register the objects we
 want to keep in the arena using `mrb_gc_protect(mrb, obj)`.

doc/guides/link.md

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 
 You have two ways to link `libmruby` to your application.
 
-* using executable gem.
-* using normal compilation process
+- using executable gem.
+- using normal compilation process
 
 ## Executable Gems
 
 If your application is relatively small, `mrbgem` is an easier way to
-create the executable.  By tradition, the gem name start with
+create the executable. By tradition, the gem name start with
 `mruby-bin-`, e.g. `mruby-bin-debugger`.
 
 ### `mrbgem.rake` file
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ end
 ### Source tree structure
 
 The source file for the gem executable should be in
-`<gem-name>/tools/<bin-name>`.  Currently, we support C or C++ source code
+`<gem-name>/tools/<bin-name>`. Currently, we support C or C++ source code
 (`.c`, `.cpp`, `.cxx`, `.cc`) for the executable. Ruby source files are not
 supported. Put the functionality in the different gem and specify dependency to
 it in `mrbgem.rake`.
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ it in `mrbgem.rake`.
 
 The `libmruby` is a normal library so that you can just link it to your
 application. Specify proper compiler options (`-I` etc.) and linker options
-(`-Lmruby` etc.) to compile and link your application. Specify those options in
+(`-lmruby` etc.) to compile and link your application. Specify those options in
 your build script (e.g. `Makefile`).
 
 ### Compiler options
@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ your build script (e.g. `Makefile`).
 You need to specify compiler options that are compatible to mruby configuration,
 for example:
 
-* `-I` to specify the place for mruby header files
-* `-D` to specify mruby configuration macros
+- `-I` to specify the place for mruby header files
+- `-D` to specify mruby configuration macros
 
 To retrieve compiler options used to build `mruby`, you can use `mruby-config`
 command with following options:
 
-* `--cc`                    compiler name
-* `--cflags`                options passed to compiler
+- `--cc`                    compiler name
+- `--cflags`                options passed to compiler
 
 ```
 $ mruby-config --cflags
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ compatible to mruby configuration.
 
 To retrieve linker options, you can use `mruby-config` with following options:
 
-* `--ld`                    linker name
-* `--ldflags`               options passed to linker
-* `--ldflags-before-libs`   options passed to linker before linked libraries
-* `--libs`                  linked libraries
+- `--ld`                    linker name
+- `--ldflags`               options passed to linker
+- `--ldflags-before-libs`   options passed to linker before linked libraries
+- `--libs`                  linked libraries
 
 ```
 $ mruby-config --ldflags

doc/guides/mrbconf.md

@@ -1,209 +1,252 @@
 # mruby configuration macros
 
+## The configuration file
+
+You can do the build configuration in the build configuration file. The default
+configuration file is `build_config/default.rb`.
+
+You can specify your own configuration file by the `MRUBY_CONFIG` environment
+variable (you can use `CONFIG` for shorthand for `MRUBY_CONFIG`). If the path
+doesn't exist, `build_config/${MRUBY_CONFIG}.rb` is used.
+
 ## How to use these macros
 
-You can use mrbconfs with following ways:
+Just add the configuration value to the `MRuby::Build#defines` attribute.
+This is the same for `MRuby::CrossBuild`.
 
-* Write them in `mrbconf.h`.
-  * Using compiler flags is preferred  when building a cross binaries or multiple mruby binaries
-    since it's easier to use different mrbconf per each `MRuby::Build`.
-  * Most flags can be enabled by just commenting in.
-* Pass them as compiler flags.
-  * Make sure you pass the same flags to all compilers since some mrbconf(e.g., `MRB_GC_FIXED_ARENA`)
-    changes `struct` layout and cause memory access error when C and other language(e.g., C++) is mixed.
+```ruby
+# build_config.rb
+
+MRuby::Build.new do |conf|
+  .....
+  conf.defines << 'MRB_GC_FIXED_ARENA'
+  conf.defines << 'MRB_NO_METHOD_CACHE'
+  .....
+end
+```
+
+***NOTE***
+
+- Use common definitions (`conf.defines`) instead of per-compiler definitions (e.g., `conf.cc.defines`) unless there is a special reason not to.
+- It is now deprecated to edit the `include/mruby/mrbconf.h` file or give it directly as a compiler flag, as was the case before.
 
 ## stdio setting
 
 `MRB_NO_STDIO`
 
-* When defined `<stdio.h>` functions won't be used.
-* Some features will be disabled when this is enabled:
-  * `mrb_irep` load/dump from/to file.
-  * Compiling mruby script from a file.
-  * Printing features in **src/print.c**.
+- When defined `<stdio.h>` functions won't be used.
+- Some features will be disabled when this is enabled:
+  - `mrb_irep` load/dump from/to file.
+  - Compiling mruby script from a file.
+  - Printing features in **src/print.c**.
 
 ## Debug macros
 
 `MRB_USE_DEBUG_HOOK`
 
-* When defined code fetch hook and debug OP hook will be enabled.
-* When using any of the hook set function pointer `code_fetch_hook` and/or `debug_op_hook` of `mrb_state`.
-* Fetch hook will be called before any OP.
-* Debug OP hook will be called when dispatching `OP_DEBUG`.
+- When defined code fetch hook and debug OP hook will be enabled.
+- When using any of the hook set function pointer `code_fetch_hook` and/or `debug_op_hook` of `mrb_state`.
+- Fetch hook will be called before any OP.
+- Debug OP hook will be called when dispatching `OP_DEBUG`.
 
 `MRB_DEBUG`
 
-* When defined `mrb_assert*` macro will be defined with macros from `<assert.h>`.
-* Could be enabled via `enable_debug` method of `MRuby::Build`.
+- When defined `mrb_assert*` macro will be defined with macros from `<assert.h>`.
+- Could be enabled via `enable_debug` method of `MRuby::Build`.
 
 ## Stack configuration
 
 `MRB_STACK_EXTEND_DOUBLING`
 
-* If defined doubles the stack size when extending it.
-* Else extends stack with `MRB_STACK_GROWTH`.
+- If defined doubles the stack size when extending it.
+- Otherwise extends stack with `MRB_STACK_GROWTH`.
 
 `MRB_STACK_GROWTH`
 
-* Default value is `128`.
-* Used in stack extending.
-* Ignored when `MRB_STACK_EXTEND_DOUBLING` is defined.
+- Default value is `128`.
+- Used in stack extending.
+- Ignored when `MRB_STACK_EXTEND_DOUBLING` is defined.
 
 `MRB_STACK_MAX`
 
-* Default value is `0x40000 - MRB_STACK_GROWTH`.
-* Raises `RuntimeError` when stack size exceeds this value.
+- Default value is `0x40000 - MRB_STACK_GROWTH`.
+- Raises `RuntimeError` when stack size exceeds this value.
 
 ## Primitive type configuration
 
 `MRB_USE_FLOAT32`
 
-* When defined single precision floating-point type(C type `float`) is used as `mrb_float`.
-* Otherwise, double precision floating-point type(C type `double`) is used as `mrb_float`.
+- When defined single-precision floating-point type(C type `float`) is used as `mrb_float`.
+- Otherwise, double-precision floating-point type(C type `double`) is used as `mrb_float`.
 
 `MRB_NO_FLOAT`
 
-* When defined removes floating-point numbers from mruby.
-* It makes mruby easier to handle in "Microcontroller without FPU" and "Kernel Space".
+- When defined removes floating-point numbers from mruby.
+- It makes mruby easier to handle in "Micro-controller without FPU" and "Kernel Space".
 
 `MRB_INT32`
 
-* When defined, or `MRB_INT64` are not defined on 32-bit CPU mode, `mrb_int` will be defined as `int32_t`.
-* Conflicts with `MRB_INT64`.
+- When defined, or `MRB_INT64` are not defined on 32-bit CPU mode, `mrb_int` will be defined as `int32_t`.
+- Conflicts with `MRB_INT64`.
 
 `MRB_INT64`
 
-* When defined, or `MRB_INT32` are not defined on 64-bit CPU mode, `mrb_int` will be defined as `int64_t`.
-* Conflicts with `MRB_INT32`.
+- When defined, or `MRB_INT32` are not defined on 64-bit CPU mode, `mrb_int` will be defined as `int64_t`.
+- Conflicts with `MRB_INT32`.
 
 ## Garbage collector configuration
 
 `MRB_GC_STRESS`
 
-* When defined full GC is emitted per each `RBasic` allocation.
-* Mainly used in memory manager debugging.
+- When defined full GC is emitted per each `RBasic` allocation.
+- Mainly used in memory manager debugging.
+- If defined at the same time as `MRB_DEBUG`, full GC is emitted also per each heap allocation (`mrb_malloc()` or etc.).
+  This configuration slows down mruby execution by a factor of 2 to 3 or even more.
 
 `MRB_GC_TURN_OFF_GENERATIONAL`
 
-* When defined turns generational GC by default.
+- When defined turns generational GC by default.
 
 `MRB_GC_FIXED_ARENA`
 
-* When defined used fixed size GC arena.
-* Raises `RuntimeError` when this is defined and GC arena size exceeds `MRB_GC_ARENA_SIZE`.
-* Useful tracking unnecessary mruby object allocation.
+- When defined used fixed size GC arena.
+- Raises `RuntimeError` when this is defined and GC arena size exceeds `MRB_GC_ARENA_SIZE`.
+- Useful tracking unnecessary mruby object allocation.
 
 `MRB_GC_ARENA_SIZE`
 
-* Default value is `100`.
-* Ignored when `MRB_GC_FIXED_ARENA` isn't defined.
-* Defines fixed GC arena size.
+- Default value is `100`.
+- Ignored when `MRB_GC_FIXED_ARENA` isn't defined.
+- Defines fixed GC arena size.
 
 `MRB_HEAP_PAGE_SIZE`
 
-* Defines value is `1024`.
-* Specifies number of `RBasic` per each heap page.
+- Defines value is `1024`.
+- Specifies number of `RBasic` per each heap page.
+- To calculate the number of bytes per heap page, it is "(size of management data per heap page) + (size per object) * `MRB_HEAP_PAGE_SIZE`".
+  In mruby 3.1.0, the "size of management data per heap page" is 6 words, also "size per object" is 6 words.
+  For a 32-bit CPU, `(6 * 4) + (6 * 4) * MRB_HEAP_PAGE_SIZE` gives the bytes of size per heap page.
+  Conversely, for example, to keep the size per heap page to 4 Ki bytes,
+  calculate `(4096 - (6 * 4)) / (6 * 4)` to specify `MRB_HEAP_PAGE_SIZE=169`.
 
 ## Memory pool configuration
 
 `POOL_ALIGNMENT`
 
-* Default value is `4`.
-* If you're allocating data types that requires alignment more than default value define the
+- Default value is `4`.
+- If you're allocating data types that requires alignment more than default value define the
 largest value of required alignment.
 
 `POOL_PAGE_SIZE`
 
-* Default value is `16000`.
-* Specifies page size of pool page.
-* Smaller the value is increases memory overhead.
+- Default value is `16000`.
+- Specifies page size of pool page.
+- Smaller the value is increases memory overhead.
 
 ## State atexit configuration
 
 `MRB_FIXED_STATE_ATEXIT_STACK`
 
-* If defined enables fixed size `mrb_state` atexit stack.
-* Raises `RuntimeError` when `mrb_state_atexit` call count to same `mrb_state` exceeds
+- If defined enables fixed size `mrb_state` atexit stack.
+- Raises `RuntimeError` when `mrb_state_atexit` call count to same `mrb_state` exceeds
 `MRB_FIXED_STATE_ATEXIT_STACK_SIZE`'s value.
 
 `MRB_FIXED_STATE_ATEXIT_STACK_SIZE`
 
-* Default value is `5`.
-* If `MRB_FIXED_STATE_ATEXIT_STACK` isn't defined this macro is ignored.
+- Default value is `5`.
+- If `MRB_FIXED_STATE_ATEXIT_STACK` isn't defined this macro is ignored.
 
 ## `mrb_value` configuration
 
 `MRB_ENDIAN_BIG`
 
-* If defined compiles mruby for big endian machines.
-* Used in `MRB_NAN_BOXING`.
-* Some mrbgem use this mrbconf.
+- If defined compiles mruby for big endian machines.
+- Used in `MRB_NAN_BOXING`.
+- Some mrbgem use this mrbconf.
 
 `MRB_NAN_BOXING`
 
-* If defined represent `mrb_value` in boxed `double`.
-* Conflicts with `MRB_USE_FLOAT32` and `MRB_NO_FLOAT`.
+- If defined represent `mrb_value` in boxed `double`.
+- Conflicts with `MRB_USE_FLOAT32` and `MRB_NO_FLOAT`.
 
 `MRB_WORD_BOXING`
 
-* If defined represent `mrb_value` as a word.
-* If defined `Float` will be a mruby object with `RBasic`.
+- If defined represent `mrb_value` as a word.
+- If defined `Float` will be a mruby object with `RBasic`.
 
 ## Reduce heap memory configuration
 
 `MRB_USE_ETEXT_RO_DATA_P`
 
-* Use `etext` and `edata` section addresses defined by the linker to detect read-only data.
-* Those addresses are widely available, but not portable, nor standardized.
-* This macro is defined by default on User-mode Linux.
+- Use `etext` and `edata` section addresses defined by the linker to detect read-only data.
+- Those addresses are widely available, but not portable, nor standardized.
+- This macro is defined by default on User-mode Linux.
 
 `MRB_NO_DEFAULT_RO_DATA_P`
 
-* Define this macro when the default `mrb_ro_data_p()` does not work for any reason.
+- Define this macro when the default `mrb_ro_data_p()` does not work for any reason.
 
 `MRB_USE_CUSTOM_RO_DATA_P`
 
-* Please try if `MRB_USE_LINK_TIME_RO_DATA_P` is not available.
-* The `mrb_ro_data_p()` function is implemented by the user in an arbitrary file.
-* The prototype declaration is `mrb_bool mrb_ro_data_p(const char *ptr)`.
-* Return `TRUE` if `ptr` is in the read-only section, otherwise return `FALSE`.
+- Please try if `MRB_USE_LINK_TIME_RO_DATA_P` is not available.
+- The `mrb_ro_data_p()` function is implemented by the user in an arbitrary file.
+- The prototype declaration is `mrb_bool mrb_ro_data_p(const char *ptr)`.
+- Return `TRUE` if `ptr` is in the read-only section, otherwise return `FALSE`.
 
 ## Other configuration
 
+`MRB_MALLOC_TRIM`
+
+- call malloc_trim(0) for each mrb_full_gc() call
+
 `MRB_UTF8_STRING`
 
-* Adds UTF-8 encoding support to character-oriented String instance methods.
-* If it isn't defined, they only support the US-ASCII encoding.
+- Adds UTF-8 encoding support to character-oriented String instance methods.
+- If it isn't defined, they only support the US-ASCII encoding.
+
+`MRB_STR_LENGTH_MAX`
+
+- The maximum length of strings (default 1MB)
+- set this value to zero to skip the check
+
+`MRB_ARY_LENGTH_MAX`
+
+- The maximum length of strings (default 1MB)
+- set this value to zero to skip the check
 
 `MRB_FUNCALL_ARGC_MAX`
 
-* Default value is `16`.
-* Specifies 4th argument(`argc`) max value of `mrb_funcall`.
-* Raises `ArgumentError` when the `argc` argument is bigger then this value `mrb_funcall`.
+- Default value is `16`.
+- Specifies 4th argument(`argc`) max value of `mrb_funcall`.
+- Raises `ArgumentError` when the `argc` argument is bigger then this value `mrb_funcall`.
 
 `KHASH_DEFAULT_SIZE`
 
-* Default value is `32`.
-* Specifies default size of khash table bucket.
-* Used in `kh_init_ ## name` function.
+- Default value is `32`.
+- Specifies default size of khash table bucket.
+- Used in `kh_init_ ## name` function.
 
 `MRB_NO_METHOD_CACHE`
 
-* Disable method cache to save memory.
+- Disable method cache to save memory.
 
 `MRB_METHOD_CACHE_SIZE`
 
-* Default value is `256`.
-* Ignored if `MRB_NO_METHOD_CACHE` is defined.
-* Need to be the power of 2.
+- Default value is `256`.
+- Ignored if `MRB_NO_METHOD_CACHE` is defined.
+- Need to be the power of 2.
 
 `MRB_USE_METHOD_T_STRUCT`
 
-* Use C struct to represent `mrb_method_t`
-* No `MRB_USE_METHOD_T_STRUCT` requires highest 2 bits of function pointers to be zero
-* Define this macro on machines that use higher bits of pointers
+- Use C struct to represent `mrb_method_t`
+- No `MRB_USE_METHOD_T_STRUCT` requires highest 2 bits of function pointers to be zero
+- Define this macro on machines that use higher bits of pointers
 
 `MRB_USE_ALL_SYMBOLS`
 
-* Make it available `Symbol.all_symbols` in `mrbgems/mruby-symbol-ext`
-* Increase heap memory usage.
+- Make it available `Symbol.all_symbols` in `mrbgems/mruby-symbol-ext`
+- Increase heap memory usage.
+
+`MRB_NO_DIRECT_THREADING`
+
+- Turn off direct threading optimization in VM loop

doc/guides/mrbgems.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ standardised way into mruby. Conventionally, each mrbgem name is prefixed by
 
 ## Usage
 
-You have to activate mrbgems explicitly in your build configuration.  To add
+You have to activate mrbgems explicitly in your build configuration. To add
 a gem, add the following line to your build configuration file, for example:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ conf.gem 'examples/mrbgems/ruby_extension_example'
 
 In that case,
 
-* if your build configuration file is in the `build_config` directory, it's
+- if your build configuration file is in the `build_config` directory, it's
   relative from `MRUBY_ROOT`.
-* otherwise, it is relative from the directory where your build configuration is.
+- otherwise, it is relative from the directory where your build configuration is.
 
 A remote GIT repository location for a GEM is also supported:
 
@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@ conf.gem :github => 'masuidrive/mrbgems-example', :branch => 'master'
 conf.gem :bitbucket => 'mruby/mrbgems-example', :branch => 'master'
 ```
 
+NOTE: `:bitbucket` option supports only git. Hg is unsupported in this
+version.
+
 You can specify the subdirectory of the repository with `:path` option:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -55,19 +58,48 @@ conf.gem mgem: 'mruby-redis', checksum_hash: '3446d19fc4a3f9697b5ddbf2a904f301c4
 If there are missing dependencies, mrbgem dependencies solver will reference
 mrbgem from the core or mgem-list.
 
-To pull all gems from remote GIT repository on build, call `rake -p`,
-or `rake --pull-gems`.
+Note that if more than one git-based gem has the same base name
+(i.e. the default checkout directory name), it is (now) an error
+**UNLESS** they have the same repository URL, branch name and
+commit-id (i.e. checksum hash). You can bypass this by explicitly
+importing your preferred version **first** and setting the
+`canonical:` option to `true`:
 
-NOTE: `:bitbucket` option supports only git. Hg is unsupported in this version.
+```ruby
+conf.gem github: 'me/mruby-yaml', branch: 'my-hacked-branch', canonical: true
+```
+
+If you do this, the system will (mostly) silently ignore other
+attempts to clone a gem with this name.
+
+Note that this only affects cloning the gem from git. It does not
+resolve version conflicts. If the version as specified in the gem's
+rakefile is incompatible with a dependency, your build will still
+fail.
+
+### Tweak the gem in your build configuration file
+
+You can give blocks in the `conf.gem` call to make adjustments for
+environments where the original gem does not expect them:
+
+```ruby
+conf.gem core: "mruby-bin-mirb" do |g|
+  # For cross build to NetBSD
+  g.linker.libraries = %w(edit termcap)
+end
+```
+
+However, it should be used with caution, as it may deviate from the intent
+of the gem's author.
 
 ## GemBox
 
 There are instances when you wish to add a collection of mrbgems into mruby at
 once, or be able to substitute mrbgems based on configuration, without having to
-add each gem to your build configuration file.  A packaged collection of mrbgems
-is called a GemBox.  A GemBox is a file that contains a list of mrbgems to load
+add each gem to your build configuration file. A packaged collection of mrbgems
+is called a GemBox. A GemBox is a file that contains a list of mrbgems to load
 into mruby, in the same format as if you were adding them to the build config
-via `config.gem`, but wrapped in an `MRuby::GemBox` object.  GemBoxes are
+via `config.gem`, but wrapped in an `MRuby::GemBox` object. GemBoxes are
 loaded into mruby via `config.gembox 'boxname'`.
 
 Below we have created a GemBox containing `mruby-time` and `mrbgems-example`:
@@ -79,7 +111,7 @@ MRuby::GemBox.new do |conf|
 end
 ```
 
-As mentioned, the GemBox uses the same conventions as `MRuby::Build`.  The GemBox
+As mentioned, the GemBox uses the same conventions as `MRuby::Build`. The GemBox
 must be saved with a `.gembox` extension inside the `mrbgems` directory to be
 picked up by mruby.
 
@@ -94,7 +126,7 @@ conf.gembox 'custom'
 This will cause the `custom` GemBox to be read in during the build process,
 adding `mruby-time` and `mrbgems-example` to the build.
 
-If you want, you can put GemBox outside of mruby directory. In that case you must
+If you want, you can put GemBox outside the mruby directory. In that case you must
 specify an absolute path like below.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -143,7 +175,7 @@ GEM directory. A typical GEM specification could look like this for example:
 MRuby::Gem::Specification.new('c_and_ruby_extension_example') do |spec|
   spec.license = 'MIT'
   spec.author  = 'mruby developers'
-  spec.summary = 'Example mrbgem using C and ruby'
+  spec.summary = 'Example mrbgem using C and Ruby'
 end
 ```
 
@@ -154,15 +186,15 @@ the GEM functionality to tools like `mruby` and `mirb`.
 The following properties can be set inside your `MRuby::Gem::Specification` for
 information purpose:
 
-* `spec.license` or `spec.licenses` (A single license or a list of them under which this GEM is licensed)
-* `spec.author` or `spec.authors` (Developer name or a list of them)
-* `spec.version` (Current version)
-* `spec.description` (Detailed description)
-* `spec.summary`
-  * One line short description of mrbgem.
-  * Printed in build summary of rake when set.
-* `spec.homepage` (Homepage)
-* `spec.requirements` (External requirements as information for user)
+- `spec.license` or `spec.licenses` (A single license or a list of them under which this GEM is licensed)
+- `spec.author` or `spec.authors` (Developer name or a list of them)
+- `spec.version` (Current version)
+- `spec.description` (Detailed description)
+- `spec.summary`
+  - One line short description of mrbgem.
+  - Printed in build summary of rake when set.
+- `spec.homepage` (Homepage)
+- `spec.requirements` (External requirements as information for user)
 
 The `license` and `author` properties are required in every GEM!
 
@@ -193,15 +225,15 @@ The version requirements and default gem information are optional.
 
 Version requirement supports following operators:
 
-* '=': is equal
-* '!=': is not equal
-* '>': is greater
-* '<': is lesser
-* '>=': is equal or greater
-* '<=': is equal or lesser
-* '~>': is equal or greater and is lesser than the next major version
-  * example 1: '~> 2.2.2' means '>= 2.2.2' and '< 2.3.0'
-  * example 2: '~> 2.2'   means '>= 2.2.0' and '< 3.0.0'
+- '=': is equal
+- '!=': is not equal
+- '>': is greater
+- '<': is lesser
+- '>=': is equal or greater
+- '<=': is equal or lesser
+- '~>': is equal or greater and is lesser than the next major version
+  - example 1: '~> 2.2.2' means '>= 2.2.2' and '< 2.3.0'
+  - example 2: '~> 2.2'   means '>= 2.2.0' and '< 3.0.0'
 
 When more than one version requirements is passed, the dependency must satisfy all of it.
 
@@ -214,8 +246,8 @@ use `MRuby::Build#gem` in the build configuration to override default gem.
 
 If you have conflicting GEMs use the following method:
 
-* `spec.add_conflict(gem, *requirements)`
-  * The `requirements` argument is same as in `add_dependency` method.
+- `spec.add_conflict(gem, *requirements)`
+  - The `requirements` argument is same as in `add_dependency` method.
 
 like following code:
 
@@ -234,18 +266,18 @@ end
 In case your GEM has more complex build requirements you can use
 the following options additionally inside your GEM specification:
 
-* `spec.cc.flags` (C compiler flags)
-* `spec.cc.defines` (C compiler defines)
-* `spec.cc.include_paths` (C compiler include paths)
-* `spec.linker.flags` (Linker flags)
-* `spec.linker.libraries` (Linker libraries)
-* `spec.linker.library_paths` (Linker additional library path)
-* `spec.bins` (Generate binary file)
-* `spec.rbfiles` (Ruby files to compile)
-* `spec.objs` (Object files to compile)
-* `spec.test_rbfiles` (Ruby test files for integration into mrbtest)
-* `spec.test_objs` (Object test files for integration into mrbtest)
-* `spec.test_preload` (Initialization files for mrbtest)
+- `spec.cc.flags` (C compiler flags)
+- `spec.cc.defines` (C compiler defines)
+- `spec.cc.include_paths` (C compiler include paths)
+- `spec.linker.flags` (Linker flags)
+- `spec.linker.libraries` (Linker libraries)
+- `spec.linker.library_paths` (Linker additional library path)
+- `spec.bins` (Generate binary file)
+- `spec.rbfiles` (Ruby files to compile)
+- `spec.objs` (Object files to compile)
+- `spec.test_rbfiles` (Ruby test files for integration into mrbtest)
+- `spec.test_objs` (Object test files for integration into mrbtest)
+- `spec.test_preload` (Initialization files for mrbtest)
 
 You also can use `spec.mruby.cc` and `spec.mruby.linker` to add extra global parameters for the compiler and linker.
 
@@ -380,7 +412,7 @@ See C and Ruby example.
 ## Binary gems
 
 Some gems can generate executables under `bin` directory. Those gems are called
-binary gems.  Names of binary gems are conventionally prefixed by `mruby-bin`,
+binary gems. Names of binary gems are conventionally prefixed by `mruby-bin`,
 e.g. `mruby-bin-mirb` and `mruby-bin-strip`.
 
 To specify the name of executable, you need to specify `spec.bins` in the
@@ -397,21 +429,21 @@ binary gems, to separate normal gems and binary gems.
 ```
 +- mruby-bin-example/
     |
-    +- README.md        (Optional)
+    +- README.md          (Optional)
     |
     +- bintest/
     |   |
-    |   +- example.rb   <- Test code for binary gem
+    |   +- example.rb     <- Test code for binary gem
     |
-    +- mrbgem.rake      <- Gem specification
+    +- mrbgem.rake        <- Gem specification
     |
-    +- mrblib/          <- Source for Ruby extension (Optional)
+    +- mrblib/            <- Source for Ruby extension (Optional)
     |
-    +- src/             <- Source for C extension (Optional)
+    +- src/               <- Source for C extension (Optional)
     |
     +- tools/
         |
-        +- example/     <- Executable name directory
-        |
-        +- example.c    <- Source for Executable (includes main)
+        +- example/       <- Executable name directory
+            |
+            +- example.c  <- Source for Executable (includes main)
 ```

doc/guides/symbol.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Symbols
 
 Symbols in `mruby` C source code is represented by `mrb_sym` which is alias of
-`uint32_t`.  Lower 30 bits are used for symbols so that higher 2 bits can be
+`uint32_t`. Lower 30 bits are used for symbols so that higher 2 bits can be
 used as flags, e.g. `struct mt_elem` in `class.c`.
 
 ```c
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ To save RAM, `mruby` can use compile-time allocation of some symbols. You can
 use following macros to get preallocated symbols by including `mruby/presym.h`
 header.
 
-* `MRB_SYM(xor)`    //=> xor    (Word characters)
-* `MRB_SYM_B(xor)`  //=> xor!   (Method with Bang)
-* `MRB_SYM_Q(xor)`  //=> xor?   (Method with Question mark)
-* `MRB_SYM_E(xor)`  //=> xor=   (Method with Equal)
-* `MRB_CVSYM(xor)`  //=> @@xor  (Class Variable)
-* `MRB_IVSYM(xor)`  //=> @xor   (Instance Variable)
-* `MRB_OPSYM(xor)`  //=> ^      (Operator)
+- `MRB_SYM(xor)`    //=> xor    (Word characters)
+- `MRB_SYM_B(xor)`  //=> xor!   (Method with Bang)
+- `MRB_SYM_Q(xor)`  //=> xor?   (Method with Question mark)
+- `MRB_SYM_E(xor)`  //=> xor=   (Method with Equal)
+- `MRB_CVSYM(xor)`  //=> @@xor  (Class Variable)
+- `MRB_IVSYM(xor)`  //=> @xor   (Instance Variable)
+- `MRB_OPSYM(xor)`  //=> ^      (Operator)
 
 For `MRB_OPSYM()`, specify the names corresponding to operators (see
 `MRuby::Presym::OPERATORS` in `lib/mruby/presym.rb` for the names that
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ can be specified for it). Other than that, describe only word characters
 excluding leading and ending punctuations.
 
 These macros are converted to static symbol IDs at compile time, unless
-preallocate symbols are disabled by  `conf.disable_presym`. In that case,
+preallocate symbols are disabled by `conf.disable_presym`. In that case,
 these macros are expanded to `mrb_intern_lit` calls, therefore the mruby state
-variable is required. The above macros assume the variable name is `mrb`.  If
+variable is required. The above macros assume the variable name is `mrb`. If
 its name is not `mrb`, you need to use macros with `_2` suffix, such as
 `MRB_SYM_2` to specify `mrb_state*` variable.
 

doc/internal/boxing.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 The mruby objects and data are represented by C data type `mrb_value`. There are three options how to pack the data values in the `mrb_value`.
 
-* Word Boxing
-* NaN Boxing
-* No Boxing
+- Word Boxing
+- NaN Boxing
+- No Boxing
 
 ## Word Boxing
 
@@ -14,38 +14,38 @@ Some values (called immediate values, e.g. integers, booleans, symbols, etc.) ar
 
 The Word boxing packing bit patterns are like following:
 
-| Types  | Bit Pattern                         |
-|--------|-------------------------------------|
-| object | xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxx000 |
-| fixnum | xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx1 |
-| nil    | 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 |
-| true   | 00000000 00000000 00000000 00001100 |
-| false  | 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000100 |
-| undef  | 00000000 00000000 00000000 00010100 |
-| symbol | xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxx10 |
+| Types  | Bit Pattern                           |
+|--------|---------------------------------------|
+| object | `xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxx000` |
+| fixnum | `xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx1` |
+| nil    | `00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000` |
+| true   | `00000000 00000000 00000000 00001100` |
+| false  | `00000000 00000000 00000000 00000100` |
+| undef  | `00000000 00000000 00000000 00010100` |
+| symbol | `xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxx10` |
 
 On 64 bit platform (unless `MRB_WORDBOX_NO_FLOAT_TRUNCATE`), float values are also packed in the `mrb_value`. In that case, we drop least significant 2 bits from mantissa.
-If you need full precision for floating point numbers, define `MRB_WORDBOX_NO_FLOAT_TRUNCATE`.
+If you need full precision for floating-point numbers, define `MRB_WORDBOX_NO_FLOAT_TRUNCATE`.
 
 ## NaN Boxing
 
-NaN boxing packs the Ruby data in a floating point numbers, which represent NaN (Not a Number) values. Under IEEE753 definitions every value that exponent is all set are considered as NaN. That means NaN can represent `2^51` values. NaN boxing is a teaching to pack the values in those NaN representation. In theory, 64 bits pointers are too big to fit in NaN, but practically most OS uses only 48 bits at most for pointers (except for some OS e.g. Solaris).
+NaN boxing packs the Ruby data in a floating-point numbers, which represent NaN (Not a Number) values. Under IEEE753 definitions every value that exponent is all set are considered as NaN. That means NaN can represent `2^51` values. NaN boxing is a teaching to pack the values in those NaN representation. In theory, 64 bits pointers are too big to fit in NaN, but practically most OS uses only 48 bits at most for pointers (except for some OS e.g. Solaris).
 
 The NaN boxing packing bit patterns are like following:
 
-| Types  | Bit Pattern                                                             |
-|--------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| float  | SEEEEEEE EEEEFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF |
-| +/-inf | S1111111 11110000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 |
-| nan    | 01111111 11111000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 |
-| fixnum | 01111111 11111001 00000000 00000000 IIIIIIII IIIIIIII IIIIIIII IIIIIIII |
-| symbol | 01111111 11111110 00000000 00000000 SSSSSSSS SSSSSSSS SSSSSSSS SSSSSSSS |
-| misc   | 01111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00TTTTTT 0000MMMM |
-| object | 01111111 11111100 PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPP00 |
-| ptr    | 01111111 11111100 PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPP01 |
-| nil    | 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 |
+| Types  | Bit Pattern                                                               |
+|--------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| float  | `SEEEEEEE EEEEFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF` |
+| +/-inf | `S1111111 11110000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000` |
+| nan    | `01111111 11111000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000` |
+| fixnum | `01111111 11111001 00000000 00000000 IIIIIIII IIIIIIII IIIIIIII IIIIIIII` |
+| symbol | `01111111 11111110 00000000 00000000 SSSSSSSS SSSSSSSS SSSSSSSS SSSSSSSS` |
+| misc   | `01111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00TTTTTT 0000MMMM` |
+| object | `01111111 11111100 PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPP00` |
+| ptr    | `01111111 11111100 PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPP01` |
+| nil    | `00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000` |
 
-The object values appear far more frequently than floating point numbers, so we offset the value so that object pointers are unchanged. This technique is called "favor pointer"".
+The object values appear far more frequently than floating-point numbers, so we offset the value so that object pointers are unchanged. This technique is called "favor pointer"".
 
 ## No Boxing
 

doc/internal/opcode.md

@@ -7,122 +7,130 @@ reducing the memory consumption of mruby VM.
 # Instructions
 
 Instructions are bytes. There can be 256 instructions. Currently, we
-have 94 instructions. Instructions can take 0 to 3 operands.
+have 106 instructions. Instructions can take 0 to 3 operands.
 
 ## operands
 
 The size of operands can be either 8bits, 16bits or 24bits.
-In the table.1 below, the second field describes the size (and
-sign) of operands.
+In the table.1 below, the second field describes the size
+of operands.
 
-* B: 8bit
-* S: 16bit
-* sS: signed 16bit
-* W: 24bit
+- B: 8bit
+- S: 16bit
+- W: 24bit
+
+If the first and second operands are of type `B` (8bits), they may be
+extended to 16bits by the operand extension instruction immediately
+preceding them.
+See also `OP_EXT1`, `OP_EXT2` and `OP_EXT3`.
 
 ## table.1 Instruction Table
 
-| Instruction Name | Operand type | Semantics                                                |
-|------------------|--------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
-| `OP_NOP`         | `-`          | `no operation`                                           |
-| `OP_MOVE`        | `BB`         | `R(a) = R(b)`                                            |
-| `OP_LOADL`       | `BB`         | `R(a) = Pool(b)`                                         |
-| `OP_LOADI`       | `BB`         | `R(a) = mrb_int(b)`                                      |
-| `OP_LOADINEG`    | `BB`         | `R(a) = mrb_int(-b)`                                     |
-| `OP_LOADI__1`    | `B`          | `R(a) = mrb_int(-1)`                                     |
-| `OP_LOADI_0`     | `B`          | `R(a) = mrb_int(0)`                                      |
-| `OP_LOADI_1`     | `B`          | `R(a) = mrb_int(1)`                                      |
-| `OP_LOADI_2`     | `B`          | `R(a) = mrb_int(2)`                                      |
-| `OP_LOADI_3`     | `B`          | `R(a) = mrb_int(3)`                                      |
-| `OP_LOADI_4`     | `B`          | `R(a) = mrb_int(4)`                                      |
-| `OP_LOADI_5`     | `B`          | `R(a) = mrb_int(5)`                                      |
-| `OP_LOADI_6`     | `B`          | `R(a) = mrb_int(6)`                                      |
-| `OP_LOADI_7`     | `B`          | `R(a) = mrb_int(7)`                                      |
-| `OP_LOADI16`     | `BS`         | `R(a) = mrb_int(b)`                                      |
-| `OP_LOADI32`     | `BSS`        | `R(a) = mrb_int((b<<16)+c)`                              |
-| `OP_LOADSYM`     | `BB`         | `R(a) = Syms(b)`                                         |
-| `OP_LOADNIL`     | `B`          | `R(a) = nil`                                             |
-| `OP_LOADSELF`    | `B`          | `R(a) = self`                                            |
-| `OP_LOADT`       | `B`          | `R(a) = true`                                            |
-| `OP_LOADF`       | `B`          | `R(a) = false`                                           |
-| `OP_GETGV`       | `BB`         | `R(a) = getglobal(Syms(b))`                              |
-| `OP_SETGV`       | `BB`         | `setglobal(Syms(b), R(a))`                               |
-| `OP_GETSV`       | `BB`         | `R(a) = Special[Syms(b)]`                                |
-| `OP_SETSV`       | `BB`         | `Special[Syms(b)] = R(a)`                                |
-| `OP_GETIV`       | `BB`         | `R(a) = ivget(Syms(b))`                                  |
-| `OP_SETIV`       | `BB`         | `ivset(Syms(b),R(a))`                                    |
-| `OP_GETCV`       | `BB`         | `R(a) = cvget(Syms(b))`                                  |
-| `OP_SETCV`       | `BB`         | `cvset(Syms(b),R(a))`                                    |
-| `OP_GETCONST`    | `BB`         | `R(a) = constget(Syms(b))`                               |
-| `OP_SETCONST`    | `BB`         | `constset(Syms(b),R(a))`                                 |
-| `OP_GETMCNST`    | `BB`         | `R(a) = R(a)::Syms(b)`                                   |
-| `OP_SETMCNST`    | `BB`         | `R(a+1)::Syms(b) = R(a)`                                 |
-| `OP_GETUPVAR`    | `BBB`        | `R(a) = uvget(b,c)`                                      |
-| `OP_SETUPVAR`    | `BBB`        | `uvset(b,c,R(a))`                                        |
-| `OP_JMP`         | `S`          | `pc+=a`                                                  |
-| `OP_JMPIF`       | `BS`         | `if R(a) pc+=b`                                          |
-| `OP_JMPNOT`      | `BS`         | `if !R(a) pc+=b`                                         |
-| `OP_JMPNIL`      | `BS`         | `if R(a)==nil pc+=b`                                     |
-| `OP_JMPUW`       | `S`          | `unwind_and_jump_to(a)`                                  |
-| `OP_EXCEPT`      | `B`          | `R(a) = exc`                                             |
-| `OP_RESCUE`      | `BB`         | `R(b) = R(a).isa?(R(b))`                                 |
-| `OP_RAISEIF`     | `B`          | `raise(R(a)) if R(a)`                                    |
-| `OP_SEND`        | `BBB`        | `R(a) = call(R(a),Syms(b),R(a+1),...,R(a+c))`            |
-| `OP_SENDB`       | `BBB`        | `R(a) = call(R(a),Syms(b),R(a+1),...,R(a+c),&R(a+c+1))`  |
-| `OP_CALL`        | `-`          | `R(0) = self.call(frame.argc, frame.argv)`               |
-| `OP_SUPER`       | `BB`         | `R(a) = super(R(a+1),... ,R(a+b+1))`                     |
-| `OP_ARGARY`      | `BS`         | `R(a) = argument array (16=m5:r1:m5:d1:lv4)`             |
-| `OP_ENTER`       | `W`          | `arg setup according to flags (23=m5:o5:r1:m5:k5:d1:b1)` |
-| `OP_KEY_P`       | `BB`         | `R(a) = kdict.key?(Syms(b))`                             |
-| `OP_KEYEND`      | `-`          | `raise unless kdict.empty?`                              |
-| `OP_KARG`        | `BB`         | `R(a) = kdict[Syms(b)]; kdict.delete(Syms(b))`           |
-| `OP_RETURN`      | `B`          | `return R(a) (normal)`                                   |
-| `OP_RETURN_BLK`  | `B`          | `return R(a) (in-block return)`                          |
-| `OP_BREAK`       | `B`          | `break R(a)`                                             |
-| `OP_BLKPUSH`     | `BS`         | `R(a) = block (16=m5:r1:m5:d1:lv4)`                      |
-| `OP_ADD`         | `B`          | `R(a) = R(a)+R(a+1)`                                     |
-| `OP_ADDI`        | `BB`         | `R(a) = R(a)+mrb_int(b)`                                 |
-| `OP_SUB`         | `B`          | `R(a) = R(a)-R(a+1)`                                     |
-| `OP_SUBI`        | `BB`         | `R(a) = R(a)-mrb_int(b)`                                 |
-| `OP_MUL`         | `B`          | `R(a) = R(a)*R(a+1)`                                     |
-| `OP_DIV`         | `B`          | `R(a) = R(a)/R(a+1)`                                     |
-| `OP_EQ`          | `B`          | `R(a) = R(a)==R(a+1)`                                    |
-| `OP_LT`          | `B`          | `R(a) = R(a)<R(a+1)`                                     |
-| `OP_LE`          | `B`          | `R(a) = R(a)<=R(a+1)`                                    |
-| `OP_GT`          | `B`          | `R(a) = R(a)>R(a+1)`                                     |
-| `OP_GE`          | `B`          | `R(a) = R(a)>=R(a+1)`                                    |
-| `OP_ARRAY`       | `BB`         | `R(a) = ary_new(R(a),R(a+1)..R(a+b))`                    |
-| `OP_ARRAY2`      | `BBB`        | `R(a) = ary_new(R(b),R(b+1)..R(b+c))`                    |
-| `OP_ARYCAT`      | `B`          | `ary_cat(R(a),R(a+1))`                                   |
-| `OP_ARYPUSH`     | `BB`         | `ary_push(R(a),R(a+1)..R(a+b))`                          |
-| `OP_ARYDUP`      | `B`          | `R(a) = ary_dup(R(a))`                                   |
-| `OP_AREF`        | `BBB`        | `R(a) = R(b)[c]`                                         |
-| `OP_ASET`        | `BBB`        | `R(b)[c] = R(a)`                                         |
-| `OP_APOST`       | `BBB`        | `*R(a),R(a+1)..R(a+c) = R(a)[b..]`                       |
-| `OP_INTERN`      | `B`          | `R(a) = intern(R(a))`                                    |
-| `OP_STRING`      | `BB`         | `R(a) = str_dup(Pool(b))`                                |
-| `OP_STRCAT`      | `B`          | `str_cat(R(a),R(a+1))`                                   |
-| `OP_HASH`        | `BB`         | `R(a) = hash_new(R(a),R(a+1)..R(a+b*2-1))`               |
-| `OP_HASHADD`     | `BB`         | `hash_push(R(a),R(a+1)..R(a+b*2))`                       |
-| `OP_HASHCAT`     | `B`          | `R(a) = hash_cat(R(a),R(a+1))`                           |
-| `OP_LAMBDA`      | `BB`         | `R(a) = lambda(Irep(b),OP_L_LAMBDA)`                     |
-| `OP_BLOCK`       | `BB`         | `R(a) = lambda(Irep(b),OP_L_BLOCK)`                      |
-| `OP_METHOD`      | `BB`         | `R(a) = lambda(Irep(b),OP_L_METHOD)`                     |
-| `OP_RANGE_INC`   | `B`          | `R(a) = range_new(R(a),R(a+1),FALSE)`                    |
-| `OP_RANGE_EXC`   | `B`          | `R(a) = range_new(R(a),R(a+1),TRUE)`                     |
-| `OP_OCLASS`      | `B`          | `R(a) = ::Object`                                        |
-| `OP_CLASS`       | `BB`         | `R(a) = newclass(R(a),Syms(b),R(a+1))`                   |
-| `OP_MODULE`      | `BB`         | `R(a) = newmodule(R(a),Syms(b))`                         |
-| `OP_EXEC`        | `BB`         | `R(a) = blockexec(R(a),Irep[b])`                         |
-| `OP_DEF`         | `BB`         | `R(a).newmethod(Syms(b),R(a+1)); R(a) = Syms(b)`         |
-| `OP_ALIAS`       | `BB`         | `alias_method(target_class,Syms(a),Syms(b))`             |
-| `OP_UNDEF`       | `B`          | `undef_method(target_class,Syms(a))`                     |
-| `OP_SCLASS`      | `B`          | `R(a) = R(a).singleton_class`                            |
-| `OP_TCLASS`      | `B`          | `R(a) = target_class`                                    |
-| `OP_DEBUG`       | `BBB`        | `print a,b,c`                                            |
-| `OP_ERR`         | `B`          | `raise(LocalJumpError, Pool(a))`                         |
-| `OP_EXT1`        | `-`          | `make 1st operand 16bit`                                 |
-| `OP_EXT2`        | `-`          | `make 2nd operand 16bit`                                 |
-| `OP_EXT3`        | `-`          | `make 1st and 2nd operands 16bit`                        |
-| `OP_STOP`        | `-`          | `stop VM`                                                |
-|------------------|--------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
+| Instruction Name   | Operand type   | Semantics                                                  |
+|--------------------|----------------|------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `OP_NOP`           | `-`            | `no operation`                                             |
+| `OP_MOVE`          | `BB`           | `R(a) = R(b)`                                              |
+| `OP_LOADL`         | `BB`           | `R(a) = Pool(b)`                                           |
+| `OP_LOADI`         | `BB`           | `R(a) = mrb_int(b)`                                        |
+| `OP_LOADINEG`      | `BB`           | `R(a) = mrb_int(-b)`                                       |
+| `OP_LOADI__1`      | `B`            | `R(a) = mrb_int(-1)`                                       |
+| `OP_LOADI_0`       | `B`            | `R(a) = mrb_int(0)`                                        |
+| `OP_LOADI_1`       | `B`            | `R(a) = mrb_int(1)`                                        |
+| `OP_LOADI_2`       | `B`            | `R(a) = mrb_int(2)`                                        |
+| `OP_LOADI_3`       | `B`            | `R(a) = mrb_int(3)`                                        |
+| `OP_LOADI_4`       | `B`            | `R(a) = mrb_int(4)`                                        |
+| `OP_LOADI_5`       | `B`            | `R(a) = mrb_int(5)`                                        |
+| `OP_LOADI_6`       | `B`            | `R(a) = mrb_int(6)`                                        |
+| `OP_LOADI_7`       | `B`            | `R(a) = mrb_int(7)`                                        |
+| `OP_LOADI16`       | `BS`           | `R(a) = mrb_int(b)`                                        |
+| `OP_LOADI32`       | `BSS`          | `R(a) = mrb_int((b<<16)+c)`                                |
+| `OP_LOADSYM`       | `BB`           | `R(a) = Syms(b)`                                           |
+| `OP_LOADNIL`       | `B`            | `R(a) = nil`                                               |
+| `OP_LOADSELF`      | `B`            | `R(a) = self`                                              |
+| `OP_LOADT`         | `B`            | `R(a) = true`                                              |
+| `OP_LOADF`         | `B`            | `R(a) = false`                                             |
+| `OP_GETGV`         | `BB`           | `R(a) = getglobal(Syms(b))`                                |
+| `OP_SETGV`         | `BB`           | `setglobal(Syms(b), R(a))`                                 |
+| `OP_GETSV`         | `BB`           | `R(a) = Special[Syms(b)]`                                  |
+| `OP_SETSV`         | `BB`           | `Special[Syms(b)] = R(a)`                                  |
+| `OP_GETIV`         | `BB`           | `R(a) = ivget(Syms(b))`                                    |
+| `OP_SETIV`         | `BB`           | `ivset(Syms(b),R(a))`                                      |
+| `OP_GETCV`         | `BB`           | `R(a) = cvget(Syms(b))`                                    |
+| `OP_SETCV`         | `BB`           | `cvset(Syms(b),R(a))`                                      |
+| `OP_GETCONST`      | `BB`           | `R(a) = constget(Syms(b))`                                 |
+| `OP_SETCONST`      | `BB`           | `constset(Syms(b),R(a))`                                   |
+| `OP_GETMCNST`      | `BB`           | `R(a) = R(a)::Syms(b)`                                     |
+| `OP_SETMCNST`      | `BB`           | `R(a+1)::Syms(b) = R(a)`                                   |
+| `OP_GETUPVAR`      | `BBB`          | `R(a) = uvget(b,c)`                                        |
+| `OP_SETUPVAR`      | `BBB`          | `uvset(b,c,R(a))`                                          |
+| `OP_GETIDX`        | `B`            | `R(a) = R(a)[R(a+1)]`                                      |
+| `OP_SETIDX`        | `B`            | `R(a)[R(a+1)] = R(a+2)`                                    |
+| `OP_JMP`           | `S`            | `pc+=a`                                                    |
+| `OP_JMPIF`         | `BS`           | `if R(a) pc+=b`                                            |
+| `OP_JMPNOT`        | `BS`           | `if !R(a) pc+=b`                                           |
+| `OP_JMPNIL`        | `BS`           | `if R(a)==nil pc+=b`                                       |
+| `OP_JMPUW`         | `S`            | `unwind_and_jump_to(a)`                                    |
+| `OP_EXCEPT`        | `B`            | `R(a) = exc`                                               |
+| `OP_RESCUE`        | `BB`           | `R(b) = R(a).isa?(R(b))`                                   |
+| `OP_RAISEIF`       | `B`            | `raise(R(a)) if R(a)`                                      |
+| `OP_SSEND`         | `BBB`          | `R(a) = self.send(Syms(b),R(a+1)..,R(a+n+1):R(a+n+2)..) (c=n\|k<<4)` |
+| `OP_SSENDB`        | `BBB`          | `R(a) = self.send(Syms(b),R(a+1)..,R(a+n+1):R(a+n+2)..,&R(a+n+2k+1))` |
+| `OP_SEND`          | `BBB`          | `R(a) = R(a).send(Syms(b),R(a+1)..,R(a+n+1):R(a+n+2)..) (c=n\|k<<4)` |
+| `OP_SENDB`         | `BBB`          | `R(a) = R(a).send(Syms(b),R(a+1)..,R(a+n+1):R(a+n+2)..,&R(a+n+2k+1))` |
+| `OP_CALL`          | `-`            | `self.call(*, **, &) (But overlay the current call frame; tailcall)` |
+| `OP_SUPER`         | `BB`           | `R(a) = super(R(a+1),... ,R(a+b+1))`                       |
+| `OP_ARGARY`        | `BS`           | `R(a) = argument array (16=m5:r1:m5:d1:lv4)`               |
+| `OP_ENTER`         | `W`            | `arg setup according to flags (23=m5:o5:r1:m5:k5:d1:b1)`   |
+| `OP_KEY_P`         | `BB`           | `R(a) = kdict.key?(Syms(b))`                               |
+| `OP_KEYEND`        | `-`            | `raise unless kdict.empty?`                                |
+| `OP_KARG`          | `BB`           | `R(a) = kdict[Syms(b)]; kdict.delete(Syms(b))`             |
+| `OP_RETURN`        | `B`            | `return R(a) (normal)`                                     |
+| `OP_RETURN_BLK`    | `B`            | `return R(a) (in-block return)`                            |
+| `OP_BREAK`         | `B`            | `break R(a)`                                               |
+| `OP_BLKPUSH`       | `BS`           | `R(a) = block (16=m5:r1:m5:d1:lv4)`                        |
+| `OP_ADD`           | `B`            | `R(a) = R(a)+R(a+1)`                                       |
+| `OP_ADDI`          | `BB`           | `R(a) = R(a)+mrb_int(b)`                                   |
+| `OP_SUB`           | `B`            | `R(a) = R(a)-R(a+1)`                                       |
+| `OP_SUBI`          | `BB`           | `R(a) = R(a)-mrb_int(b)`                                   |
+| `OP_MUL`           | `B`            | `R(a) = R(a)*R(a+1)`                                       |
+| `OP_DIV`           | `B`            | `R(a) = R(a)/R(a+1)`                                       |
+| `OP_EQ`            | `B`            | `R(a) = R(a)==R(a+1)`                                      |
+| `OP_LT`            | `B`            | `R(a) = R(a)<R(a+1)`                                       |
+| `OP_LE`            | `B`            | `R(a) = R(a)<=R(a+1)`                                      |
+| `OP_GT`            | `B`            | `R(a) = R(a)>R(a+1)`                                       |
+| `OP_GE`            | `B`            | `R(a) = R(a)>=R(a+1)`                                      |
+| `OP_ARRAY`         | `BB`           | `R(a) = ary_new(R(a),R(a+1)..R(a+b))`                      |
+| `OP_ARRAY2`        | `BBB`          | `R(a) = ary_new(R(b),R(b+1)..R(b+c))`                      |
+| `OP_ARYCAT`        | `B`            | `ary_cat(R(a),R(a+1))`                                     |
+| `OP_ARYPUSH`       | `BB`           | `ary_push(R(a),R(a+1)..R(a+b))`                            |
+| `OP_ARYSPLAT`      | `B`            | `R(a) = ary_splat(R(a))`                                   |
+| `OP_AREF`          | `BBB`          | `R(a) = R(b)[c]`                                           |
+| `OP_ASET`          | `BBB`          | `R(b)[c] = R(a)`                                           |
+| `OP_APOST`         | `BBB`          | `*R(a),R(a+1)..R(a+c) = R(a)[b..]`                         |
+| `OP_INTERN`        | `B`            | `R(a) = intern(R(a))`                                      |
+| `OP_SYMBOL`        | `BB`           | `R(a) = intern(Pool(b))`                                   |
+| `OP_STRING`        | `BB`           | `R(a) = str_dup(Pool(b))`                                  |
+| `OP_STRCAT`        | `B`            | `str_cat(R(a),R(a+1))`                                     |
+| `OP_HASH`          | `BB`           | `R(a) = hash_new(R(a),R(a+1)..R(a+b*2-1))`                 |
+| `OP_HASHADD`       | `BB`           | `hash_push(R(a),R(a+1)..R(a+b*2))`                         |
+| `OP_HASHCAT`       | `B`            | `R(a) = hash_cat(R(a),R(a+1))`                             |
+| `OP_LAMBDA`        | `BB`           | `R(a) = lambda(Irep(b),OP_L_LAMBDA)`                       |
+| `OP_BLOCK`         | `BB`           | `R(a) = lambda(Irep(b),OP_L_BLOCK)`                        |
+| `OP_METHOD`        | `BB`           | `R(a) = lambda(Irep(b),OP_L_METHOD)`                       |
+| `OP_RANGE_INC`     | `B`            | `R(a) = range_new(R(a),R(a+1),FALSE)`                      |
+| `OP_RANGE_EXC`     | `B`            | `R(a) = range_new(R(a),R(a+1),TRUE)`                       |
+| `OP_OCLASS`        | `B`            | `R(a) = ::Object`                                          |
+| `OP_CLASS`         | `BB`           | `R(a) = newclass(R(a),Syms(b),R(a+1))`                     |
+| `OP_MODULE`        | `BB`           | `R(a) = newmodule(R(a),Syms(b))`                           |
+| `OP_EXEC`          | `BB`           | `R(a) = blockexec(R(a),Irep(b))`                           |
+| `OP_DEF`           | `BB`           | `R(a).newmethod(Syms(b),R(a+1)); R(a) = Syms(b)`           |
+| `OP_ALIAS`         | `BB`           | `alias_method(target_class,Syms(a),Syms(b))`               |
+| `OP_UNDEF`         | `B`            | `undef_method(target_class,Syms(a))`                       |
+| `OP_SCLASS`        | `B`            | `R(a) = R(a).singleton_class`                              |
+| `OP_TCLASS`        | `B`            | `R(a) = target_class`                                      |
+| `OP_DEBUG`         | `BBB`          | `print a,b,c`                                              |
+| `OP_ERR`           | `B`            | `raise(LocalJumpError, Pool(a))`                           |
+| `OP_EXT1`          | `-`            | `make 1st operand (a) 16bit`                               |
+| `OP_EXT2`          | `-`            | `make 2nd operand (b) 16bit`                               |
+| `OP_EXT3`          | `-`            | `make 1st and 2nd operands 16bit`                          |
+| `OP_STOP`          | `-`            | `stop VM`                                                  |

doc/limitations.md

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ end
 
 `ZeroDivisionError` is raised.
 
-#### mruby [3.0.0 (2021-03-05)]
+#### mruby [3.1.0 (2022-05-12)]
 
 `RuntimeError` is raised instead of `ZeroDivisionError`. To re-raise the exception, you have to do:
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ p Liste.new "foobar"
 
 ` [] `
 
-#### mruby [3.0.0 (2021-03-05)]
+#### mruby [3.1.0 (2022-05-12)]
 
 `ArgumentError` is raised.
 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ false
 true
 ```
 
-#### mruby [3.0.0 (2021-03-05)]
+#### mruby [3.1.0 (2022-05-12)]
 
 ```
 true
@@ -107,10 +107,10 @@ true
 
 The declaration form of following visibility methods are not implemented.
 
-* `public`
-* `private`
-* `protected`
-* `module_function`
+- `public`
+- `private`
+- `protected`
+- `module_function`
 
 Especially, `module_function` method is not dummy, but no declaration form.
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ p 'ok'
 ok
 ```
 
-#### mruby [3.0.0 (2021-03-05)]
+#### mruby [3.1.0 (2022-05-12)]
 
 ```
 test.rb:8: undefined method 'test_func' (NoMethodError)
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ defined?(Foo)
 nil
 ```
 
-#### mruby [3.0.0 (2021-03-05)]
+#### mruby [3.1.0 (2022-05-12)]
 
 `NameError` is raised.
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ alias $a $__a__
 
 ` nil `
 
-#### mruby [3.0.0 (2021-03-05)]
+#### mruby [3.1.0 (2022-05-12)]
 
 Syntax error
 
@@ -194,12 +194,12 @@ end
 `ArgumentError` is raised.
 The re-defined `+` operator does not accept any arguments.
 
-#### mruby [3.0.0 (2021-03-05)]
+#### mruby [3.1.0 (2022-05-12)]
 
 ` 'ab' `
 Behavior of the operator wasn't changed.
 
-## `Kernel#binding` is not supported
+## `Kernel#binding` is not supported until [3.0.0 (2021-03-05)]
 
 `Kernel#binding` method is not supported.
 
@@ -219,6 +219,12 @@ trace (most recent call last):
 -e:1: undefined method 'binding' (NoMethodError)
 ```
 
+#### mruby [3.1.0 (2022-05-12)]
+
+`binding` has been supported since 3.1.0.
+
+See also [mrbgems/mruby-binding](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/tree/master/mrbgems/mruby-binding) and [mrbgems/mruby-binding-core](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/tree/master/mrbgems/mruby-binding-core).
+
 ## `nil?` redefinition in conditional expressions
 
 Redefinition of `nil?` is ignored in conditional expressions.
@@ -231,7 +237,7 @@ end
 puts(a.nil? ? "truthy" : "falsy")
 ```
 
-Ruby outputs `falsy`. mruby outputs `truthy`.
+Ruby outputs `truthy`. mruby outputs `falsy`.
 
 ## Argument Destructuring
 

doc/mruby3.0.md

@@ -7,17 +7,17 @@
 Typical build configuration files are located in `build_config`
 directory. For examples:
 
-* `default`: the default configuration
-* `host-gprof`: compiles with `gprof` for performance tuning
-* `host-m32`: compiles in gcc 32bit mode on 64bit platforms
-* `boxing`: compiles all three boxing options
-* `clang-asan`: compiles with `clang`'s Address Sanitizer
+- `default`: the default configuration
+- `host-gprof`: compiles with `gprof` for performance tuning
+- `host-m32`: compiles in gcc 32bit mode on 64bit platforms
+- `boxing`: compiles all three boxing options
+- `clang-asan`: compiles with `clang`'s Address Sanitizer
 
 You can specify the build configuration file with the
 `MRUBY_CONFIG` environment variable (or `CONFIG` in short).
 If the value specified by `MRUBY_CONFIG` is not the path to
 the configuration file, `build_config/${MRUBY_CONFIG}.rb` is
-used.  So you can specify it as `rake MRUBY_CONFIG=boxing`,
+used. So you can specify it as `rake MRUBY_CONFIG=boxing`,
 for example.
 
 # Build Configuration Contribution
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ pull-request.
 
 We have ported some new syntax from CRuby.
 
-* Single line pattern matching (`12 => x`);
+- Single line pattern matching (`12 => x`);
   mruby matches only with local variables at the moment
-* Numbered block parameter (`x.map{_1 * 2}`)
-* End-less `def` (`def double(x) = x*2`)
+- Numbered block parameter (`x.map{_1 * 2}`)
+- End-less `def` (`def double(x) = x*2`)
 
 # Configuration Options Changed
 
@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ Some configuration macro names are changed for consistency (use `MRB_USE_XXX`
 | `ENABLE_READLINE`              | `MRB_USE_READLINE`        |
 | `DISABLE_MIRB_UNDERSCORE`      | `MRB_NO_MIRB_UNDERSCORE`  |
 
-* `MRB_USE_FLOAT32` is changed from `MRB_USE_FLOAT` to make sure `float` here
-   means using single precision float, and not the opposite of `MRB_NO_FLOAT`.
-* `MRB_USE_METHOD_T_STRUCT` uses `struct` version of `mrb_method_t`. More
+- `MRB_USE_FLOAT32` is changed from `MRB_USE_FLOAT` to make sure `float` here
+  means using single-precision float, and not the opposite of `MRB_NO_FLOAT`.
+- `MRB_USE_METHOD_T_STRUCT` uses `struct` version of `mrb_method_t`. More
   portable but consumes more memory. Turned on by default on 32bit platforms.
-* `MRB_` prefix is added to those without.
+- `MRB_` prefix is added to those without.
 
 ## `MRB_NO_BOXING`
 
@@ -75,13 +75,13 @@ to be default `mrb_value` representation. Now the default is
 ## `MRB_WORD_BOXING`
 
 Pack `mrb_value` in an `intptr_t` integer. Consumes less
-memory compared to `MRB_NO_BOXING` especially on 32 bit
+memory compared to `MRB_NO_BOXING` especially on 32-bit
 platforms. `Fixnum` size is 31 bits so some integer values
 does not fit in `Fixnum` integers.
 
 ## `MRB_NAN_BOXING`
 
-Pack `mrb_value` in a floating pointer number. Nothing
+Pack `mrb_value` in a floating-point number. Nothing
 changed from previous versions.
 
 ## `MRB_USE_MALLOC_TRIM`
@@ -112,40 +112,40 @@ $ bin/mruby -r lib1.rb -r lib2.rb < app.mrb
 
 Instructions that access pool[i]/syms[i] where i>255.
 
-* `OP_LOADL16`
-* `OP_STRING16`
-* `OP_LOADSYM16`
+- `OP_LOADL16`
+- `OP_STRING16`
+- `OP_LOADSYM16`
 
-Instructions that load a 32 bit integer.
+Instructions that load a 32-bit integer.
 
-* `OP_LOADI32`
+- `OP_LOADI32`
 
 Instruction that unwinds jump table for rescue/ensure.
 
-* `OP_JMPUW`
+- `OP_JMPUW`
 
 Renamed from `OP_RAISE`
 
-* `OP_RAISEIF`
+- `OP_RAISEIF`
 
 Instruction that is reserved for the future keyword argument support.
 
-* OP_SENDVK
+- OP_SENDVK
 
 ## Removed Instructions
 
 Instructions for old exception handling
 
-* `OP_ONERR`
-* `OP_POPERR`
-* `OP_EPUSH`
-* `OP_EPOP`
+- `OP_ONERR`
+- `OP_POPERR`
+- `OP_EPUSH`
+- `OP_EPOP`
 
 No more operand extension
 
-* `OP_EXT1`
-* `OP_EXT2`
-* `OP_EXT3`
+- `OP_EXT1`
+- `OP_EXT2`
+- `OP_EXT3`
 
 ## Changed Instructions
 

doc/mruby3.1.md

@@ -1,48 +1,91 @@
 # User visible changes in `mruby3.1` from `mruby3.0`
 
-# Build System
+# New Features
 
-## `build_config` directory
+## Core Language Features
 
-Several configurations for new platforms are added:
+### Keyword Arguments
 
-* `cross-mingw-winetest.rb`
-* `cross-mingw.rb`
-* `nintendo_switch.rb`
-* `serenity.rb`
+CRuby3.0 compatible keyword arguments are introduced.
+Keyword arguments are basically separated from ordinal arguments.
 
-Some new configurations for added for convenience.
+### Other Language Enhancement
 
-* `minimal`: minimal configuration
-* `host-f32`: compiles with `mrb_float` as 32 bit `float`
-* `host-nofloat`: compiles with no float configuration
+- Implement endless-def [Ruby:Feature#16746](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16746)
+- Replace `R-assignment` by `single-line pattern matching` [Ruby:Feature#15921](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15921)
+- Support squiggly heredocs. [#5246](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/pull/5246)
+- Hash value omission [Ruby:Feature#14579](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14579)
 
-And `android_arm64-v8a.rb` was renamed to `android_arm64_v8a.rb` for consistency.
-
-# Configuration Options Changed
+## Configuration Options Changed
 
 Some configuration macros are available:
 
-* `MRB_WORDBOX_NO_FLOAT_TRUNCATE`: by default, float values are packed in the word if possible, but define this macro to allocate float values in the heap.
-* `MRB_USE_RO_DATA_P_ETEXT`: define this macro if `_etext` is available on your platform.
-* `MRB_NO_DEFAULT_RO_DATA_P`: define this macro to avoid using predefined `mrb_ro_data_p()` function
+- `MRB_WORDBOX_NO_FLOAT_TRUNCATE`: by default, float values are packed in the word if possible, but define this macro to allocate float values in the heap.
+- `MRB_USE_RO_DATA_P_ETEXT`: define this macro if `_etext` is available on your platform.
+- `MRB_NO_DEFAULT_RO_DATA_P`: define this macro to avoid using predefined `mrb_ro_data_p()` function
 
-# Language Changes
+---
 
-## Keyword Arguments
+# Updated Features
 
-CRuby3.0 compatible keyword arguments are introduced.
-Keyword arguments are basically separated from ordinal arguments
+## New build configurations
 
-## New Methods
+We have added several new build configurations in the `build_config` directory.
 
-* `Array#product`
-* `Array#repeated_combination`
-* `Array#repeated_permutation`
-* `Random.bytes`
-* `Random#bytes`
+- `cross-mingw-winetest.rb`
+- `cross-mingw.rb`
+- `nintendo_switch.rb`
+- `serenity.rb`
+- `minimal`: minimal configuration
+- `host-f32`: compiles with `mrb_float` as 32 bit `float`
+- `host-nofloat`: compiles with no float configuration
+- `android_arm64_v8a.rb`: renamed from `android_arm64-v8a.rb`
 
-# Internal Changes
+## Core Libraries
+
+### New Methods
+
+- `Array#product`
+- `Array#repeated_combination`
+- `Array#repeated_permutation`
+- `Kernel#__ENCODING__`
+- `Random.bytes`
+- `Random#bytes`
+- `String#center`
+
+### New Gem Enhancement
+
+- `mrbgems/mruby-pack` now supports `M` directive (Q encoding)
+- `mrbgems/mruby-pack` now supports `X` directive (back-up by bytes)
+- `mrbgems/mruby-pack` now supports `@` directive (absolute position)
+- `mrbgems/mruby-pack` now supports `w` directive (BER compression)
+
+## Tools
+
+- `mruby-config` now supports `--cc` and `--ld` options.
+- Remove `OP_` prefix from `mruby -v` code dump output.
+- Prohibit use of `OP_EXT{1,2,3}` by `mrbc` with `--no-ext-ops` option.
+
+## Features for mruby Developer
+
+- Add new specifier `c` to `mrb_get_args()` for receive Class/Module.
+
+---
+
+# Breaking Changes
+
+## Incompatibly Changed Methods
+
+- `Kernel#printf` (`mruby-sprintf`) Format specifiers `%a` and `%A` are removed.
+- `Kernel#puts` (`mruby-print`) Now expand Array arguments.
+
+## mruby VM and bytecode
+
+Due to improvements in the binary format, mruby binaries are no longer backward compatible.
+To run the mruby binaries on mruby 3.1, recompile with the mruby 3.1 `mrbc`.
+
+- Upgrade mruby VM version `RITE_VM_VER` to `0300` (means mruby 3.0 or after).
+- Upgrade mruby binary version `RITE_BINARY_FORMAT_VER` to `0300`.
 
 ## Reintroduced Instructions
 
@@ -53,18 +96,18 @@ Keyword arguments are basically separated from ordinal arguments
 
 `mruby3.1` removed following instructions.
 
-* `OP_LOADL16`
-* `OP_LOADSYM16`
-* `OP_STRING16`
-* `OP_LAMBDA16`
-* `OP_BLOCK16`
-* `OP_METHOD16`
-* `OP_EXEC16`
+- `OP_LOADL16`
+- `OP_LOADSYM16`
+- `OP_STRING16`
+- `OP_LAMBDA16`
+- `OP_BLOCK16`
+- `OP_METHOD16`
+- `OP_EXEC16`
 
 Those instructions are no longer needed by reintroduction of extension instructions.
 
-* `OP_SENDV`
-* `OP_SENDVB`
+- `OP_SENDV`
+- `OP_SENDVB`
 
 Those instructions for method calls with variable number of arguments are no longer needed. They are covered by `OP_SEND` instruction with `n=15`.
 
@@ -72,10 +115,11 @@ Those instructions for method calls with variable number of arguments are no lon
 
 `mruby3.1` introduces following new instructions.
 
-* `OP_GETIDX`: takes 2 operands `a[b]`
-* `OP_SETIDX`: takes 3 operands `a[b]=c`
-* `OP_SSEND`: takes 3 operands `a=self.b(c...)`; see `OP_SEND`
-* `OP_SSENDB`: takes 3 operands `a=self.b(c...){...}`; see `OP_SEND`
+- `OP_GETIDX`: takes 1 operands `R[a][a+1]`
+- `OP_SETIDX`: takes 1 operands `R[a][a+1]=R[a+2]`
+- `OP_SSEND`: takes 3 operands `a=self.b(c...)`; see `OP_SEND`
+- `OP_SSENDB`: takes 3 operands `a=self.b(c...){...}`; see `OP_SEND`
+- `OP_SYMBOL`: takes 2 operands `R[a] = intern(Pool[b])`
 
 ### `OP_GETIDX` and `OP_SETIDX`
 
@@ -85,6 +129,10 @@ Execute `obj[int]` and `obj[int] = value` respectively, where `obj` is `string|a
 
 They are similar to `OP_SEND` and `OP_SENDB` respectively. They initialize the `R[a]` by `self` first so that we can skip one `OP_LOADSELF` instruction for each call.
 
+### `OP_SYMBOL`
+
+Extracts the character string placed in the pool as a symbol.
+
 ## Changed Instructions
 
 ### `OP_SEND` and `OP_SENDB`
@@ -107,14 +155,14 @@ Now takes 2 operands and pushes multiple entries to an array.
 
 ### Word Boxing
 
-`MRB_WORD_BOXING` now packs floating point numbers in the word, if the size of `mrb_float` is equal or smaller than the size of `mrb_int` by default.
+`MRB_WORD_BOXING` now packs floating-point numbers in the word, if the size of `mrb_float` is equal or smaller than the size of `mrb_int` by default.
 If the size of `mrb_float` and `mrb_int` are same, the last 2 bits in the `mrb_float` are trimmed and used as flags. If you need full precision, you need to define `MRB_WORDBOX_NO_FLOAT_TRUNCATE` as described above.
 
 ### NaN Boxing
 
-Previous NaN boxing packs values in NaN representation, but pointer retrievals are far more frequent than floating point number references. So we add constant offset to NaN representation to clear higher bits of pointer representation. This representation is called "Favor Pointer" NaN Boxing.
+Previous NaN boxing packs values in NaN representation, but pointer retrievals are far more frequent than floating-point number references. So we add constant offset to NaN representation to clear higher bits of pointer representation. This representation is called "Favor Pointer" NaN Boxing.
 
-Also, previous NaN boxing limit the size of `mrb_int` to 4 bytes (32 bits) to fit in NaN values. Now we allocates integer values in the heap, if the value does not fit in the 32 bit range, just like we did in Word Boxing.
+Also, previous NaN boxing limit the size of `mrb_int` to 4 bytes (32 bits) to fit in NaN values. Now we allocate integer values in the heap, if the value does not fit in the 32 bit range, just like we did in Word Boxing.
 
 ## Constant Folding
 
@@ -146,3 +194,62 @@ GETIV R1 :@foo
 ## `String#hash` now use `FNV1a` algorithm
 
 For better and faster hash values.
+
+---
+
+# Major bug fixes
+
+- Fix infinite recursive call bugs in integer division [98799aa6](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/commit/98799aa6)
+- Fix to raise TypeError with super inside instance_eval / class_eval [#5476](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/pull/5476)
+- Fix to call `method_added` hooks on method definitions; [#2339](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/pull/2339)
+- Fix a potential buffer overflow in `time_zonename` [26340a88](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/commit/26340a88)
+- Fix `Module.instance_eval` bug [#5528](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/pull/5528)
+- Fix fix `M` packing bug [bfe2bd49](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/commit/bfe2bd49)
+- Fix a bug regarding attribute assignment with kargs [de2b4bd0](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/commit/de2b4bd0)
+- Fix SIGSEGV with mrbgems/mruby-method [#5580](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/pull/5580)
+- Fix print error before cleanup in `codegen_error()` [#5603](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/pull/5603)
+- Fix a bug in unpacking BER [#5611](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/pull/5611)
+- Fix a bug with numbered parameters as arguments [#5605](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/pull/5605)
+- Fix `mrb_ary_shift_m` initialization bug [27d1e013](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/commit/27d1e013)
+- Fix keyword argument with `super` [#5628](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/pull/5628)
+- Fix a bug with numbered parameters on toplevel [7e7f1b2f](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/commit/7e7f1b2f)
+- Fix keyword argument bug [#5632](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/issues/5632)
+- Fix multiple assignments in parameters [#5647](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/issues/5647)
+- Fix keyword parameters not passing through super [#5660](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/issues/5660)
+- Fix infinite loop from unclosed here-doc [#5676](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/issues/5676)
+- Fix negative integer division bug [#5678](https://github.com/mruby/mruby/issues/5678)
+
+# CVEs
+
+## Fixed CVEs
+
+Following CVEs are fixed in this release.
+
+- [CVE-2021-4110](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-4110)
+- [CVE-2021-4188](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-4188)
+- [CVE-2022-0080](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0080)
+- [CVE-2022-0240](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0240)
+- [CVE-2022-0326](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0326)
+- [CVE-2022-0481](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0481)
+- [CVE-2022-0631](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0631)
+- [CVE-2022-0632](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0632)
+- [CVE-2022-0890](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0890)
+- [CVE-2022-1071](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1071)
+- [CVE-2022-1106](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1106)
+- [CVE-2022-1201](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1201)
+- [CVE-2022-1427](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1427)
+
+## Unaffected CVEs
+
+Following CVEs do not cause problems in this release. They are fixed in the later release.
+
+- [CVE-2022-0481](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0481)
+- [CVE-2022-0525](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0525)
+- [CVE-2022-0570](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0570)
+- [CVE-2022-0614](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0614)
+- [CVE-2022-0623](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0623)
+- [CVE-2022-0630](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0630)
+- [CVE-2022-0717](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0817)
+- [CVE-2022-1212](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1212)
+- [CVE-2022-1276](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1276)
+- [CVE-2022-1286](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1286)

doc/mruby3.2.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# User visible changes in `mruby3.2` from `mruby3.1`
+
+# The language
+
+- Now `a::B = c` should evaluate `a` then `c`.
+- Anonymous arguments `*`, `**`, `&` can be passed for forwarding.
+- Multi-precision integer is available now via `mruby-bigint` gem.
+
+# mruby VM and bytecode
+
+- `OP_ARYDUP` was renamed to `OP_ARYSPLAT`. The instruction name
+  was changed but instruction number and basic behavior have not
+  changed (except that `ARYDUP nil` makes `[]`).
+
+# Tools
+
+## `mruby`
+
+- `-b` only specifies the script is the binary. The files loaded by `-r` are not affected by the option.
+- `mruby` now loads complied binary if the suffix is `.mrb`.
+
+## `mrbc`
+
+- Add `--no-optimize` option to disable optimization.
+
+# mrbgems
+
+## mruby-class-ext
+
+- Add `Class#subclasses` method.
+- Add `Module#undefined_instance_methods` method.
+
+## New bundled gems
+
+- mruby-errno from [https://github.com/iij/mruby-errno.git]
+- mruby-set from [https://github.com/yui-knk/mruby-set.git]
+- mruby-dir from [https://github.com/iij/mruby-dir.git]
+
+# CVEs
+
+Following CVEs are fixed.
+
+- [CVE-2022-0080](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0080)
+- [CVE-2022-0240](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0240)
+- [CVE-2022-0326](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0326)
+- [CVE-2022-0631](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0631)
+- [CVE-2022-0481](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0481)
+- [CVE-2022-0525](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0525)
+- [CVE-2022-0570](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0570)
+- [CVE-2022-0614](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0614)
+- [CVE-2022-0623](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0623)
+- [CVE-2022-0630](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0630)
+- [CVE-2022-0631](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0631)
+- [CVE-2022-0632](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0632)
+- [CVE-2022-0717](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0717)
+- [CVE-2022-0890](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0890)
+- [CVE-2022-1106](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1106)
+- [CVE-2022-1212](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1212)
+- [CVE-2022-1276](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1276)
+- [CVE-2022-1286](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1286)
+- [CVE-2022-1934](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1934)

examples/mrbgems/c_and_ruby_extension_example/README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-C and Ruby Extension Example
-=========
+# C and Ruby Extension Example
 
 This is an example gem which implements a C and Ruby extension.

examples/mrbgems/c_extension_example/README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-C Extension Example
-=========
+# C Extension Example
 
 This is an example gem which implements a C extension.

examples/mrbgems/cdata_extension_example/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# C Data Extension Example
+
+This is an example gem which implements a C extension with Data.

examples/mrbgems/cdata_extension_example/mrbgem.rake

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+MRuby::Gem::Specification.new('cdata_extension_example') do |spec|
+  spec.license = 'MIT'
+  spec.author  = 'mruby developers'
+
+  # Add compile flags
+  # spec.cc.flags << '-g'
+
+  # Add cflags to all
+  # spec.mruby.cc.flags << '-g'
+
+  # Add libraries
+  # spec.linker.libraries << 'external_lib'
+
+  # Default build files
+  # spec.rbfiles = Dir.glob("#{dir}/mrblib/*.rb")
+  # spec.objs = Dir.glob("#{dir}/src/*.{c,cpp,m,asm,S}").map { |f| objfile(f.relative_path_from(dir).pathmap("#{build_dir}/%X")) }
+  # spec.test_rbfiles = Dir.glob("#{dir}/test/*.rb")
+  # spec.test_objs = Dir.glob("#{dir}/test/*.{c,cpp,m,asm,S}").map { |f| objfile(f.relative_path_from(dir).pathmap("#{build_dir}/%X")) }
+  # spec.test_preload = 'test/assert.rb'
+
+  # Values accessible as TEST_ARGS inside test scripts
+  # spec.test_args = {'tmp_dir' => Dir::tmpdir}
+end

examples/mrbgems/cdata_extension_example/src/example.c

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#include <mruby.h>
+#include <mruby/string.h>
+#include <mruby/class.h>
+#include <mruby/data.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+static void mrb_foo_free(mrb_state *mrb, void *ptr) {
+  /* custom destructor */
+  mrb_free(mrb, ptr);
+}
+struct mrb_data_type mrb_foo_type = { "Foo", mrb_foo_free };
+
+struct Foo {
+  int bar;
+  char baz[32];
+};
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_foo_initialize(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct Foo *f;
+
+  f = (struct Foo*)mrb_malloc(mrb, sizeof(struct Foo));
+  f->bar = 0;
+
+  DATA_PTR(self) = f;
+  DATA_TYPE(self) = &mrb_foo_type;
+
+  return self;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_foo_get_bar(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct Foo *f;
+
+  f = (struct Foo*)mrb_data_get_ptr(mrb, self, &mrb_foo_type);
+  if(f == NULL) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "uninitialized data");
+  }
+
+  return mrb_fixnum_value(f->bar);
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_foo_set_bar(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct Foo *f;
+  int v;
+
+  f = (struct Foo*)mrb_data_get_ptr(mrb, self, &mrb_foo_type);
+  if(f == NULL) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "uninitialized data");
+  }
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "i", &v);
+
+  f->bar = v;
+
+  return mrb_fixnum_value(f->bar);
+}
+
+void
+mrb_cdata_extension_example_gem_init(mrb_state* mrb) {
+  struct RClass *class_foo;
+
+  class_foo = mrb_define_class(mrb, "Foo", mrb->object_class);
+  MRB_SET_INSTANCE_TT(class_foo, MRB_TT_CDATA);
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, class_foo, "initialize", mrb_foo_initialize, MRB_ARGS_NONE());
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, class_foo, "bar", mrb_foo_get_bar, MRB_ARGS_NONE());
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, class_foo, "bar=", mrb_foo_set_bar, MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
+}
+
+void
+mrb_cdata_extension_example_gem_final(mrb_state* mrb) {
+  /* gem finalizer */
+}

examples/mrbgems/cdata_extension_example/test/example.c

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#include <mruby.h>
+
+void
+mrb_cdata_extension_example_gem_test(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  /* test initializer in C */
+}

examples/mrbgems/mruby-YOUR-bigint/TODO-HINT.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Hints for creating your own bigint GEM
+
+This example gem, mruby-YOUR-bigint, is available under the Creative Commons Zero License (CC0).
+
+This file is placed for the purpose of describing hints for creating a `mruby-bigint` compatible GEM to realize multiple integers.
+
+The file structure in this example is as follows:
+
+```
++- mruby-YOUR-bigint/   <-  Make this directory public if necessary.
+    |                       Change the name of copied directory.
+    |
+    +- TODO-HINT.md     <-  This file is currently viewing by you.
+    |                       Remove this from copied directory.
+    |
+    +- core/
+    |   |
+    |   +- bigint.c     <-  Body of the implementation.
+    |
+    +- mrbgem.rake      <-  GEM name is "mruby-bigint".
+                            May be depended on by other GEMs.
+```
+
+Implementors of own bigints should copy below this directory to another directory and do the following:
+
+- Rewrite `spec.author`, `spec.license`, `spec.homepage` and `spec.summary` in `<gem-dir>/mrbgem.rake` file to those of your own implementors.
+- Implement the respective functions in `<gem-dir>/core/bigint.c`.
+  - Define and use an object structure for `MRB_TT_BIGINT` type-tag.
+    It is recommended to use `mrb_static_assert_object_size()` to ensure that the size of the object structure is within 6 words.
+- Delete this file from the destination of the copy.
+
+If you wish to use it as an alternative to the `mruby-bigint` provided by mruby, please leave the GEM name in `<gem-dir>/mrbgem.rake` as it is.
+This is an important factor when it is depended from other GEMs with `spec.add_dependency 'mruby-bigint'`.
+
+The name of the top directory of GEM can be changed arbitrarily.
+The name of the git repository can also be changed arbitrarily.
+
+Note that there is no need for an initialization function as there is in normal GEM.
+If you need it, create a file `<gem-dir>/src/bigint.c` for example, and implement the `mrb_mruby_bigint_gem_init()` function.

examples/mrbgems/mruby-YOUR-bigint/core/bigint.c

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ * If placed under the "mruby/examples/mrbgems/mruby-YOUR-bigint" directory,
+ * this file is available under the Creative Commons Zero License (CC0).
+ * Note that file is incomplete.
+ *
+ * TODO: If this file is copied and another implementation is written,
+ * remove this comment block from the copied file.
+ */
+
+#include <mruby.h>
+#include <mruby/numeric.h>
+
+/*
+ * The "mruby/internal.h" file should be placed after the other mruby header files.
+ */
+#include <mruby/internal.h>
+
+/*
+ * The "mruby/presym.h" file is placed at the end of the mruby header file.
+ */
+#include <mruby/presym.h>
+
+/*
+ * Define your own struct RBigint.
+ *
+ * - Object type must be MRB_TT_BIGINT.
+ * - If the structure is named RBigint, MRB_OBJ_ALLOC() can be used as is.
+ */
+struct RBigint {
+  /*
+   * Put MRB_OBJECT_HEADER before the first member of the structure.
+   */
+  MRB_OBJECT_HEADER;
+
+  /*
+   * Up to 3 words can be freely configured.
+   */
+  size_t len;
+  size_t capa;
+  uintptr_t *num;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Assert with mrb_static_assert_object_size() that the entire structure is within 6 words.
+ */
+mrb_static_assert_object_size(struct RBigint);
+
+/*
+ * The lower 16 bits of the object flags (`obj->flags`) can be used freely by the GEM author.
+ */
+#define MY_BIGINT_NEGATIVE_FLAG 1
+#define MY_BIGINT_NEGATIVE_P(obj) ((obj)->flags & MY_BIGINT_NEGATIVE_FLAG)
+
+/*
+ * Implement the functions declared in `#ifdef MRUBY_USE_BIGINT ... #endif` in the "mruby/internal.h" file.
+ */
+
+mrb_value
+mrb_bint_new_int(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int x)
+{
+  struct RBigint *obj = MRB_OBJ_ALLOC(mrb, MRB_TT_BIGINT, mrb->integer_class);
+
+  ...
+
+  return mrb_obj_value(obj);
+}
+
+/*
+ * The implementation function continues...
+ */

examples/mrbgems/mruby-YOUR-bigint/mrbgem.rake

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+MRuby::Gem::Specification.new('mruby-bigint') do |spec|
+  spec.author = 'YOUR-NAME-HERE'
+  spec.license = 'YOUR-LICENSE-HERE'
+  spec.summary = 'Yet another multi-precision Integer extension'
+  spec.homepage = 'https://gem.example/for/mruby-YOUR-bigint'
+  spec.build.defines << 'MRB_USE_BIGINT'
+  #spec.build.linker.libraries << 'gmp' # when uses libgmp
+
+  spec.build.libmruby_core_objs << Dir.glob(File.join(__dir__, 'core/**/*.c')).map { |fn|
+    objfile(fn.relative_path_from(__dir__).pathmap("#{spec.build_dir}/%X"))
+  }
+end

examples/mrbgems/ruby_extension_example/README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-Pure Ruby Extension Example
-=========
+# Pure Ruby Extension Example
 
 This is an example gem which implements a pure Ruby extension.

include/mrbconf.h

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
 //#define MRB_NO_METHOD_CACHE
 /* size of the method cache (need to be the power of 2) */
 //#define MRB_METHOD_CACHE_SIZE (1<<8)
+//#define MRB_USE_INLINE_METHOD_CACHE
 
 /* add -DMRB_USE_METHOD_T_STRUCT on machines that use higher bits of function pointers */
 /* no MRB_USE_METHOD_T_STRUCT requires highest 2 bits of function pointers to be zero */
@@ -107,6 +108,16 @@
 /* string class to handle UTF-8 encoding */
 //#define MRB_UTF8_STRING
 
+/* maximum length of strings */
+/* the default value is 1MB */
+/* set this value to zero to skip the check */
+//#define MRB_STR_LENGTH_MAX 1048576
+
+/* maximum length of arrays */
+/* the default value is 2**17 entries */
+/* set this value to zero to skip the check */
+//#define MRB_ARY_LENGTH_MAX 131072
+
 /* argv max size in mrb_funcall */
 //#define MRB_FUNCALL_ARGC_MAX 16
 

include/mruby.h

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
 ** mruby - An embeddable Ruby implementation
 **
-** Copyright (c) mruby developers 2010-2021
+** Copyright (c) mruby developers 2010-2022
 **
 ** Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 ** a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ typedef uint8_t mrb_code;
  */
 typedef uint32_t mrb_aspec;
 
-struct mrb_irep;
+typedef struct mrb_irep mrb_irep;
 struct mrb_state;
 
 /**
@@ -178,6 +178,7 @@ typedef struct {
   uint8_t cci;                  /* called from C function */
   mrb_sym mid;
   const struct RProc *proc;
+  struct RProc *blk;
   mrb_value *stack;
   const mrb_code *pc;           /* current address on iseq of this proc */
   union {
@@ -312,7 +313,7 @@ typedef struct mrb_state {
   struct RClass *eException_class;
   struct RClass *eStandardError_class;
   struct RObject *nomem_err;              /* pre-allocated NoMemoryError */
-  struct RObject *stack_err;              /* pre-allocated SysStackError */
+  struct RObject *stack_err;              /* pre-allocated SystemStackError */
 #ifdef MRB_GC_FIXED_ARENA
   struct RObject *arena_err;              /* pre-allocated arena overflow error */
 #endif
@@ -361,7 +362,18 @@ MRB_API struct RClass *mrb_define_class_id(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym name, struct
 MRB_API struct RClass *mrb_define_module(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name);
 MRB_API struct RClass *mrb_define_module_id(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym name);
 
+/**
+ * Returns the singleton class of an object.
+ *
+ * Raises a `TypeError` exception for immediate values.
+ */
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_singleton_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the singleton class of an object.
+ *
+ * Returns `NULL` for immediate values,
+ */
 MRB_API struct RClass *mrb_singleton_class_ptr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val);
 
 /**
@@ -686,9 +698,9 @@ MRB_API struct RClass * mrb_module_new(mrb_state *mrb);
  *       example_class = mrb_define_class(mrb, "ExampleClass", mrb->object_class);
  *       cd = mrb_class_defined(mrb, "ExampleClass");
  *
- *       // If mrb_class_defined returns 1 then puts "True"
- *       // If mrb_class_defined returns 0 then puts "False"
- *       if (cd == 1){
+ *       // If mrb_class_defined returns TRUE then puts "True"
+ *       // If mrb_class_defined returns FALSE then puts "False"
+ *       if (cd) {
  *         puts("True");
  *       }
  *       else {
@@ -735,9 +747,9 @@ MRB_API struct RClass* mrb_exc_get_id(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym name);
  *       example_inner = mrb_define_class_under(mrb, example_outer, "ExampleInner", mrb->object_class);
  *       cd = mrb_class_defined_under(mrb, example_outer, "ExampleInner");
  *
- *       // If mrb_class_defined_under returns 1 then puts "True"
- *       // If mrb_class_defined_under returns 0 then puts "False"
- *       if (cd == 1){
+ *       // If mrb_class_defined_under returns TRUE then puts "True"
+ *       // If mrb_class_defined_under returns FALSE then puts "False"
+ *       if (cd) {
  *         puts("True");
  *       }
  *       else {
@@ -821,14 +833,14 @@ MRB_API mrb_value mrb_obj_dup(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj);
  *        example_class = mrb_define_class(mrb, "ExampleClass", mrb->object_class);
  *        mrb_define_method(mrb, example_class, "example_method", exampleMethod, MRB_ARGS_NONE());
  *        mid = mrb_intern_str(mrb, mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "example_method" ));
- *        obj_resp = mrb_obj_respond_to(mrb, example_class, mid); // => 1(true in Ruby world)
+ *        obj_resp = mrb_obj_respond_to(mrb, example_class, mid); // => TRUE (true in Ruby world)
  *
- *        // If mrb_obj_respond_to returns 1 then puts "True"
- *        // If mrb_obj_respond_to returns 0 then puts "False"
- *        if (obj_resp == 1) {
+ *        // If mrb_obj_respond_to returns TRUE then puts "True"
+ *        // If mrb_obj_respond_to returns FALSE then puts "False"
+ *        if (obj_resp) {
  *          puts("True");
  *        }
- *        else if (obj_resp == 0) {
+ *        else {
  *          puts("False");
  *        }
  *      }
@@ -948,14 +960,14 @@ typedef const char *mrb_args_format;
 /**
  * Get keyword arguments by `mrb_get_args()` with `:` specifier.
  *
- * `mrb_kwargs::num` indicates that the number of keyword values.
+ * `mrb_kwargs::num` indicates that the total number of keyword values.
  *
- * `mrb_kwargs::values` is an object array, and the keyword argument corresponding to the string array is assigned.
- * Note that `undef` is assigned if there is no keyword argument corresponding to `mrb_kwargs::optional`.
+ * `mrb_kwargs::required` indicates that the specified number of keywords starting from the beginning of the `mrb_sym` array are required.
  *
- * `mrb_kwargs::table` accepts a string array.
+ * `mrb_kwargs::table` accepts a `mrb_sym` array of C.
  *
- * `mrb_kwargs::required` indicates that the specified number of keywords starting from the beginning of the string array are required.
+ * `mrb_kwargs::values` is an object array of C, and the keyword argument corresponding to the `mrb_sym` array is assigned.
+ * Note that `undef` is assigned if there is no keyword argument corresponding over `mrb_kwargs::required` to `mrb_kwargs::num`.
  *
  * `mrb_kwargs::rest` is the remaining keyword argument that can be accepted as `**rest` in Ruby.
  * If `NULL` is specified, `ArgumentError` is raised when there is an undefined keyword.
@@ -964,11 +976,11 @@ typedef const char *mrb_args_format;
  *
  *      // def method(a: 1, b: 2)
  *
- *      uint32_t kw_num = 2;
- *      const char *kw_names[kw_num] = { "a", "b" };
- *      uint32_t kw_required = 0;
+ *      mrb_int kw_num = 2;
+ *      mrb_int kw_required = 0;
+ *      mrb_sym kw_names[] = { mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "a"), mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "b") };
  *      mrb_value kw_values[kw_num];
- *      const mrb_kwargs kwargs = { kw_num, kw_required, kw_names, kw_values, NULL };
+ *      mrb_kwargs kwargs = { kw_num, kw_required, kw_names, kw_values, NULL };
  *
  *      mrb_get_args(mrb, ":", &kwargs);
  *      if (mrb_undef_p(kw_values[0])) { kw_values[0] = mrb_fixnum_value(1); }
@@ -979,10 +991,12 @@ typedef const char *mrb_args_format;
  *
  *      mrb_value str, kw_rest;
  *      uint32_t kw_num = 3;
- *      const mrb_sym kw_names[kw_num] = { MRB_SYM(x), MRB_SYM(y), MRB_SYM(z) };
  *      uint32_t kw_required = 1;
+ *      // Note that `#include <mruby/presym.h>` is required beforehand because `MRB_SYM()` is used.
+ *      // If the usage of `MRB_SYM()` is not desired, replace it with `mrb_intern_lit()`.
+ *      mrb_sym kw_names[] = { MRB_SYM(x), MRB_SYM(y), MRB_SYM(z) };
  *      mrb_value kw_values[kw_num];
- *      const mrb_kwargs kwargs = { kw_num, kw_required, kw_names, kw_values, &kw_rest };
+ *      mrb_kwargs kwargs = { kw_num, kw_required, kw_names, kw_values, &kw_rest };
  *
  *      mrb_get_args(mrb, "S:", &str, &kwargs);
  *      // or: mrb_get_args(mrb, ":S", &kwargs, &str);
@@ -993,8 +1007,8 @@ typedef struct mrb_kwargs mrb_kwargs;
 
 struct mrb_kwargs
 {
-  uint32_t num;                 /* number of keyword arguments */
-  uint32_t required;            /* number of required keyword arguments */
+  mrb_int num;                  /* number of keyword arguments */
+  mrb_int required;             /* number of required keyword arguments */
   const mrb_sym *table;         /* C array of symbols for keyword names */
   mrb_value *values;            /* keyword argument values */
   mrb_value *rest;              /* keyword rest (dict) */
@@ -1012,6 +1026,13 @@ struct mrb_kwargs
  */
 MRB_API mrb_int mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_args_format format, ...);
 
+/**
+ * Array version of mrb_get_args()
+ *
+ * @param ptr Array of void*, in the same order as the varargs version.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_int mrb_get_args_a(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_args_format format, void** ptr);
+
 MRB_INLINE mrb_sym
 mrb_get_mid(mrb_state *mrb) /* get method symbol */
 {
@@ -1178,13 +1199,13 @@ MRB_API void mrb_free(mrb_state*, void*);
  */
 #define MRB_OBJ_ALLOC(mrb, tt, klass) ((MRB_VTYPE_TYPEOF(tt)*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, tt, klass))
 
-MRB_API mrb_value mrb_str_new(mrb_state *mrb, const char *p, size_t len);
+MRB_API mrb_value mrb_str_new(mrb_state *mrb, const char *p, mrb_int len);
 
 /**
  * Turns a C string into a Ruby string value.
  */
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb_state*, const char*);
-MRB_API mrb_value mrb_str_new_static(mrb_state *mrb, const char *p, size_t len);
+MRB_API mrb_value mrb_str_new_static(mrb_state *mrb, const char *p, mrb_int len);
 #define mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, lit) mrb_str_new_static(mrb, (lit), mrb_strlen_lit(lit))
 
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_obj_freeze(mrb_state*, mrb_value);
@@ -1336,7 +1357,7 @@ MRB_API mrb_value mrb_obj_clone(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self);
 #define TOLOWER(c) (ISUPPER(c) ? ((c) | 0x20) : (c))
 #endif
 
-MRB_API mrb_value mrb_exc_new(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, const char *ptr, size_t len);
+MRB_API mrb_value mrb_exc_new(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, const char *ptr, mrb_int len);
 MRB_API mrb_noreturn void mrb_exc_raise(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value exc);
 
 MRB_API mrb_noreturn void mrb_raise(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, const char *msg);
@@ -1404,6 +1425,9 @@ MRB_API mrb_value mrb_check_string_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str);
 #define mrb_to_str(mrb, str) mrb_ensure_string_type(mrb,str)
 /* obsolete: use mrb_obj_as_string() instead */
 #define mrb_str_to_str(mrb, str) mrb_obj_as_string(mrb, str)
+/* check if val is an integer (including Bigint) */
+MRB_API mrb_value mrb_ensure_integer_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val);
+/* check if val fit in mrb_int */
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_ensure_int_type(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val);
 #define mrb_as_int(mrb, val) mrb_integer(mrb_ensure_int_type(mrb, val))
 /* obsolete: use mrb_ensure_int_type() instead */
@@ -1436,6 +1460,10 @@ MRB_API mrb_bool mrb_func_basic_p(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, mrb_sym mid, mr
  * Resume a Fiber
  *
  * Implemented in mruby-fiber
+ *
+ * Switches to the specified fiber and executes. Like the `Fiber#resume` method.
+ *
+ * @note It can only be called before entering the mruby VM (e.g. in the `main()` function).
  */
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_fiber_resume(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value fib, mrb_int argc, const mrb_value *argv);
 
@@ -1443,6 +1471,15 @@ MRB_API mrb_value mrb_fiber_resume(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value fib, mrb_int argc,
  * Yield a Fiber
  *
  * Implemented in mruby-fiber
+ *
+ * Passes control to the caller fiber of the running fiber. Like the `Fiber.yield` method.
+ *
+ * @note This function is only available from inside a function defined as a method by,
+ *       for example, `mrb_define_method()`.
+ *       Also, the work following `mrb_fiber_yield()` cannot be performed,
+ *       and the return value of `mrb_fiber_yield()` must be returned as is.
+ *
+ *           return mrb_fiber_yield(mrb, argc, argv);
  */
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_fiber_yield(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int argc, const mrb_value *argv);
 

include/mruby/array.h

@@ -85,7 +85,6 @@ struct RArray {
 #define ARY_SET_SHARED_FLAG(a) ((a)->flags |= MRB_ARY_SHARED)
 #define ARY_UNSET_SHARED_FLAG(a) ((a)->flags &= ~MRB_ARY_SHARED)
 
-void mrb_ary_decref(mrb_state*, mrb_shared_array*);
 MRB_API void mrb_ary_modify(mrb_state*, struct RArray*);
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_ary_new_capa(mrb_state*, mrb_int);
 
@@ -296,8 +295,6 @@ MRB_API mrb_value mrb_ary_join(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_value sep);
  */
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_ary_resize(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_int new_len);
 
-/* helper functions */
-mrb_value mrb_ary_subseq(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_int beg, mrb_int len);
 
 MRB_END_DECL
 

include/mruby/boxing_word.h

@@ -180,6 +180,8 @@ mrb_integer_func(mrb_value o) {
 #else
 #define mrb_float_p(o) WORDBOX_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, FLOAT)
 #endif
+#else
+#define mrb_float_p(o) FALSE
 #endif
 #define mrb_array_p(o) WORDBOX_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, ARRAY)
 #define mrb_string_p(o) WORDBOX_OBJ_TYPE_P(o, STRING)
@@ -222,9 +224,7 @@ mrb_type(mrb_value o)
          mrb_fixnum_p(o) ? MRB_TT_INTEGER :
          mrb_symbol_p(o) ? MRB_TT_SYMBOL :
          mrb_undef_p(o)  ? MRB_TT_UNDEF :
-#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
          mrb_float_p(o)  ? MRB_TT_FLOAT :
-#endif
          mrb_val_union(o).bp->tt;
 }
 

include/mruby/class.h

@@ -73,8 +73,6 @@ mrb_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value v)
 #define MRB_SET_INSTANCE_TT(c, tt) ((c)->flags = (((c)->flags & ~MRB_INSTANCE_TT_MASK) | (char)(tt)))
 #define MRB_INSTANCE_TT(c) (enum mrb_vtype)((c)->flags & MRB_INSTANCE_TT_MASK)
 
-struct RClass *mrb_vm_define_class(mrb_state*, mrb_value, mrb_value, mrb_sym);
-struct RClass *mrb_vm_define_module(mrb_state*, mrb_value, mrb_sym);
 MRB_API void mrb_define_method_raw(mrb_state*, struct RClass*, mrb_sym, mrb_method_t);
 MRB_API void mrb_alias_method(mrb_state*, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym a, mrb_sym b);
 MRB_API void mrb_remove_method(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym sym);
@@ -83,15 +81,6 @@ MRB_API mrb_method_t mrb_method_search_vm(mrb_state*, struct RClass**, mrb_sym);
 MRB_API mrb_method_t mrb_method_search(mrb_state*, struct RClass*, mrb_sym);
 
 MRB_API struct RClass* mrb_class_real(struct RClass* cl);
-mrb_value mrb_instance_new(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value cv);
-
-void mrb_class_name_class(mrb_state*, struct RClass*, struct RClass*, mrb_sym);
-mrb_bool mrb_const_name_p(mrb_state*, const char*, mrb_int);
-mrb_value mrb_class_find_path(mrb_state*, struct RClass*);
-mrb_value mrb_mod_to_s(mrb_state*, mrb_value);
-void mrb_gc_mark_mt(mrb_state*, struct RClass*);
-size_t mrb_gc_mark_mt_size(mrb_state*, struct RClass*);
-void mrb_gc_free_mt(mrb_state*, struct RClass*);
 
 #ifndef MRB_NO_METHOD_CACHE
 void mrb_mc_clear_by_class(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass* c);

include/mruby/compile.h

@@ -99,9 +99,9 @@ enum mrb_string_type {
 struct mrb_parser_heredoc_info {
   mrb_bool allow_indent:1;
   mrb_bool remove_indent:1;
+  mrb_bool line_head:1;
   size_t indent;
   mrb_ast_node *indented;
-  mrb_bool line_head:1;
   enum mrb_string_type type;
   const char *term;
   int term_len;
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ struct mrb_parser_state {
   int column;
 
   enum mrb_lex_state_enum lstate;
-  mrb_ast_node *lex_strterm; /* (type nest_level beg . end) */
+  struct parser_lex_strterm *lex_strterm;
 
   unsigned int cond_stack;
   unsigned int cmdarg_stack;
@@ -143,10 +143,8 @@ struct mrb_parser_state {
   int tidx;
   int tsiz;
 
-  mrb_ast_node *all_heredocs; /* list of mrb_parser_heredoc_info* */
   mrb_ast_node *heredocs_from_nextline;
   mrb_ast_node *parsing_heredoc;
-  mrb_ast_node *lex_strterm_before_heredoc;
 
   void *ylval;
 

include/mruby/debug.h

@@ -31,10 +31,11 @@ typedef struct mrb_irep_debug_info_file {
   uint32_t line_entry_count;
   mrb_debug_line_type line_type;
   union {
+    const char *s;
     void *ptr;
-    uint16_t *ary;
-    mrb_irep_debug_info_line *flat_map;
-    uint8_t *packed_map;
+    const uint16_t *ary;
+    const mrb_irep_debug_info_line *flat_map;
+    const uint8_t *packed_map;
   } lines;
 } mrb_irep_debug_info_file;
 

include/mruby/dump.h

@@ -21,15 +21,13 @@ MRB_BEGIN_DECL
 #define MRB_DUMP_STATIC 2
 #define DUMP_DEBUG_INFO MRB_DUMP_DEBUG_INFO  /* deprecated */
 
-int mrb_dump_irep(mrb_state *mrb, const mrb_irep *irep, uint8_t flags, uint8_t **bin, size_t *bin_size);
 #ifndef MRB_NO_STDIO
-int mrb_dump_irep_binary(mrb_state*, const mrb_irep*, uint8_t, FILE*);
-int mrb_dump_irep_cfunc(mrb_state *mrb, const mrb_irep*, uint8_t flags, FILE *f, const char *initname);
-int mrb_dump_irep_cstruct(mrb_state *mrb, const mrb_irep*, uint8_t flags, FILE *f, const char *initname);
-mrb_irep *mrb_read_irep_file(mrb_state*, FILE*);
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_load_irep_file(mrb_state*,FILE*);
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_load_irep_file_cxt(mrb_state*, FILE*, mrbc_context*);
+mrb_irep *mrb_read_irep_file(mrb_state*, FILE*);
+int mrb_dump_irep_binary(mrb_state*, const mrb_irep*, uint8_t, FILE*);
 #endif
+/* avoid mrb_read_irep(); use mrb_read_irep_buf() instead (may cause buffer overflow) */
 MRB_API mrb_irep *mrb_read_irep(mrb_state*, const uint8_t*);
 MRB_API mrb_irep *mrb_read_irep_buf(mrb_state*, const void*, size_t);
 

include/mruby/error.h

@@ -17,20 +17,24 @@ MRB_BEGIN_DECL
 struct RException {
   MRB_OBJECT_HEADER;
   struct iv_tbl *iv;
-  struct RString *mesg;
+  struct RObject *mesg;         // NULL or probably RString
+  struct RObject *backtrace;    // NULL, RArray or RData
 };
 
-#define mrb_exc_ptr(v) ((struct RException*)mrb_ptr(v))
-#define MRB_EXC_MESG_STRING_FLAG 0x100
+/* error that should terminate execution */
+#define MRB_EXC_EXIT 65536
+#define MRB_EXC_EXIT_P(e) ((e)->flags & MRB_EXC_EXIT)
+/* retrieve status value from exc; need <mruby/variable.h> and <mruby/presym.h> */
+#define MRB_EXC_EXIT_STATUS(mrb,e) ((int)mrb_as_int((mrb),mrb_obj_iv_get((mrb),(e),MRB_SYM(status))))
+/* exit with SystemExit status */
+#define MRB_EXC_CHECK_EXIT(mrb,e) do {if (MRB_EXC_EXIT_P(e)) exit(MRB_EXC_EXIT_STATUS((mrb),(e)));} while (0)
 
-MRB_API void mrb_sys_fail(mrb_state *mrb, const char *mesg);
+#define mrb_exc_ptr(v) ((struct RException*)mrb_ptr(v))
+
+MRB_API mrb_noreturn void mrb_sys_fail(mrb_state *mrb, const char *mesg);
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_exc_new_str(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass* c, mrb_value str);
 #define mrb_exc_new_lit(mrb, c, lit) mrb_exc_new_str(mrb, c, mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, lit))
-#define mrb_exc_new_str_lit(mrb, c, lit) mrb_exc_new_lit(mrb, c, lit)
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_make_exception(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int argc, const mrb_value *argv);
-mrb_value mrb_exc_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value exc);
-mrb_value mrb_get_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb);
-
 MRB_API mrb_noreturn void mrb_no_method_error(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym id, mrb_value args, const char *fmt, ...);
 
 /* declaration for `fail` method */
@@ -70,39 +74,6 @@ mrb_break_value_set(struct RBreak *brk, mrb_value val)
 #define mrb_break_proc_get(brk) ((brk)->proc)
 #define mrb_break_proc_set(brk, p) ((brk)->proc = p)
 
-#define RBREAK_TAG_FOREACH(f) \
-  f(RBREAK_TAG_BREAK, 0) \
-  f(RBREAK_TAG_BREAK_UPPER, 1) \
-  f(RBREAK_TAG_BREAK_INTARGET, 2) \
-  f(RBREAK_TAG_RETURN_BLOCK, 3) \
-  f(RBREAK_TAG_RETURN, 4) \
-  f(RBREAK_TAG_RETURN_TOPLEVEL, 5) \
-  f(RBREAK_TAG_JUMP, 6) \
-  f(RBREAK_TAG_STOP, 7)
-
-#define RBREAK_TAG_DEFINE(tag, i) tag = i,
-enum {
-  RBREAK_TAG_FOREACH(RBREAK_TAG_DEFINE)
-};
-#undef RBREAK_TAG_DEFINE
-
-#define RBREAK_TAG_BIT          3
-#define RBREAK_TAG_BIT_OFF      8
-#define RBREAK_TAG_MASK         (~(~UINT32_C(0) << RBREAK_TAG_BIT))
-
-static inline uint32_t
-mrb_break_tag_get(struct RBreak *brk)
-{
-  return (brk->flags >> RBREAK_TAG_BIT_OFF) & RBREAK_TAG_MASK;
-}
-
-static inline void
-mrb_break_tag_set(struct RBreak *brk, uint32_t tag)
-{
-  brk->flags &= ~(RBREAK_TAG_MASK << RBREAK_TAG_BIT_OFF);
-  brk->flags |= (tag & RBREAK_TAG_MASK) << RBREAK_TAG_BIT_OFF;
-}
-
 /**
  * Protect
  *

include/mruby/gc.h

@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ typedef struct mrb_heap_page {
   struct mrb_heap_page *free_next;
   struct mrb_heap_page *free_prev;
   mrb_bool old:1;
-  void *objects[];
+  /* Flexible array members area a C99 feature, not C++ compatible */
+  /* void* objects[]; */
 } mrb_heap_page;
 
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
@@ -84,8 +85,7 @@ typedef struct mrb_gc {
   size_t majorgc_old_threshold;
 } mrb_gc;
 
-MRB_API mrb_bool
-mrb_object_dead_p(struct mrb_state *mrb, struct RBasic *object);
+MRB_API mrb_bool mrb_object_dead_p(struct mrb_state *mrb, struct RBasic *object);
 
 #define MRB_GC_RED 7
 

include/mruby/hash.h

@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ struct RHash {
 #define mrb_hash_ptr(v)    ((struct RHash*)(mrb_ptr(v)))
 #define mrb_hash_value(p)  mrb_obj_value((void*)(p))
 
-size_t mrb_hash_memsize(mrb_value obj);
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_hash_new_capa(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int capa);
 
 /*
@@ -226,11 +225,6 @@ MRB_API void mrb_hash_merge(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value hash1, mrb_value hash2);
 #define MRB_RHASH_DEFAULT_P(hash) (RHASH(hash)->flags & MRB_HASH_DEFAULT)
 #define MRB_RHASH_PROCDEFAULT_P(hash) (RHASH(hash)->flags & MRB_HASH_PROC_DEFAULT)
 
-/* GC functions */
-void mrb_gc_mark_hash(mrb_state*, struct RHash*);
-size_t mrb_gc_mark_hash_size(mrb_state*, struct RHash*);
-void mrb_gc_free_hash(mrb_state*, struct RHash*);
-
 /* return non zero to break the loop */
 typedef int (mrb_hash_foreach_func)(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value key, mrb_value val, void *data);
 MRB_API void mrb_hash_foreach(mrb_state *mrb, struct RHash *hash, mrb_hash_foreach_func *func, void *p);

include/mruby/internal.h

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+/**
+** @file mruby/internal.h - Functions only called from within the library
+**
+** See Copyright Notice in mruby.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef MRUBY_INTERNAL_H
+#define MRUBY_INTERNAL_H
+
+#ifdef MRUBY_ARRAY_H
+void mrb_ary_decref(mrb_state*, mrb_shared_array*);
+mrb_value mrb_ary_subseq(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_int beg, mrb_int len);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef MRUBY_CLASS_H
+struct RClass *mrb_vm_define_class(mrb_state*, mrb_value, mrb_value, mrb_sym);
+struct RClass *mrb_vm_define_module(mrb_state*, mrb_value, mrb_sym);
+mrb_value mrb_instance_new(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value cv);
+void mrb_class_name_class(mrb_state*, struct RClass*, struct RClass*, mrb_sym);
+mrb_bool mrb_const_name_p(mrb_state*, const char*, mrb_int);
+mrb_value mrb_class_find_path(mrb_state*, struct RClass*);
+mrb_value mrb_mod_to_s(mrb_state *, mrb_value);
+void mrb_method_added(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym mid);
+mrb_noreturn void mrb_method_missing(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym name, mrb_value self, mrb_value args);
+#endif
+
+/* debug */
+size_t mrb_packed_int_len(uint32_t num);
+size_t mrb_packed_int_encode(uint32_t num, uint8_t *p, uint8_t *pend);
+uint32_t mrb_packed_int_decode(const uint8_t *p, const uint8_t **newpos);
+
+/* dump */
+#ifdef MRUBY_IREP_H
+int mrb_dump_irep(mrb_state *mrb, const mrb_irep *irep, uint8_t flags, uint8_t **bin, size_t *bin_size);
+#ifndef MRB_NO_STDIO
+int mrb_dump_irep_cfunc(mrb_state *mrb, const mrb_irep*, uint8_t flags, FILE *f, const char *initname);
+int mrb_dump_irep_cstruct(mrb_state *mrb, const mrb_irep*, uint8_t flags, FILE *f, const char *initname);
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* error */
+mrb_value mrb_exc_inspect(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value exc);
+mrb_value mrb_exc_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value exc);
+mrb_value mrb_get_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb);
+void mrb_exc_mesg_set(mrb_state *mrb, struct RException *exc, mrb_value mesg);
+mrb_value mrb_exc_mesg_get(mrb_state *mrb, struct RException *exc);
+
+/* gc */
+void mrb_gc_mark_mt(mrb_state*, struct RClass*);
+size_t mrb_gc_mark_mt_size(mrb_state*, struct RClass*);
+void mrb_gc_free_mt(mrb_state*, struct RClass*);
+
+/* hash */
+size_t mrb_hash_memsize(mrb_value obj);
+void mrb_gc_mark_hash(mrb_state*, struct RHash*);
+size_t mrb_gc_mark_hash_size(mrb_state*, struct RHash*);
+void mrb_gc_free_hash(mrb_state*, struct RHash*);
+
+/* irep */
+struct mrb_insn_data mrb_decode_insn(const mrb_code *pc);
+#ifdef MRUBY_IREP_H
+void mrb_irep_free(mrb_state*, struct mrb_irep*);
+void mrb_irep_remove_lv(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_irep *irep);
+
+static inline const struct mrb_irep_catch_handler *
+mrb_irep_catch_handler_table(const struct mrb_irep *irep)
+{
+  if (irep->clen > 0) {
+    return (const struct mrb_irep_catch_handler*)(irep->iseq + irep->ilen);
+  }
+  else {
+    return (const struct mrb_irep_catch_handler*)NULL;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/* numeric */
+mrb_value mrb_div_int_value(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int x, mrb_int y);
+mrb_int mrb_div_int(mrb_int x, mrb_int y);
+mrb_value mrb_int_add(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_int_sub(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_int_mul(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_noreturn void mrb_int_zerodiv(mrb_state *mrb);
+mrb_noreturn void mrb_int_overflow(mrb_state *mrb, const char *reason);
+
+#ifdef MRB_USE_COMPLEX
+mrb_value mrb_complex_new(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_float x, mrb_float y);
+mrb_value mrb_complex_add(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_complex_sub(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_complex_mul(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_complex_div(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+void mrb_complex_copy(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+#endif
+#ifdef MRB_USE_RATIONAL
+mrb_value mrb_rational_new(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int x, mrb_int y);
+mrb_value mrb_rational_add(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_rational_sub(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_rational_mul(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_rational_div(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+void mrb_rational_copy(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef MRUBY_PROC_H
+struct RProc *mrb_closure_new(mrb_state*, const mrb_irep*);
+void mrb_proc_copy(mrb_state *mrb, struct RProc *a, struct RProc *b);
+mrb_int mrb_proc_arity(const struct RProc *p);
+#endif
+
+/* range */
+#ifdef MRUBY_RANGE_H
+mrb_value mrb_get_values_at(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, mrb_int olen, mrb_int argc, const mrb_value *argv, mrb_value (*func)(mrb_state*, mrb_value, mrb_int));
+void mrb_gc_mark_range(mrb_state *mrb, struct RRange *r);
+#endif
+
+/* string */
+void mrb_gc_free_str(mrb_state*, struct RString*);
+uint32_t mrb_str_hash(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str);
+mrb_value mrb_str_dump(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str);
+mrb_value mrb_str_inspect(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str);
+mrb_bool mrb_str_beg_len(mrb_int str_len, mrb_int *begp, mrb_int *lenp);
+mrb_value mrb_str_byte_subseq(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str, mrb_int beg, mrb_int len);
+mrb_value mrb_str_aref(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str, mrb_value idx, mrb_value len);
+uint32_t mrb_byte_hash(const uint8_t*, mrb_int);
+uint32_t mrb_byte_hash_step(const uint8_t*, mrb_int, uint32_t);
+
+#ifdef MRB_UTF8_STRING
+mrb_int mrb_utf8len(const char *str, const char *end);
+mrb_int mrb_utf8_strlen(const char *str, mrb_int byte_len);
+#endif
+
+/* variable */
+mrb_value mrb_vm_special_get(mrb_state*, mrb_sym);
+void mrb_vm_special_set(mrb_state*, mrb_sym, mrb_value);
+mrb_value mrb_vm_cv_get(mrb_state*, mrb_sym);
+void mrb_vm_cv_set(mrb_state*, mrb_sym, mrb_value);
+mrb_value mrb_vm_const_get(mrb_state*, mrb_sym);
+void mrb_vm_const_set(mrb_state*, mrb_sym, mrb_value);
+size_t mrb_obj_iv_tbl_memsize(mrb_value);
+mrb_value mrb_obj_iv_inspect(mrb_state*, struct RObject*);
+void mrb_obj_iv_set_force(mrb_state *mrb, struct RObject *obj, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v);
+mrb_value mrb_mod_constants(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod);
+mrb_value mrb_f_global_variables(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self);
+mrb_value mrb_obj_instance_variables(mrb_state*, mrb_value);
+mrb_value mrb_mod_class_variables(mrb_state*, mrb_value);
+mrb_value mrb_mod_cv_get(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass * c, mrb_sym sym);
+mrb_bool mrb_mod_cv_defined(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass * c, mrb_sym sym);
+mrb_bool mrb_ident_p(const char *s, mrb_int len);
+
+/* GC functions */
+void mrb_gc_mark_gv(mrb_state*);
+void mrb_gc_free_gv(mrb_state*);
+void mrb_gc_mark_iv(mrb_state*, struct RObject*);
+size_t mrb_gc_mark_iv_size(mrb_state*, struct RObject*);
+void mrb_gc_free_iv(mrb_state*, struct RObject*);
+
+/* VM */
+mrb_int mrb_ci_bidx(mrb_callinfo *ci);
+mrb_int mrb_ci_nregs(mrb_callinfo *ci);
+mrb_value mrb_exec_irep(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self, struct RProc *p);
+mrb_value mrb_obj_instance_eval(mrb_state*, mrb_value);
+mrb_value mrb_mod_module_eval(mrb_state*, mrb_value);
+mrb_value mrb_f_send(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self);
+
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+mrb_value mrb_bint_new_int(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int x);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_new_str(mrb_state *mrb, const char *x, mrb_int len, mrb_int base);
+mrb_value mrb_as_bint(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_add(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_sub(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_mul(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_div(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_divmod(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_add_ii(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int x, mrb_int y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_sub_ii(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int x, mrb_int y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_mul_ii(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int x, mrb_int y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_div_ii(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int x, mrb_int y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_mod(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_rem(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_pow(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_powm(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_int y, mrb_value z);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_and(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_or(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_xor(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_rev(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_lshift(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_int width);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_rshift(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_int width);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_to_s(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_int base);
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+mrb_value mrb_bint_new_float(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_float x);
+mrb_float mrb_bint_as_float(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x);
+#endif
+mrb_int mrb_bint_as_int(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x);
+mrb_int mrb_bint_cmp(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+void mrb_gc_free_bint(mrb_state *mrb, struct RBasic *x);
+void mrb_bint_copy(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+size_t mrb_bint_memsize(mrb_value x);
+mrb_value mrb_bint_hash(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x);
+#endif
+
+#endif  /* MRUBY_INTERNAL_H */

include/mruby/irep.h

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ struct mrb_irep_catch_handler {
 };
 
 /* Program data array struct */
-typedef struct mrb_irep {
+struct mrb_irep {
   uint16_t nlocals;        /* Number of local variables */
   uint16_t nregs;          /* Number of register variables */
   uint16_t clen;           /* Number of catch handlers */
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ typedef struct mrb_irep {
   uint16_t plen, slen;
   uint16_t rlen;
   uint16_t refcnt;
-} mrb_irep;
+};
 
 #define MRB_ISEQ_NO_FREE 1
 #define MRB_IREP_NO_FREE 2
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ MRB_API mrb_value mrb_load_irep(mrb_state*, const uint8_t*);
 
 /*
  * @param [const void*] irep code
- * @param [size_t] size of irep buffer. If -1 is given, it is considered unrestricted.
+ * @param [size_t] size of irep buffer.
  */
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_load_irep_buf(mrb_state*, const void*, size_t);
 
@@ -108,40 +108,25 @@ MRB_API mrb_value mrb_load_irep_cxt(mrb_state*, const uint8_t*, mrbc_context*);
 
 /*
  * @param [const void*] irep code
- * @param [size_t] size of irep buffer. If -1 is given, it is considered unrestricted.
+ * @param [size_t] size of irep buffer.
  */
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_load_irep_buf_cxt(mrb_state*, const void*, size_t, mrbc_context*);
 
-void mrb_irep_free(mrb_state*, struct mrb_irep*);
-void mrb_irep_incref(mrb_state*, struct mrb_irep*);
-void mrb_irep_decref(mrb_state*, struct mrb_irep*);
-void mrb_irep_cutref(mrb_state*, struct mrb_irep*);
-void mrb_irep_remove_lv(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_irep *irep);
-
 struct mrb_insn_data {
   uint8_t insn;
-  uint16_t a;
+  uint32_t a;
   uint16_t b;
   uint16_t c;
   const mrb_code *addr;
 };
 
-struct mrb_insn_data mrb_decode_insn(const mrb_code *pc);
-
-static inline const struct mrb_irep_catch_handler *
-mrb_irep_catch_handler_table(const struct mrb_irep *irep)
-{
-  if (irep->clen > 0) {
-    return (const struct mrb_irep_catch_handler*)(irep->iseq + irep->ilen);
-  }
-  else {
-    return (const struct mrb_irep_catch_handler*)NULL;
-  }
-}
-
 #define mrb_irep_catch_handler_pack(n, v)   uint32_to_bin(n, v)
 #define mrb_irep_catch_handler_unpack(v)    bin_to_uint32(v)
 
+void mrb_irep_incref(mrb_state*, struct mrb_irep*);
+void mrb_irep_decref(mrb_state*, struct mrb_irep*);
+void mrb_irep_cutref(mrb_state*, struct mrb_irep*);
+
 MRB_END_DECL
 
 #endif  /* MRUBY_IREP_H */

include/mruby/numeric.h

@@ -30,16 +30,17 @@ MRB_BEGIN_DECL
 #endif
 #endif
 
-MRB_API mrb_value mrb_num_plus(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
-MRB_API mrb_value mrb_num_minus(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+/* utility functions */
+MRB_API mrb_value mrb_num_add(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+MRB_API mrb_value mrb_num_sub(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_num_mul(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y);
+/* obsolete old names */
+#define mrb_num_plus(mrb, x, y) mrb_num_add(mrb, x, y)
+#define mrb_num_minus(mrb, x, y) mrb_num_sub(mrb, x, y)
 
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_integer_to_str(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_int base);
 MRB_API char *mrb_int_to_cstr(char *buf, size_t len, mrb_int n, mrb_int base);
 
-/* internal function(s) */
-mrb_int mrb_div_int(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int x, mrb_int y);
-
 /* obsolete function(s); will be removed */
 #define mrb_fixnum_to_str(mrb, x, base) mrb_integer_to_str(mrb, x, base)
 
@@ -166,10 +167,6 @@ mrb_float mrb_div_float(mrb_float x, mrb_float y);
 mrb_value mrb_float_to_str(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, const char *fmt);
 int mrb_format_float(mrb_float f, char *buf, size_t buf_size, char fmt, int prec, char sign);
 
-/* obsolete functions; will be removed */
-#define mrb_flo_to_fixnum(mrb, val) mrb_float_to_integer(mrb, val)
-#define mrb_to_flo(mrb, x) mrb_as_float(mrb, x)
-
 #endif /* MRB_NO_FLOAT */
 
 MRB_END_DECL

include/mruby/object.h

@@ -40,4 +40,8 @@ struct RFiber {
   struct mrb_context *cxt;
 };
 
+#define mrb_static_assert_object_size(st) \
+  mrb_static_assert(sizeof(st) <= sizeof(void*) * 6, \
+                    #st " size must be within 6 words")
+
 #endif  /* MRUBY_OBJECT_H */

include/mruby/ops.h

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ OPCODE(SSEND,      BBB)      /* R[a] = self.send(Syms[b],R[a+1]..,R[a+n+1]:R[a+n
 OPCODE(SSENDB,     BBB)      /* R[a] = self.send(Syms[b],R[a+1]..,R[a+n+1]:R[a+n+2]..,&R[a+n+2k+1]) */
 OPCODE(SEND,       BBB)      /* R[a] = R[a].send(Syms[b],R[a+1]..,R[a+n+1]:R[a+n+2]..) (c=n|k<<4) */
 OPCODE(SENDB,      BBB)      /* R[a] = R[a].send(Syms[b],R[a+1]..,R[a+n+1]:R[a+n+2]..,&R[a+n+2k+1]) */
-OPCODE(CALL,       Z)        /* R[0] = self.call(frame.argc, frame.argv) */
+OPCODE(CALL,       Z)        /* self.call(*, **, &) (But overlay the current call frame; tailcall) */
 OPCODE(SUPER,      BB)       /* R[a] = super(R[a+1],... ,R[a+b+1]) */
 OPCODE(ARGARY,     BS)       /* R[a] = argument array (16=m5:r1:m5:d1:lv4) */
 OPCODE(ENTER,      W)        /* arg setup according to flags (23=m5:o5:r1:m5:k5:d1:b1) */
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ OPCODE(ARRAY,      BB)       /* R[a] = ary_new(R[a],R[a+1]..R[a+b]) */
 OPCODE(ARRAY2,     BBB)      /* R[a] = ary_new(R[b],R[b+1]..R[b+c]) */
 OPCODE(ARYCAT,     B)        /* ary_cat(R[a],R[a+1]) */
 OPCODE(ARYPUSH,    BB)       /* ary_push(R[a],R[a+1]..R[a+b]) */
-OPCODE(ARYDUP,     B)        /* R[a] = ary_dup(R[a]) */
+OPCODE(ARYSPLAT,   B)        /* R[a] = ary_splat(R[a]) */
 OPCODE(AREF,       BBB)      /* R[a] = R[b][c] */
 OPCODE(ASET,       BBB)      /* R[b][c] = R[a] */
 OPCODE(APOST,      BBB)      /* *R[a],R[a+1]..R[a+c] = R[a][b..] */

include/mruby/proc.h

@@ -26,17 +26,18 @@ struct REnv {
 #define MRB_ENV_SET_LEN(e,len) ((e)->flags = (((e)->flags & ~0xff)|((unsigned int)(len) & 0xff)))
 #define MRB_ENV_LEN(e) ((mrb_int)((e)->flags & 0xff))
 #define MRB_ENV_CLOSED (1<<20)
-#define MRB_ENV_TOUCHED (1<<19)
-#define MRB_ENV_HEAPED (1<<18)
 #define MRB_ENV_CLOSE(e) ((e)->flags |= MRB_ENV_CLOSED)
-#define MRB_ENV_TOUCH(e) ((e)->flags |= MRB_ENV_TOUCHED)
-#define MRB_ENV_HEAP(e) ((e)->flags |= MRB_ENV_HEAPED)
-#define MRB_ENV_HEAP_P(e) ((e)->flags & MRB_ENV_HEAPED)
 #define MRB_ENV_ONSTACK_P(e) (((e)->flags & MRB_ENV_CLOSED) == 0)
 #define MRB_ENV_BIDX(e) (((e)->flags >> 8) & 0xff)
 #define MRB_ENV_SET_BIDX(e,idx) ((e)->flags = (((e)->flags & ~(0xff<<8))|((unsigned int)(idx) & 0xff)<<8))
 
-void mrb_env_unshare(mrb_state*, struct REnv*);
+/*
+ * Returns TRUE on success.
+ * If the function fails:
+ * * Returns FALSE if noraise is TRUE.
+ * * Raises a NoMemoryError exception if noraise is FALSE.
+ */
+mrb_bool mrb_env_unshare(mrb_state*, struct REnv*, mrb_bool noraise);
 
 struct RProc {
   MRB_OBJECT_HEADER;
@@ -89,11 +90,8 @@ struct RProc {
 #define mrb_proc_ptr(v)    ((struct RProc*)(mrb_ptr(v)))
 
 struct RProc *mrb_proc_new(mrb_state*, const mrb_irep*);
-struct RProc *mrb_closure_new(mrb_state*, const mrb_irep*);
 MRB_API struct RProc *mrb_proc_new_cfunc(mrb_state*, mrb_func_t);
 MRB_API struct RProc *mrb_closure_new_cfunc(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_func_t func, int nlocals);
-void mrb_proc_copy(mrb_state *mrb, struct RProc *a, struct RProc *b);
-mrb_int mrb_proc_arity(const struct RProc *p);
 
 /* following functions are defined in mruby-proc-ext so please include it when using */
 MRB_API struct RProc *mrb_proc_new_cfunc_with_env(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_func_t func, mrb_int argc, const mrb_value *argv);
@@ -138,73 +136,11 @@ MRB_API mrb_value mrb_proc_cfunc_env_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int idx);
 
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_load_proc(mrb_state *mrb, const struct RProc *proc);
 
-static inline void
-mrb_vm_ci_proc_set(mrb_callinfo *ci, const struct RProc *p)
-{
-  ci->proc = p;
-  ci->pc = (p && !MRB_PROC_CFUNC_P(p)) ? p->body.irep->iseq : NULL;
-}
-
-static inline struct RClass *
-mrb_vm_ci_target_class(const mrb_callinfo *ci)
-{
-  if (ci->u.env && ci->u.env->tt == MRB_TT_ENV) {
-    return ci->u.env->c;
-  }
-  else {
-    return ci->u.target_class;
-  }
-}
-
-static inline void
-mrb_vm_ci_target_class_set(mrb_callinfo *ci, struct RClass *tc)
-{
-  struct REnv *e = ci->u.env;
-  if (e) {
-    if (e->tt == MRB_TT_ENV) {
-      e->c = tc;
-    }
-    else {
-      ci->u.target_class = tc;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-static inline struct REnv *
-mrb_vm_ci_env(const mrb_callinfo *ci)
-{
-  if (ci->u.env && ci->u.env->tt == MRB_TT_ENV) {
-    return ci->u.env;
-  }
-  else {
-    return NULL;
-  }
-}
-
-static inline void
-mrb_vm_ci_env_set(mrb_callinfo *ci, struct REnv *e)
-{
-  if (ci->u.env) {
-    if (ci->u.env->tt == MRB_TT_ENV) {
-      if (e) {
-        e->c = ci->u.env->c;
-        ci->u.env = e;
-      }
-      else {
-        ci->u.target_class = ci->u.env->c;
-      }
-    }
-    else {
-      if (e) {
-        e->c = ci->u.target_class;
-        ci->u.env = e;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-    ci->u.env = e;
-  }
-}
+void mrb_vm_ci_proc_set(mrb_callinfo *ci, const struct RProc *p);
+struct RClass * mrb_vm_ci_target_class(const mrb_callinfo *ci);
+void mrb_vm_ci_target_class_set(mrb_callinfo *ci, struct RClass *tc);
+struct REnv * mrb_vm_ci_env(const mrb_callinfo *ci);
+void mrb_vm_ci_env_set(mrb_callinfo *ci, struct REnv *e);
 
 MRB_END_DECL
 

include/mruby/range.h

@@ -71,8 +71,6 @@ enum mrb_range_beg_len {
 };
 
 MRB_API enum mrb_range_beg_len mrb_range_beg_len(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value range, mrb_int *begp, mrb_int *lenp, mrb_int len, mrb_bool trunc);
-mrb_value mrb_get_values_at(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, mrb_int olen, mrb_int argc, const mrb_value *argv, mrb_value (*func)(mrb_state*, mrb_value, mrb_int));
-void mrb_gc_mark_range(mrb_state *mrb, struct RRange *r);
 
 MRB_END_DECL
 

include/mruby/string.h

@@ -102,7 +102,6 @@ struct RStringEmbed {
 #define RSTRING_LEN(s)       RSTR_LEN(RSTRING(s))
 #define RSTRING_CAPA(s)      RSTR_CAPA(RSTRING(s))
 #define RSTRING_END(s)       (RSTRING_PTR(s) + RSTRING_LEN(s))
-MRB_API mrb_int mrb_str_strlen(mrb_state*, struct RString*);
 #define RSTRING_CSTR(mrb,s)  mrb_string_cstr(mrb, s)
 
 #define MRB_STR_SHARED    1
@@ -115,8 +114,6 @@ MRB_API mrb_int mrb_str_strlen(mrb_state*, struct RString*);
 #define MRB_STR_EMBED_LEN_MASK (((1 << MRB_STR_EMBED_LEN_BIT) - 1) << MRB_STR_EMBED_LEN_SHIFT)
 #define MRB_STR_TYPE_MASK 15
 
-void mrb_gc_free_str(mrb_state*, struct RString*);
-
 MRB_API void mrb_str_modify(mrb_state *mrb, struct RString *s);
 /* mrb_str_modify() with keeping ASCII flag if set */
 MRB_API void mrb_str_modify_keep_ascii(mrb_state *mrb, struct RString *s);
@@ -324,7 +321,7 @@ MRB_API mrb_value mrb_str_resize(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str, mrb_int len);
  */
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_str_substr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str, mrb_int beg, mrb_int len);
 
-MRB_API mrb_value mrb_str_new_capa(mrb_state *mrb, size_t capa);
+MRB_API mrb_value mrb_str_new_capa(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int capa);
 #define mrb_str_buf_new(mrb, capa) mrb_str_new_capa(mrb, (capa))
 
 /* NULL terminated C string from mrb_value */
@@ -332,9 +329,11 @@ MRB_API const char *mrb_string_cstr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str);
 /* NULL terminated C string from mrb_value; `str` will be updated */
 MRB_API const char *mrb_string_value_cstr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value *str);
 /* obsolete: use RSTRING_PTR() */
-MRB_API const char *mrb_string_value_ptr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str);
+#define mrb_string_value_ptr(mrb, str) RSTRING_PTR(str)
 /* obsolete: use RSTRING_LEN() */
-MRB_API mrb_int mrb_string_value_len(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str);
+#define mrb_string_value_len(mrb, str) RSTRING_LEN(str)
+/* obsolete: substituted by a macro; shall be removed */
+#define mrb_str_strlen(mrb, s) strlen(RSTR_PTR(s))
 
 /**
  * Duplicates a string object.
@@ -422,27 +421,11 @@ MRB_API int mrb_str_cmp(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str1, mrb_value str2);
  */
 MRB_API char *mrb_str_to_cstr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str);
 
-uint32_t mrb_str_hash(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str);
-mrb_value mrb_str_dump(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str);
-
-/**
- * Returns a printable version of str, surrounded by quote marks, with special characters escaped.
- */
-mrb_value mrb_str_inspect(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str);
-
 /* For backward compatibility */
 #define mrb_str_cat2(mrb, str, ptr) mrb_str_cat_cstr(mrb, str, ptr)
 #define mrb_str_buf_cat(mrb, str, ptr, len) mrb_str_cat(mrb, str, ptr, len)
 #define mrb_str_buf_append(mrb, str, str2) mrb_str_cat_str(mrb, str, str2)
 
-mrb_bool mrb_str_beg_len(mrb_int str_len, mrb_int *begp, mrb_int *lenp);
-mrb_value mrb_str_byte_subseq(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value str, mrb_int beg, mrb_int len);
-
-#ifdef MRB_UTF8_STRING
-mrb_int mrb_utf8len(const char *str, const char *end);
-mrb_int mrb_utf8_strlen(const char *str, mrb_int byte_len);
-#endif
-
 MRB_END_DECL
 
 #endif  /* MRUBY_STRING_H */

include/mruby/throw.h

@@ -7,10 +7,8 @@
 #ifndef MRB_THROW_H
 #define MRB_THROW_H
 
-#if defined(MRB_USE_CXX_ABI)
-# if !defined(__cplusplus)
+#if defined(MRB_USE_CXX_ABI) && !defined(__cplusplus)
 #  error Trying to use C++ exception handling in C code
-# endif
 #endif
 
 #if defined(MRB_USE_CXX_EXCEPTION)
@@ -52,14 +50,15 @@ typedef mrb_int mrb_jmpbuf_impl;
 
 #endif
 
+#if defined(MRB_USE_CXX_EXCEPTION)
+extern mrb_int mrb_jmpbuf_id;
+#endif
+
 struct mrb_jmpbuf {
   mrb_jmpbuf_impl impl;
 
 #if defined(MRB_USE_CXX_EXCEPTION)
-  static mrb_int jmpbuf_id;
-# if defined(__cplusplus)
-  mrb_jmpbuf() : impl(jmpbuf_id++) {}
-# endif
+  mrb_jmpbuf() : impl(mrb_jmpbuf_id++) {}
 #endif
 };
 

include/mruby/value.h

@@ -100,9 +100,13 @@ struct mrb_state;
 # define MRB_ENDIAN_LOHI(a,b) b a
 #endif
 
-MRB_API mrb_int mrb_int_read(const char *p, const char *e, char **endp);
+MRB_API mrb_bool mrb_read_int(const char *p, const char *e, char **endp, mrb_int *np);
+/* obsolete; do not use mrb_int_read() */
+MRB_API mrb_int mrb_int_read(const char*, const char*, char**);
 #ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
-MRB_API double mrb_float_read(const char*, char**);
+MRB_API mrb_bool mrb_read_float(const char *p, char **endp, double *fp);
+/* obsolete; do not use mrb_float_read() */
+MRB_API double mrb_float_read(const char *p, char **endp);
 #ifdef MRB_USE_FLOAT32
   typedef float mrb_float;
 #else
@@ -148,13 +152,14 @@ static const unsigned int IEEE754_INFINITY_BITS_SINGLE = 0x7F800000;
   f(MRB_TT_RANGE,       struct RRange,      "Range") \
   f(MRB_TT_EXCEPTION,   struct RException,  "Exception") \
   f(MRB_TT_ENV,         struct REnv,        "env") \
-  f(MRB_TT_DATA,        struct RData,       "Data") \
+  f(MRB_TT_CDATA,       struct RData,       "C data") \
   f(MRB_TT_FIBER,       struct RFiber,      "Fiber") \
   f(MRB_TT_STRUCT,      struct RArray,      "Struct") \
   f(MRB_TT_ISTRUCT,     struct RIStruct,    "istruct") \
   f(MRB_TT_BREAK,       struct RBreak,      "break") \
   f(MRB_TT_COMPLEX,     struct RComplex,    "Complex") \
-  f(MRB_TT_RATIONAL,    struct RRational,   "Rational")
+  f(MRB_TT_RATIONAL,    struct RRational,   "Rational") \
+  f(MRB_TT_BIGINT,      struct RBigint,     "Integer")
 
 enum mrb_vtype {
 #define MRB_VTYPE_DEFINE(tt, type, name) tt,
@@ -163,6 +168,9 @@ enum mrb_vtype {
   MRB_TT_MAXDEFINE
 };
 
+/* obsolete name for MRB_TT_CDATA */
+#define MRB_TT_DATA MRB_TT_CDATA
+
 #define MRB_VTYPE_TYPEOF(tt) MRB_TYPEOF_##tt
 
 #define MRB_VTYPE_TYPEDEF(tt, type, name) typedef type MRB_VTYPE_TYPEOF(tt);
@@ -182,8 +190,8 @@ MRB_VTYPE_FOREACH(MRB_VTYPE_TYPEDEF)
  *
  * Actual implementation depends on configured boxing type.
  *
- * @see mruby/boxing_no.h Default boxing representation
- * @see mruby/boxing_word.h Word representation
+ * @see mruby/boxing_word.h Word boxing representation (Default)
+ * @see mruby/boxing_no.h No boxing representation
  * @see mruby/boxing_nan.h Boxed double representation
  */
 typedef void mrb_value;
@@ -237,9 +245,11 @@ struct RCptr {
 #ifndef mrb_true_p
 #define mrb_true_p(o)  (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_TRUE)
 #endif
-#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
 #ifndef mrb_float_p
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
 #define mrb_float_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_FLOAT)
+#else
+#define mrb_float_p(o) FALSE
 #endif
 #endif
 #ifndef mrb_array_p
@@ -285,7 +295,7 @@ struct RCptr {
 #define mrb_env_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_ENV)
 #endif
 #ifndef mrb_data_p
-#define mrb_data_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_DATA)
+#define mrb_data_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_CDATA)
 #endif
 #ifndef mrb_fiber_p
 #define mrb_fiber_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_FIBER)
@@ -300,6 +310,9 @@ struct RCptr {
 #define mrb_bool(o)   (mrb_type(o) != MRB_TT_FALSE)
 #endif
 #define mrb_test(o)   mrb_bool(o)
+#ifndef mrb_bigint_p
+#define mrb_bigint_p(o) (mrb_type(o) == MRB_TT_BIGINT)
+#endif
 
 /**
  * Returns a float in Ruby.
@@ -355,8 +368,6 @@ mrb_obj_value(void *p)
 {
   mrb_value v;
   SET_OBJ_VALUE(v, (struct RBasic*)p);
-  mrb_assert(p == mrb_ptr(v));
-  mrb_assert(((struct RBasic*)p)->tt == mrb_type(v));
   return v;
 }
 
@@ -424,10 +435,20 @@ mrb_ro_data_p(const char *p)
 #elif defined(__APPLE__)
 #define MRB_LINK_TIME_RO_DATA_P
 #include <mach-o/getsect.h>
+#include <crt_externs.h> // for _NSGetMachExecuteHeader
 static inline mrb_bool
 mrb_ro_data_p(const char *p)
 {
-  return (char*)get_etext() < p && p < (char*)get_edata();
+#ifdef __LP64__
+  struct mach_header_64 *mhp;
+#else
+  struct mach_header *mhp;
+#endif
+  mhp = _NSGetMachExecuteHeader();
+  unsigned long textsize, datasize;
+  char *text = (char*)getsegmentdata(mhp, SEG_TEXT, &textsize);
+  char *data = (char*)getsegmentdata(mhp, SEG_DATA, &datasize);
+  return text + textsize < p && p < data + datasize;
 }
 #endif  /* Linux or macOS */
 #endif  /* MRB_NO_DEFAULT_RO_DATA_P */

include/mruby/variable.h

@@ -14,13 +14,6 @@
  */
 MRB_BEGIN_DECL
 
-mrb_value mrb_vm_special_get(mrb_state*, mrb_sym);
-void mrb_vm_special_set(mrb_state*, mrb_sym, mrb_value);
-mrb_value mrb_vm_cv_get(mrb_state*, mrb_sym);
-void mrb_vm_cv_set(mrb_state*, mrb_sym, mrb_value);
-mrb_value mrb_vm_const_get(mrb_state*, mrb_sym);
-void mrb_vm_const_set(mrb_state*, mrb_sym, mrb_value);
-size_t mrb_obj_iv_tbl_memsize(mrb_value);
 MRB_API mrb_value mrb_const_get(mrb_state*, mrb_value, mrb_sym);
 MRB_API void mrb_const_set(mrb_state*, mrb_value, mrb_sym, mrb_value);
 MRB_API mrb_bool mrb_const_defined(mrb_state*, mrb_value, mrb_sym);
@@ -99,22 +92,6 @@ MRB_API mrb_value mrb_cv_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym sym);
 MRB_API void mrb_mod_cv_set(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass * c, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v);
 MRB_API void mrb_cv_set(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v);
 MRB_API mrb_bool mrb_cv_defined(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym sym);
-mrb_value mrb_obj_iv_inspect(mrb_state*, struct RObject*);
-void mrb_obj_iv_set_force(mrb_state *mrb, struct RObject *obj, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v);
-mrb_value mrb_mod_constants(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod);
-mrb_value mrb_f_global_variables(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self);
-mrb_value mrb_obj_instance_variables(mrb_state*, mrb_value);
-mrb_value mrb_mod_class_variables(mrb_state*, mrb_value);
-mrb_value mrb_mod_cv_get(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass * c, mrb_sym sym);
-mrb_bool mrb_mod_cv_defined(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass * c, mrb_sym sym);
-mrb_bool mrb_ident_p(const char *s, mrb_int len);
-
-/* GC functions */
-void mrb_gc_mark_gv(mrb_state*);
-void mrb_gc_free_gv(mrb_state*);
-void mrb_gc_mark_iv(mrb_state*, struct RObject*);
-size_t mrb_gc_mark_iv_size(mrb_state*, struct RObject*);
-void mrb_gc_free_iv(mrb_state*, struct RObject*);
 
 /* return non zero to break the loop */
 typedef int (mrb_iv_foreach_func)(mrb_state*,mrb_sym,mrb_value,void*);

include/mruby/version.h

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ MRB_BEGIN_DECL
 /*
  * The version of Ruby used by mruby.
  */
-#define MRUBY_RUBY_VERSION "3.1"
+#define MRUBY_RUBY_VERSION "3.2"
 
 /*
  * Ruby engine.
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ MRB_BEGIN_DECL
 /*
  * Minor release version number.
  */
-#define MRUBY_RELEASE_MINOR 1
+#define MRUBY_RELEASE_MINOR 2
 
 /*
  * Tiny release version number.
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ MRB_BEGIN_DECL
 /*
  * Patch level string. (optional)
  */
-#define MRUBY_PATCHLEVEL_STR "RC2"
+#define MRUBY_PATCHLEVEL_STR "RC"
 
 #ifndef MRUBY_PATCHLEVEL_STR
 # if MRUBY_PATCHLEVEL < 0
@@ -80,17 +80,17 @@ MRB_BEGIN_DECL
 /*
  * Release year.
  */
-#define MRUBY_RELEASE_YEAR 2022
+#define MRUBY_RELEASE_YEAR 2023
 
 /*
  * Release month.
  */
-#define MRUBY_RELEASE_MONTH 3
+#define MRUBY_RELEASE_MONTH 1
 
 /*
  * Release day.
  */
-#define MRUBY_RELEASE_DAY 31
+#define MRUBY_RELEASE_DAY 13
 
 /*
  * Release date as a string.

lib/mruby/build.rb

@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ module MRuby
         @enable_test = false
         @enable_lock = true
         @enable_presym = true
+        @enable_benchmark = true
         @mrbcfile_external = false
         @internal = internal
         @toolchains = []
@@ -232,6 +233,14 @@ module MRuby
       @cxx_abi_enabled = true
     end
 
+    def benchmark_enabled?
+      @enable_benchmark
+    end
+
+    def disable_benchmark
+      @enable_benchmark = false
+    end
+
     def compile_as_cxx(src, cxx_src = nil, obj = nil, includes = [])
       #
       # If `cxx_src` is specified, this method behaves the same as before as
@@ -491,7 +500,8 @@ EOS
         v = instance_variable_get(n)
         v = case v
             when nil, true, false, Numeric; v
-            when String, Command; v.clone
+            when String; v.clone
+            when Command; v.clone.tap { |u| u.build = build }
             else Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(v))  # deep clone
             end
         build.instance_variable_set(n, v)

lib/mruby/build/command.rb

@@ -25,11 +25,7 @@ module MRuby
     end
 
     def shellquote(s)
-      if ENV['OS'] == 'Windows_NT'
-        "\"#{s}\""
-      else
-        "#{s}"
-      end
+      "\"#{s}\""
     end
 
     private

lib/mruby/build/load_gems.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
+require 'yaml'
+
 module MRuby
   module LoadGems
+
     def gembox(gemboxfile)
       gembox = File.expand_path("#{gemboxfile}.gembox", "#{MRUBY_ROOT}/mrbgems")
       fail "Can't find gembox '#{gembox}'" unless File.exist?(gembox)
@@ -12,28 +15,30 @@ module MRuby
       GemBox.path = nil
     end
 
-    def gem(gemdir, &block)
-      if gemdir.is_a?(Hash)
-        gemdir = load_special_path_gem(gemdir)
-      elsif GemBox.path
-        gemdir = File.expand_path(gemdir, File.dirname(GemBox.path))
-      else
-        caller_dir = File.expand_path(File.dirname(caller(1,1)[0][/^(.*?):\d/,1]))
-        if caller_dir == "#{MRUBY_ROOT}/build_config"
-          caller_dir = MRUBY_ROOT
-        end
-        gemdir = File.expand_path(gemdir, caller_dir)
-      end
+    def gem(gem_src, &block)
 
-      gemrake = File.join(gemdir, "mrbgem.rake")
+      caller_dir = File.expand_path(File.dirname(caller(1,1)[0][/^(.*?):\d/,1]))
 
+      gem_src = {gemdir: gem_src} if gem_src.is_a? String
+
+      @gem_checkouts ||= {}
+      checkout = GemLoader
+                   .new(self, caller_dir, @gem_checkouts, **gem_src)
+                   .fetch!
+      return nil unless checkout
+      @gem_checkouts[checkout.gemdir] = checkout
+
+      # Load the gem's rakefile
+      gemrake = File.join(checkout.full_gemdir, "mrbgem.rake")
       fail "Can't find #{gemrake}" unless File.exist?(gemrake)
+
       Gem.current = nil
       load gemrake
       return nil unless Gem.current
       current = Gem.current
 
-      current.dir = gemdir
+      # Add it to gems
+      current.dir = checkout.full_gemdir
       current.build = self.is_a?(MRuby::Build) ? self : MRuby::Build.current
       current.build_config_initializer = block
       gems << current
@@ -44,92 +49,324 @@ module MRuby
       current
     end
 
-    def load_special_path_gem(params)
-      if params[:github]
-        params[:git] = "https://github.com/#{params[:github]}.git"
-      elsif params[:bitbucket]
-        if params[:method] == "ssh"
-          params[:git] = "git@bitbucket.org:#{params[:bitbucket]}.git"
-        else
-          params[:git] = "https://bitbucket.org/#{params[:bitbucket]}.git"
-        end
-      elsif params[:mgem]
-        mgem_list_dir = "#{gem_clone_dir}/mgem-list"
-        mgem_list_url = 'https://github.com/mruby/mgem-list.git'
-        if File.exist? mgem_list_dir
-          git.run_pull mgem_list_dir, mgem_list_url if $pull_gems
-        else
-          mkdir_p mgem_list_dir
-          git.run_clone mgem_list_dir, mgem_list_url, "--depth 1"
-        end
 
-        require 'yaml'
+    # Class to represent the relationship between a gem dependency and
+    # its remote repository (if any).
+    class GemCheckout
+      attr_reader :gemdir, :repo, :branch, :commit
 
-        conf_path = "#{mgem_list_dir}/#{params[:mgem]}.gem"
-        conf_path = "#{mgem_list_dir}/mruby-#{params[:mgem]}.gem" unless File.exist? conf_path
-        fail "mgem not found: #{params[:mgem]}" unless File.exist? conf_path
-        conf = YAML.load File.read conf_path
+      def initialize(gemdir, repo, branch, commit, canonical, path = nil)
+        @gemdir = gemdir            # Working copy of the gem
+        @path = path                # Path to gem relative to checkout
 
-        fail "unknown mgem protocol: #{conf['protocol']}" if conf['protocol'] != 'git'
-        params[:git] = conf['repository']
-        params[:branch] = conf['branch'] if conf['branch']
+        @repo = repo                # Remote gem repo
+        @branch = branch            # Branch to check out
+        @commit = commit            # Commit-id to use
+
+        @canonical = canonical      # This is the One True checkout
       end
 
-      if params[:core]
-        gemdir = "#{root}/mrbgems/#{params[:core]}"
-      elsif params[:git]
-        url = params[:git]
-        gemdir = "#{gem_clone_dir}/#{url.match(/([-\w]+)(\.[-\w]+|)$/).to_a[1]}"
+      def full_gemdir
+        return @gemdir unless @path
+        return File.join(@gemdir, @path)
+      end
 
-        # by default the 'master' branch is used
-        branch = params[:branch] ? params[:branch] : 'master'
+      def canonical?()  return @canonical;                  end
+      def git?()        return !!@repo;                     end
+      def gemname()     return File.basename(@gemdir);      end
 
-        lock = locks[url] if lock_enabled?
+      def hash
+        return [@gemdir, @repo, @branch, @commit, @canonical, @path].hash
+      end
 
-        if File.exist?(gemdir)
-          if $pull_gems
-            # Jump to the top of the branch
-            git.run_checkout gemdir, branch
-            git.run_pull gemdir, url
-          elsif params[:checksum_hash]
-            git.run_checkout_detach gemdir, params[:checksum_hash]
-          elsif lock
-            git.run_checkout_detach gemdir, lock['commit']
-          end
+      def ==(other)
+        return @gemdir == other.gemdir &&
+          @repo == other.repo &&
+          @branch == other.branch &&
+          @commit == other.commit &&
+          @canonical == other.canonical? &&
+          full_gemdir == other.full_gemdir
+      end
+      alias_method :eql?, :==
+
+      def to_s
+        desc = @gemdir
+        desc += " -> #{@repo}/#{@branch}" if git?
+        desc += "/#{commit}" if commit
+        return desc
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class to decode the argument set given to 'MRuby::Build::gem',
+    # and git-clone+git-checkout the sources if needed.
+    class GemLoader
+      def initialize(build,
+                     build_config_dir,      # Parent dir. of build_config
+                     gem_checkouts,         # Hash of existing checkouts
+
+                     # Git repo:
+                     git: nil,
+                     branch: "master",
+                     checksum_hash: nil,
+                     options: [],
+                     path: nil,     # path to root relative to gem checkout
+
+                     # Git repo on GitHub
+                     github: nil,
+
+                     # Git repo on BitBucket
+                     bitbucket: nil,
+                     method: nil,
+
+                     # mgem entry
+                     mgem: nil,
+
+                     # Core package
+                     core: nil,
+
+                     # Local file(s)
+                     gemdir: nil,
+
+                     # Related flags:
+                     canonical: false   # Ignore subsequent checkout of this gem
+                    )
+        # Tolerate a single string option
+        options = [options] unless options.is_a? Array
+
+        @build = build
+        @build_config_dir = build_config_dir
+        @gem_checkouts = gem_checkouts
+        @canonical = canonical
+
+        @git = git
+        @path = path
+        @branch = branch
+        @checksum_hash = checksum_hash
+        @options = options
+        @canonical = canonical
+
+        @github = github
+
+        @bitbucket = bitbucket
+        @method = method
+
+        @mgem = mgem
+        @core = core
+        @gemdir = gemdir
+
+
+        actions = [git, github, bitbucket, mgem, core, gemdir]
+        fail("Need to set exactly ONE of git, github, bitbucket, mgem, core, " +
+             "or gemdir") unless actions.compact.size == 1
+      end
+
+      # Retrieve the repo and return the details in a GemCheckout
+      # object or nil if nothing needed to be done.
+      def fetch!
+        return fromGemdir!              if @gemdir
+        return fromCore!                if @core
+        return fromGitHub!              if @github
+        return fromBitBucket!           if @bitbucket
+
+        return fromMGem!                if @mgem
+
+        return fromGit!(@git, @branch)  if @git
+
+        # Shouldn't be reachable, but...
+        fail "Invalid gem configuration!"
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      #
+      # Local Paths
+      #
+
+      def fromGemdir!
+        gem_src = @gemdir
+
+        # If @gemdir is a relative path, we first convert it to an
+        # absolute path; this depends on circumstances.
+        if MRuby::GemBox.path
+          # If GemBox.path is set, it means that this fetch operation is
+          # happening as part of a gembox evaluation and we use the
+          # gembox's path as the starting point.
+          gem_src = File.expand_path(gem_src, File.dirname(MRuby::GemBox.path))
         else
-          options = [params[:options]] || []
-          options << "--recursive"
-          options << "--branch \"#{branch}\""
-          options << "--depth 1" unless params[:checksum_hash] || lock
-          mkdir_p "#{gem_clone_dir}"
-          git.run_clone gemdir, url, options
+          # Otherwise, we use the path to the build_config.rb file that
+          # requested this gem. This path was extracted earlier and
+          # stored in @build_config_dir via the second argument of
+          # 'initialize'.
+          root_dir = @build_config_dir
 
-          # Jump to the specified commit
-          if params[:checksum_hash]
-            git.run_checkout_detach gemdir, params[:checksum_hash]
-          elsif lock
-            git.run_checkout_detach gemdir, lock['commit']
-          end
+          # And we default to the repo root if the file is one of the
+          # stock configs in build_config/.
+          root_dir = MRUBY_ROOT if root_dir == "#{MRUBY_ROOT}/build_config"
+
+          gem_src = File.expand_path(gem_src, root_dir)
         end
 
-        if lock_enabled?
-          @gem_dir_to_repo_url[gemdir] = url unless params[:path]
-          locks[url] = {
+        return GemCheckout.new(gem_src, nil, nil, nil, @canonical)
+      end
+
+      def fromCore!
+        return GemCheckout.new("#{@build.root}/mrbgems/#{@core}", nil, nil,
+                               nil, @canonical)
+      end
+
+
+      #
+      # Git forges
+      #
+
+      def fromGitHub!
+        url = "https://github.com/#{@github}.git"
+        return fromGit!(url, @branch)
+      end
+
+      def fromBitBucket!
+        if @method == "ssh"
+          url = "git@bitbucket.org:#{@bitbucket}.git"
+        else
+          url = "https://bitbucket.org/#{@bitbucket}.git"
+        end
+
+        return fromGit!(url, @branch)
+      end
+
+
+      #
+      # mgem file
+      #
+
+      def fromMGem!
+        mgem = fetchMGem(@mgem)
+
+        url = mgem['repository']
+        branch = mgem['branch'] || @branch
+
+        return fromGit!(url, branch)
+      end
+
+      # Fetch the contents of the named mgem item. Will clone the
+      # mgem-list repo if not present
+      def fetchMGem(mgem)
+        list_dir = "#{@build.gem_clone_dir}/mgem-list"
+        url = 'https://github.com/mruby/mgem-list.git'
+
+        git_clone_dependency(url, list_dir, nil, 'master')
+
+        conf_path = "#{list_dir}/#{mgem}.gem"
+        conf_path = "#{list_dir}/mruby-#{mgem}.gem" unless
+          File.exist? conf_path
+        fail "mgem not found: #{mgem}" unless File.exist? conf_path
+
+        conf = YAML.load File.read conf_path
+        fail "unknown mgem protocol: #{conf['protocol']}" if
+          conf['protocol'] != 'git'
+
+        return conf
+      end
+
+
+      #
+      # Git checkouts
+      #
+
+      def fromGit!(url, branch)
+        repo_dir = "#{@build.gem_clone_dir}/" +
+                   "#{url.match(/([-\w]+)(\.[-\w]+|)$/).to_a[1]}"
+        commit = @checksum_hash
+
+        return nil if skip_this?(url, repo_dir, branch, commit)
+
+        # If there's a lockfile entry for this repo AND the user hasn't
+        # specified a specific commit ID, we use the locked branch and
+        # commit.
+        lock = @build.locks[url] if @build.lock_enabled?
+        if !commit && lock
+          branch = lock['branch']
+          commit = lock['commit']
+        end
+
+        # Clone the dependency (if needed) and checkout the expected
+        # revision.
+        git_clone_dependency(url, repo_dir, commit, branch)
+        git_checkout_dependency(repo_dir, commit, branch)
+
+        # Set the lockfile entry if enabled
+        if @build.lock_enabled?
+          @build.gem_dir_to_repo_url[repo_dir] = url
+          @build.locks[url] = {
             'url' => url,
-            'branch' => git.current_branch(gemdir),
-            'commit' => git.commit_hash(gemdir),
+            'branch' => @build.git.current_branch(repo_dir),
+            'commit' => @build.git.commit_hash(repo_dir),
           }
         end
 
-        gemdir << "/#{params[:path]}" if params[:path]
-      elsif params[:path]
-        require 'pathname'
-        gemdir = Pathname.new(params[:path]).absolute? ? params[:path] : "#{root}/#{params[:path]}"
-      else
-        fail "unknown gem option #{params}"
+        return GemCheckout.new(repo_dir, url, branch, commit, @canonical,@path)
       end
 
-      gemdir
+
+      # Test if this repo can be skipped. This will happen if it's
+      # already in @gem_checkouts and EITHER it is identical (same
+      # url, branch, commit-ID and subdirectory path) as the current
+      # checkout OR its "canonical" flag is true. If it's in
+      # @gem_checkouts and neither of these conditions is true, that's
+      # a fatal error; it means there are multiple incompatible
+      # versions of this gem to be checked out into this directory.
+      #
+      # Otherwise, returns false.
+      def skip_this?(url, repo_dir, branch, commit)
+        prev = @gem_checkouts[repo_dir]
+        return false unless prev
+
+        # Canonical declarations must precede all others.
+        fail("Attempted to re-declare #{prev.gemname} as canonical!\n" +
+             "('canonical' can only be used on its first declaration.)") if
+          prev && @canonical
+
+        # If prev is canonical, we can ignore this
+        if prev.canonical?
+          puts "Found canonical #{prev.gemname}; skipping this one."
+          return true
+        end
+
+        # If this checkout is identical to the current one, we can skip it.
+        candidate = GemCheckout.new(repo_dir, url, branch, commit, @canonical,
+                                    @path)
+        if prev == candidate
+          puts "Found duplicate checkout for #{repo_dir}; ignoring."
+          return true
+        end
+
+        # Otherwise, we have a checkout conflict. This is an error.
+        fail "Conflicting gem definitions for '#{repo_dir}':\n" +
+             "  #{candidate}\n" +
+             "  #{prev}\n"
+      end
+
+
+      # Retrieve a git repo if it's not present. Return
+      # [path_to_checkout, did_clone]
+      def git_clone_dependency(url, repo_dir, commit, branch)
+        return if
+          File.exist?(repo_dir) && File.exist?(File.join(repo_dir, '.git'))
+
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p repo_dir
+
+        options = @options.dup
+        options << "--recursive"
+        options << "--branch \"#{branch}\""
+        options << "--depth 1" unless commit
+
+        @build.git.run_clone repo_dir, url, options
+      end
+
+      def git_checkout_dependency(repo_dir, commit, branch)
+        return unless commit
+        @build.git.run_checkout_detach(repo_dir, commit)
+      end
     end
 
     def enable_gems?

lib/mruby/doc.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+autoload :Pathname, 'pathname'
+
+module MRuby
+  module Documentation
+    def Documentation.update_opcode_md
+      mrubydir = Pathname(MRUBY_ROOT)
+      path_ops_h = mrubydir + "include/mruby/ops.h"
+      path_opcode_md = mrubydir + "doc/internal/opcode.md"
+
+      opspecs = {
+        "Z" =>    { prefix: "", modified: "-" },
+        "B" =>    { prefix: "\'" },
+        "BB" =>   { prefix: "\"" },
+        "BBB" =>  { prefix: "\"" },
+        "BS" =>   { prefix: "\'" },
+        "BSS" =>  { prefix: "\'" },
+        "S" =>    { prefix: "" },
+        "W" =>    { prefix: "" },
+      }
+
+      diff = ""
+
+      spliter = <<~'SPLITER'
+        | Instruction Name   | Operand type   | Semantics                                                  |
+        |--------------------|----------------|------------------------------------------------------------|
+      SPLITER
+
+      diff = path_opcode_md.read.sub(/^#{Regexp.escape spliter}.*?(?=\z|^$\n)/m) do
+        repl = spliter
+
+        ops = path_ops_h.read
+        ops.scan(/^\s*OPCODE\s*\(\s*(\w+)\s*,\s*(\w+)\s*\)\s*(?:\/\*\s*(.*?)\s*\*\/\s*)?/).each do |ins, opr, cmt|
+          if cmt
+            cmt.sub!(/\s*#.*/, "")
+            cmt.sub!(/\b(?=L_\w+\b)/, "OP_")
+            cmt.gsub!(/\b(Irep|Pool|R|Syms)\[([^\[\]]+)\]/, "\\1(\\2)")
+            cmt.gsub!(/[\\\|]/) { |m| "\\#{m}" } # Ruby-2.5 is not support "Numbered block parameter"
+          end
+          spec = opspecs[opr] or raise "unknown operand type: #{opr}"
+          item = format(%(| %-18s | %-14s | %-58s |\n), "`OP_#{ins}`", "`#{spec[:modified] || opr}`", cmt && "`#{cmt}`")
+          repl << item
+        end
+
+        repl
+      end
+
+      path_opcode_md.binwrite diff
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/mruby/gem.rb

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ module MRuby
       end
 
       def funcname
-        @funcname ||= @name.gsub('-', '_')
+        @funcname ||= @name.tr('-', '_')
       end
 
       def compilers
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ module MRuby
             f.puts %Q[  }]
             f.puts %Q[  struct REnv *e = mrb_vm_ci_env(mrb->c->cibase);]
             f.puts %Q[  mrb_vm_ci_env_set(mrb->c->cibase, NULL);]
-            f.puts %Q[  mrb_env_unshare(mrb, e);]
+            f.puts %Q[  mrb_env_unshare(mrb, e, FALSE);]
           end
           f.puts %Q[  mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);]
           f.puts %Q[}]

lib/mruby/presym.rb

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ module MRuby
       @list_path ||= "#{@build.build_dir}/presym".freeze
     end
 
-    def header_dir;
+    def header_dir
       @header_dir ||= "#{@build.build_dir}/include/mruby/presym".freeze
     end
 

mrbgems/math.gembox

@@ -7,4 +7,8 @@ MRuby::GemBox.new do |conf|
   # Use Rational/Complex numbers
   conf.gem :core => "mruby-rational"
   conf.gem :core => "mruby-complex"
+  # Use Complex math functions in CMath module
+  conf.gem :core => "mruby-cmath"
+  # Use Multi-precision Integer
+  conf.gem :core => "mruby-bigint"
 end

mrbgems/mruby-array-ext/mrblib/array.rb

@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class Array
   #
   # Returns a new array that is a one-dimensional flattening of this
   # array (recursively). That is, for every element that is an array,
-  # extract its elements into the new array.  If the optional
+  # extract its elements into the new array. If the optional
   # <i>level</i> argument determines the level of recursion to flatten.
   #
   #    s = [ 1, 2, 3 ]           #=> [1, 2, 3]
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ class Array
   #
   # Flattens +self+ in place.
   # Returns <code>nil</code> if no modifications were made (i.e.,
-  # <i>ary</i> contains no subarrays.)  If the optional <i>level</i>
+  # <i>ary</i> contains no subarrays.) If the optional <i>level</i>
   # argument determines the level of recursion to flatten.
   #
   #    a = [ 1, 2, [3, [4, 5] ] ]
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ class Array
   #     ary.fetch(index) { |index| block }  -> obj
   #
   #  Tries to return the element at position +index+, but throws an IndexError
-  #  exception if the referenced +index+ lies outside of the array bounds.  This
+  #  exception if the referenced +index+ lies outside of the array bounds. This
   #  error can be prevented by supplying a second argument, which will act as a
   #  +default+ value.
   #
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ class Array
   #  the given condition in O(log n) where n is the size of the array.
   #
   #  You can use this method in two use cases: a find-minimum mode and
-  #  a find-any mode.  In either case, the elements of the array must be
+  #  a find-any mode. In either case, the elements of the array must be
   #  monotone (or sorted) with respect to the block.
   #
   #  In find-minimum mode (this is a good choice for typical use case),
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ class Array
   #  - the block returns true for any element whose index is greater
   #    than or equal to i.
   #
-  #  This method returns the i-th element.  If i is equal to ary.size,
+  #  This method returns the i-th element. If i is equal to ary.size,
   #  it returns nil.
   #
   #     ary = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ class Array
   #    j <= k < ary.size.
   #
   #  Under this condition, this method returns any element whose index
-  #  is within i...j.  If i is equal to j (i.e., there is no element
+  #  is within i...j. If i is equal to j (i.e., there is no element
   #  that satisfies the block), this method returns nil.
   #
   #     ary = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ class Array
   #     ary.bsearch {|x| 4 - (x / 2).truncate } #=> nil
   #
   #  You must not mix the two modes at a time; the block must always
-  #  return either true/false, or always return a number.  It is
+  #  return either true/false, or always return a number. It is
   #  undefined which value is actually picked up at each iteration.
 
   def bsearch(&block)
@@ -707,7 +707,7 @@ class Array
   #  <code>==</code> to +obj+.
   #
   #  If a block is given instead of an argument, returns the _index_ of the
-  #  first object for which the block returns +true+.  Returns +nil+ if no
+  #  first object for which the block returns +true+. Returns +nil+ if no
   #  match is found.
   #
   # ISO 15.2.12.5.14

mrbgems/mruby-array-ext/src/array.c

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <mruby/array.h>
 #include <mruby/range.h>
 #include <mruby/hash.h>
+#include <mruby/internal.h>
 #include <mruby/presym.h>
 
 /*
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ mrb_ary_assoc(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary)
   mrb_value v;
   mrb_value k = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
 
-  for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+  for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
     v = mrb_check_array_type(mrb, RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i]);
     if (!mrb_nil_p(v) && RARRAY_LEN(v) > 0 &&
         mrb_equal(mrb, RARRAY_PTR(v)[0], k))
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ mrb_ary_rassoc(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary)
   mrb_value v;
   mrb_value value = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
 
-  for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
+  for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
     v = RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i];
     if (mrb_array_p(v) &&
         RARRAY_LEN(v) > 1 &&
@@ -103,14 +104,14 @@ ary_ref(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_int n)
 static mrb_value
 mrb_ary_values_at(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 {
-  mrb_int argc;
-  const mrb_value *argv;
-
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "*", &argv, &argc);
+  mrb_int argc = mrb_get_argc(mrb);
+  const mrb_value *argv = mrb_get_argv(mrb);
 
   return mrb_get_values_at(mrb, self, RARRAY_LEN(self), argc, argv, ary_ref);
 }
 
+mrb_value mrb_ary_delete_at(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self);
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     ary.slice!(index)         -> obj or nil
@@ -136,8 +137,7 @@ static mrb_value
 mrb_ary_slice_bang(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
 {
   struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
-  mrb_int i, j, k, len, alen;
-  mrb_value val;
+  mrb_int i, j, len, alen;
   mrb_value *ptr;
   mrb_value ary;
 
@@ -146,21 +146,13 @@ mrb_ary_slice_bang(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   if (mrb_get_argc(mrb) == 1) {
     mrb_value index = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
 
-    switch (mrb_type(index)) {
-    case MRB_TT_RANGE:
+    if (mrb_type(index) == MRB_TT_RANGE) {
       if (mrb_range_beg_len(mrb, index, &i, &len, ARY_LEN(a), TRUE) == MRB_RANGE_OK) {
         goto delete_pos_len;
       }
-      else {
-        return mrb_nil_value();
-      }
-    case MRB_TT_INTEGER:
-      val = mrb_funcall_id(mrb, self, MRB_SYM(delete_at), 1, index);
-      return val;
-    default:
-      val = mrb_funcall_id(mrb, self, MRB_SYM(delete_at), 1, index);
-      return val;
+      return mrb_nil_value();
     }
+    return mrb_ary_delete_at(mrb, self);
   }
 
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "ii", &i, &len);
@@ -172,16 +164,12 @@ mrb_ary_slice_bang(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   if (alen == i) return mrb_ary_new(mrb);
   if (len > alen - i) len = alen - i;
 
-  ary = mrb_ary_new_capa(mrb, len);
-  ptr = ARY_PTR(a);
-  for (j = i, k = 0; k < len; ++j, ++k) {
-    mrb_ary_push(mrb, ary, ptr[j]);
-  }
+  ptr = ARY_PTR(a) + i;
+  ary = mrb_ary_new_from_values(mrb, len, ptr);
 
-  ptr += i;
-  for (j = i; j < alen - len; ++j) {
+  for (j = i; j < alen - len; j++) {
     *ptr = *(ptr+len);
-    ++ptr;
+    ptr++;
   }
 
   mrb_ary_resize(mrb, self, alen - len);
@@ -205,7 +193,7 @@ mrb_ary_compact(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   mrb_int len = RARRAY_LEN(self);
   mrb_value *p = RARRAY_PTR(self);
 
-  for (mrb_int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+  for (mrb_int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
     if (!mrb_nil_p(p[i])) {
       mrb_ary_push(mrb, ary, p[i]);
     }
@@ -233,7 +221,7 @@ mrb_ary_compact_bang(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   mrb_value *p = ARY_PTR(a);
 
   mrb_ary_modify(mrb, a);
-  for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+  for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
     if (!mrb_nil_p(p[i])) {
       if (i != j) p[j] = p[i];
       j++;

mrbgems/mruby-bigint/README-fgmp.md

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# fgmp
+
+FGMP is a public domain implementation of a subset of the GNU gmp library with the same API.
+
+WELCOME TO FGMP.
+
+FGMP is a public domain implementation of a subset of the GNU gmp library
+with the same API.
+
+For instance, you can link the following trivial program with either
+this code, or libgmp.a and get the same results.
+
+```c
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include "gmp.h"
+main()
+{
+    MP_INT a; MP_INT b; MP_INT c;
+
+    mpz_init_set_ui(&a,1); mpz_init_set_ui(&b,2); mpz_init(&c);
+    mpz_add(&c,&a,&b);
+    printf("\n%s\n", mpz_get_str(NULL,10,&c));
+}
+```
+
+FGMP is really in the public domain. You can do whatever you want with
+it.
+
+I wrote FGMP so that we would all have access to a (truly free)
+implementation of this subset of the API of GNU libgmp. I encourage
+everyone to distribute this as widely as possible.
+
+If you need more documentation, I suggest you look at the file
+gmp.texi which is included with the GNU gmp library.
+
+You can send me bug reports, implementations of missing functions, flames
+and rants by Email.
+
+Any submissions of new code to be integrated into fgmp must also be
+placed in the public domain (For the particularly dense, you can
+release a new fgmp yourself under different licensing terms. This
+is a condition for including a submission in a release of FGMP that
+I personally prepare).
+
+Mark Henderson <markh@wimsey.bc.ca>
+
+# This is the fifth BETA release. 1.0b5
+
+I hearby place this file and all of FGMP in the public domain.
+
+Thanks to Paul Rouse <par@r-cube.demon.co.uk> for changes to get fgmp
+to work on a 286 MS-DOS compiler, the functions mpz_sqrt and
+mpz_sqrtrem, plus other general bug fixes.
+
+Thanks also to Erick Gallesio <eg@kaolin.unice.fr> for a fix
+to mpz_init_set_str
+
+Define B64 if your "long" type is 64 bits. Otherwise we assume 32
+bit longs. (The 64 bit version hasn't been tested enough)
+
+```
+Platforms:
+Linux 0.99 (gcc)
+IBM RS6000/AIX 3.2 (IBM xlc compiler and gcc 2.3)
+Sun OS 4.1, Sun 3/4
+DEC Alpha OSF/1 (only lightly tested, 64 bit longs do make a difference,
+    thanks to DEC for providing access via axposf.pa.dec.com). Define B64
+    for this platform
+MS-DOS 286 C compiler (see credits above)
+```
+
+# Some differences between gmp and fgmp
+
+1. fgmp is considerably slower than gmp
+2. fgmp does not implement the following:
+    all mpq_*
+    internal mpn_* functions
+    mpz_perfect_square_p
+    mpz_inp_raw, mpz_out_raw
+    mp_set_memory_functions, mpz_out_str, mpz_inp_str
+3. fgmp implements the following in addition to the routines in GNU gmp.
+    `int mpz_jacobi(MP_INT *a, MP_INT *b)`
+    - finds the jacobi symbol (a/b)
+4. mpz_sizeinbase often overestimates the exact value
+
+5. To convert your gmp based program to fgmp (subject to the
+above)
+
+- recompile your source. Make sure to include the gmp.h file included
+  with fgmp rather than that included with gmp. (The point is to recompile
+  all files which include gmp.h)
+- link with gmp.o instead of libgmp.a
+
+Here's a complete sorted list of function implemented in fgmp:
+
+```
+_mpz_realloc
+mpz_abs
+mpz_add
+mpz_add_ui
+mpz_and
+mpz_clear
+mpz_cmp
+mpz_cmp_si
+mpz_cmp_ui
+mpz_div
+mpz_div_2exp
+mpz_div_ui
+mpz_divmod
+mpz_divmod_ui
+mpz_fac_ui
+mpz_gcd
+mpz_gcdext
+mpz_get_si
+mpz_get_str
+mpz_get_ui
+mpz_init
+mpz_init_set
+mpz_init_set_si
+mpz_init_set_str
+mpz_init_set_ui
+mpz_jacobi
+mpz_mdiv
+mpz_mdiv_ui
+mpz_mdivmod
+mpz_mdivmod_ui
+mpz_mmod
+mpz_mmod_ui
+mpz_mod
+mpz_mod_2exp
+mpz_mod_ui
+mpz_mul
+mpz_mul_2exp
+mpz_mul_ui
+mpz_neg
+mpz_or
+mpz_pow_ui
+mpz_powm
+mpz_powm_ui
+mpz_probab_prime_p
+mpz_random
+mpz_random2
+mpz_set
+mpz_set_si
+mpz_set_str
+mpz_set_ui
+mpz_size
+mpz_sizeinbase
+mpz_sqrt
+mpz_sqrtrem
+mpz_sub
+mpz_sub_ui
+mpz_xor
+```

mrbgems/mruby-bigint/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Multi-precision Integer extension for mruby
+
+This extension uses fgmp, which is a public domain implementation of a subset of the GNU gmp library by Mark Henderson <markh@wimsey.bc.ca>.
+But it's heavily modified to fit with mruby. You can get the original source code from <https://github.com/deischi/fgmp.git>.
+You can read the original README for fgmp in [README-fgmp.md](README-fgmp.md).
+
+If you want to create your own Multi-precision Integer GEM, see [examples/mrbgems/mruby-YOUR-bigint/TODO-HINT.md](../../examples/mrbgems/mruby-YOUR-bigint/TODO-HINT.md).

mrbgems/mruby-bigint/core/bigint.h

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/**
+** @file mruby/bigint.h - Multi-precision Integer
+**
+** See Copyright Notice in mruby.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef MRUBY_BIGINT_H
+#define MRUBY_BIGINT_H
+/*
+ * FREE GMP - a public domain implementation of a subset of the
+ *           gmp library
+ *
+ * I hearby place the file in the public domain.
+ *
+ * Do whatever you want with this code. Change it. Sell it. Claim you
+ *  wrote it.
+ * Bugs, complaints, flames, rants: please send email to
+ *    Mark Henderson <markh@wimsey.bc.ca>
+ * I'm already aware that fgmp is considerably slower than gmp
+ *
+ * CREDITS:
+ *  Paul Rouse <par@r-cube.demon.co.uk> - generic bug fixes, mpz_sqrt and
+ *    mpz_sqrtrem, and modifications to get fgmp to compile on a system
+ *    with int and long of different sizes (specifically MS-DOS,286 compiler)
+ *  Also see the file "notes" included with the fgmp distribution, for
+ *    more credits.
+ *
+ * VERSION 1.0 - beta 5
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#if defined(MRB_INT32) && defined(_WIN32) && !defined(MRB_NO_MPZ64BIT)
+#define MRB_NO_MPZ64BIT
+#endif
+
+#ifdef MRB_NO_MPZ64BIT
+typedef uint16_t mp_limb;
+typedef uint32_t mp_dbl_limb;
+typedef int32_t mp_dbl_limb_signed;
+#define MPZ_DIG_SIZE 16
+#else
+typedef uint32_t mp_limb;
+typedef uint64_t mp_dbl_limb;
+typedef int64_t mp_dbl_limb_signed;
+#define MPZ_DIG_SIZE 32
+#endif
+
+typedef struct _mpz_t {
+  mp_limb *p;
+  short sn;
+  size_t sz;
+} mpz_t;
+
+struct RBigint {
+  MRB_OBJECT_HEADER;
+  mpz_t mp;
+};
+#define RBIGINT(v) ((struct RBigint*)mrb_ptr(v))
+
+mrb_static_assert_object_size(struct RBigint);
+
+#endif  /* MRUBY_BIGINT_H */

mrbgems/mruby-bigint/mrbgem.rake

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+MRuby::Gem::Specification.new('mruby-bigint') do |spec|
+  spec.license = 'MIT'
+  spec.author  = 'mruby developers'
+  spec.summary = 'Integer class extension to multiple-precision'
+  spec.build.defines << "MRB_USE_BIGINT"
+
+  spec.build.libmruby_core_objs << Dir.glob(File.join(__dir__, "core/**/*.c")).map { |fn|
+    objfile(fn.relative_path_from(__dir__).pathmap("#{spec.build_dir}/%X"))
+  }
+end

mrbgems/mruby-bigint/test/bigint.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+assert 'Bigint basic' do
+  n = 1<<65
+  assert_equal 36893488147419103232, n
+  assert_equal 36893488147419104229, n+997
+  assert_equal 36893488147419102235, n-997
+  assert_equal 36782807682976845922304, n*997
+  assert_equal 37004501652376231, n.div(997)
+end
+
+assert 'Bigint to_s' do
+  n = 1197857166996989179607278372168909873645893814254642585755536286462800958278984531968
+  assert_equal n, "11978_571669_96989179607278372168909873645893814254642585755536286462800958278984531968".to_i
+  assert_equal(-n, "-11978_571669_96989179607278372168909873645893814254642585755536286462800958278984531968".to_i)
+  n = 0x1197857166996989179607278372168909873645893814254642585755536286462800958278984531968
+  assert_equal n, "1197857166996989179607278372168909873645893814254642585755536286462800958278984531968".to_i(16)
+end
+
+assert 'Bigint pow' do
+  n = 18446744073709551616
+  assert_equal n, 2 ** 64
+  assert_equal n, 1 << 64
+  assert_equal 2, n >> 63
+end

mrbgems/mruby-bin-debugger/tools/mrdb/apibreak.c

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <mruby/class.h>
 #include <mruby/proc.h>
 #include <mruby/variable.h>
+#include <mruby/internal.h>
 #include "mrdberror.h"
 #include "apibreak.h"
 #include "apistring.h"
@@ -20,8 +21,6 @@
 #define MRB_DEBUG_BP_FILE_OK   (0x0001)
 #define MRB_DEBUG_BP_LINENO_OK (0x0002)
 
-uint32_t mrb_packed_int_decode(uint8_t *p, uint8_t **newpos);
-
 static uint16_t
 check_lineno(mrb_irep_debug_info_file *info_file, uint16_t lineno)
 {
@@ -47,8 +46,8 @@ check_lineno(mrb_irep_debug_info_file *info_file, uint16_t lineno)
 
   case mrb_debug_line_packed_map:
     {
-      uint8_t *p = info_file->lines.packed_map;
-      uint8_t *pend = p + count;
+      const uint8_t *p = info_file->lines.packed_map;
+      const uint8_t *pend = p + count;
       uint32_t line = 0;
       while (p < pend) {
         mrb_packed_int_decode(p, &p);

mrbgems/mruby-bin-debugger/tools/mrdb/mrdb.c

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <mruby/opcode.h>
 #include <mruby/variable.h>
 #include <mruby/proc.h>
+#include <mruby/internal.h>
 
 #include "mrdb.h"
 #include "apibreak.h"

mrbgems/mruby-bin-mirb/tools/mirb/mirb.c

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <mruby/dump.h>
 #include <mruby/string.h>
 #include <mruby/variable.h>
+#include <mruby/error.h>
 #include <mruby/presym.h>
 
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -519,7 +520,7 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
     fclose(lfp);
     e = mrb_vm_ci_env(mrb->c->cibase);
     mrb_vm_ci_env_set(mrb->c->cibase, NULL);
-    mrb_env_unshare(mrb, e);
+    mrb_env_unshare(mrb, e, FALSE);
     mrbc_cleanup_local_variables(mrb, cxt);
   }
 
@@ -674,6 +675,7 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
         stack_keep = proc->body.irep->nlocals;
         /* did an exception occur? */
         if (mrb->exc) {
+          MRB_EXC_CHECK_EXIT(mrb, mrb->exc);
           p(mrb, mrb_obj_value(mrb->exc), 0);
           mrb->exc = 0;
         }
@@ -704,7 +706,7 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
   if (args.rfp) fclose(args.rfp);
   mrb_free(mrb, args.argv);
   if (args.libv) {
-    for (i = 0; i < args.libc; ++i) {
+    for (i = 0; i < args.libc; i++) {
       mrb_free(mrb, args.libv[i]);
     }
     mrb_free(mrb, args.libv);